Cooperative Children Research Articles

Cartoons to improve young children's cooperation with inhaled corticosteroids: A preliminary study

The objective of this pilot study was to evaluate if animated cartoons could increase the cooperation of young children with asthma during the delivery of their inhaled corticosteroids (ICS). Subjects were children aged 6-47 months having a physician diagnosis of asthma, who required an ICS therapy delivered through a pMDI/spacer twice a day for at least 2 months. Families who reported on a questionnaire that their child was frequently crying or moving during treatment delivery were asked to participate in a prospective, cross-over, randomized study. After a first week of run-in, children watched alternatively, during the delivery of ICS, either an animated cartoon for 7 days and a black screen video for another 7 days. The main outcome was the median percentage of time of non-cooperation, defined by the length of time the child was crying and/or moving divided by the length of time required for delivering ICS. Parents of 50 children out of 113 (44%) reported that their child was frequently crying or moving during treatment delivery. Among these 50 children, 11 (22%) completed the study. The median percentages of time of non-cooperation (IQR 1-3) were 0% (0-3) and 56% (40-97) during the distraction and control periods, respectively, in the first group, and 100% (98-100) and 0% (0-5) during the control and distraction periods, respectively, in the second group. Animated cartoons increased cooperation up to 97% (55-100%) (P = 0.008). Bad cooperation among young children with asthma during the delivery of their treatment can be dramatically improved by the use of animated cartoons.

Impact of verbal explanation on parental acceptance level of different behavior management techniques in dental office

Background and Aim: Parents' attitudes towards different aspects of dentistry especially the use of behavior management techniques (BMTs) can greatly effect a child's cooperation in a dental office. The present quasi-experimental study was conducted with the aim to assess the effect of a verbal explanation on parents' acceptance level of the most common BMTs used in pediatric dentistry.Methods: A videotaped presentation showing the 6 most commonly used BMTs in Iran was presented to 60 parents recruited by a convenient sampling method. Using visual analogue scale (VAS), the acceptance level of each BMT was measured before and after an explanation on the reasons of each BMT. Paired t-test, repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) and independent t-test were used for statistical analysis of data. Significance level was set as 0.050.Results: Giving a verbal explanation on BMTs had a statistically significant effect on the acceptance of BMTs. Tell-show-do (TSD) and hand-over-mouth (HOM) techniques achieved the highest and lowest mean scores of parental acceptance, respectively. The acceptance of physical restraint (P = 0.013) and parental presence/absence (PPA) (P = 0.015) of parents was obtained higher among men compared to women using t-test.Conclusion: Giving an explanation to parents while performing a BMT is effective in raising parents' acceptance of the technique. Non-invasive methods such as TSD and PPA of parents are the more favorable methods to parents.

Electronic apex locator determination of root canal length of permanent anterior teeth in children

The success of endodontic treatment depends on the correct obtaining of workinglength, and in Pediatric Dentistry, this procedure needs child's cooperation and exposethe children to x-ray radiation. The aim of the present study is to compare root canallength determined by tactile sensation, electronic apex locator YD-2 and digitalradiograph with that determined by conventional x-ray which is the most used andreliable method.The working length of 30 upper permanent central incisors, in children aged 10-12years old, estimated by tactile sensation, electronic apex locator YD-2 and digitalradiograph and the mean values of them compared by t-test with that obtained byconventional x-ray.High significant difference found between the mean value of root canal lengthmeasurements obtained by tactile sensation with that obtained by conventionalradiograph (P<0.01), while no significant difference found between the mean of apexlocator and digital radiographic readings with that obtained by conventionalradiography(P>0.05) indicating the similarity of mean values of these techniques.The use of electronic apex locator and digital radiograph are quite comparablewith conventional radiograph and could be useful in endodontic therapy for workinglength estimation in children.

Prenatal Temperature Shocks Reduce Cooperation: Evidence from Public Goods Games in Uganda.

Climate change has not only led to a sustained rise in mean global temperature over the past decades, but also increased the frequency of extreme weather events. This paper explores the effect of temperature shocks in utero on later-life taste for cooperation. Using historical climate data combined with data on child and adult behavior in public goods games, I show that abnormally high ambient temperatures during gestation are associated with decreased individual contributions to the public good in a statistically and economically significant way. A 1 standard deviation rise in mean ambient temperature during gestation is associated with a 10% point decrease in children's cooperation rate in a dichotomous public goods game, and the reduced taste for cooperation lasts into adulthood.

A method for a rapid objective measurement of eye deviation angle in both strabismus and phoria

PurposeStrabismus is usually treated by corrective surgery of the extraocular muscles, the parameters of which mainly depend on the misalignment measurement and hence on its precision. The current strabismus angle measurement (prism cover test) hasn't changed since the eighteenth century. This test is time‐consuming, cumbersome, severely limited by the child's cooperation, subjective and highly dependent on the examiner's skill and experience. Studies have shown a very high inter‐examiner variability in measurement results. Moreover, the angle of strabismus itself may vary over time and the current low‐efficiency test does not allow for multiple testing of the same patient, thus reducing the test's accuracy. Increasing the measurement accuracy and efficiency may reduce the number of reoperations and will improve results of strabismus surgery, prism prescriptions and orthoptic therapy and monitoring.MethodsWe are evaluating the accuracy and repeatability of NovaSight's novel strabismus angle measurement method using an automatic and objective system based on eye tracking, in comparison to the prism cover test results.ResultsA group of 23 adult subjects (average age 26.8 ± 4.6 years) with eye deviations, heterotropia and heterophoria, were tested by both the automatic and the manual tests in a masked fashion by two experienced optometrists. The clinical trial results show a high correlation of over 88% between the presented automatic test and the golden standard prism cover test while a significant difference in standard deviation was found, the repeatability of the automated test is twice as high as that of the manual test.ConclusionsThe system increases the examination accuracy and thus may reduce the number of strabismus reoperations. The system also reduces chair time significantly and has the potential to become the new standard of care.

What the child "SAID" to the dentist: A UK randomized controlled trial.

The electronic Survey of Anxiety and Information for Dentists (eSAID) allows children to tell dentists about their feelings and coping preferences. It is a computer "quiz" with 26 questions and free-text responses that produces a report for the children that they can then hand to their dentist. This is the first study to report the use of eSAID in a hospital paediatric dental clinic. This was a randomized controlled trial to evaluate whether children thought that eSAID benefitted them, made them less anxious, and improved cooperation and their treatment satisfaction. Fifty-one children aged 8-13years were randomized to complete either eSAID or a control version in the waiting room before their scheduled dental appointment. The study group had a 26-item questionnaire; the control had only two items. Both groups scored their anxiety on a 7-point anxiety scale at the start and again at the end of the quiz. All subjects handed the resultant eSAID report as a printout to their dentist. Dental treatment proceeded as planned. After treatment, each child reported how they thought the eSAID quiz had benefitted them by scoring on a 10cm Visual Analogue Scale and their satisfaction on the Modified Treatment Evaluation Inventory. The operating dentists scored the children's cooperation using a 10cm Visual Analogue Scale. Overall, the baseline anxiety levels were low (study: mean 1.2; control: mean 1.5). The study group's post-survey anxiety reduced by 0.4, whereas controls' increased by 0.2; this difference is statistically significant (p=.04). However, it made no difference to the children's self-reported benefit (p=.30), satisfaction (p>.05), or cooperation (p=.34). eSAID reduced pre-treatment anxiety but made no difference to children's perceived benefit, satisfaction, or cooperation. Future study should include known anxious children.

Associations Between Parental Factors and Child Diabetes-Management-Related Behaviors.

Adherence to diabetes-management regimens in children requires teamwork and consistency from both parents and children. This study investigated a mediational model developed to understand the relationship between different modifiable parent factors influencing child diabetes-related behaviors. We recruited 186 parents of children aged 2 to 10 years with Type 1 diabetes to complete self-report questionnaires on child diabetes behavior, parental self-efficacy with managing the child's behavior, parent diabetes self-efficacy, parent adjustment, condition management effort, parent perception of their diabetes knowledge, and parenting behavior. We used structural equation modeling in AMOS to test our hypothesized model of interrelationships between variables associated with child diabetes behavior. The hypothesized model provided good fit to the data. We found that parent perception of low levels of diabetes knowledge and higher levels of condition management effort, and parent adjustment difficulties were associated with lower parental self-efficacy with diabetes management. This was further linked with lower levels of parental self-efficacy with managing their child's diabetes behavior, and consequently, higher extent of child diabetes behavior problems. Contrary to our expectations, we did not find a significant effect of parenting behavior on child diabetes behavior problems, either directly or indirectly via parent self-efficacy for managing child's behavior. Our findings shed light on the mechanisms through which different parenting factors interact and are associated with diabetes behavior in children. These factors can be targeted through parenting interventions to improve child's cooperation with diabetes-management tasks and reduce barriers to effective management.

Emergent Leadership in Children's Cooperative Problem Solving Groups

ABSTRACTSocial skills involved in leadership were examined in a problem-solving activity in which 252 Chinese 5th-graders worked in small groups on a spatial-reasoning puzzle. Results showed that students who engaged in peer-managed small-group discussions of stories prior to problem solving produced significantly better solutions and initiated significantly more effective leadership than control students. A mediation analysis suggested that it was because of effective leadership that groups who had experienced discussions achieved better problem solutions.

Effect of recorded maternal voice on child’s cooperation during cardiac catheterization – A randomized controlled trial

To assess the effect of recorded maternal voice on child's cooperation during cardiac catheterization. Randomized placebo controlled trial. Cardiac catheterization laboratory at a tertiary care hospital. 90 children with congenital heart disease scheduled for cardiac catheterization between July 2014 and Dec 2014 randomized to maternal voice group and control group. During cardiac catheterization, children in maternal voice group listened to a 3-min audio-recording of their mother's voice, played in loop, using head-phones. Children in the other group wore headphones without auditory stimuli. Child's cooperation during cardiac catheterization as assessed by Child Emotional Manifestation Scale. Children in the maternal voice group showed lower mean (SD) distress scores [13.2 (4.6) vs. 16 (5.6), P=0.01]. The requirement of sedative agents during the procedure was not different (P=0.09). Allowing children to listen to recorded voice of their mother is an effective strategy to improve cooperation during cardiac catheterization.

Evaluation of Visual Pedagogy in Dental Check-ups and Preventive Practices Among 6-12-Year-Old Children with Autism.

This study was aimed to evaluate the impact of visual pedagogy in dental check-ups and preventive practices among children with autism aged 6-12. In this randomized double-blind clinical trial, the cooperation of 40 children with autism age 6-12. The selected children were equally divided into two groups of case and control (n = 20). The obtained data were analyzed by statistical tests, including Chi square and independent t test. The results of Cochran showed a significant increase in children's cooperation with regard to fluoride therapy in the case group by repeating the visit and training sessions (p ≤ 0.001). The findings of this study demonstrated, visual pedagogy was merely effective in the case of fluoride therapy in the case group.

A Step from Heaven: On Being a Woman of Color in Children's Literature Studies

A Step from Heaven:On Being a Woman of Color in Children's Literature Studies Sarah Park Dahlen (bio) I didn't know I was invisible until college.1 When I was a child, I did not see myself in youth literature. My teachers and librarians did not connect me with the scarce Korean American children's books that were then available. In college, I majored in history and Asian American Studies and learned that my stories—and the stories of Chinese railroad workers, incarcerated Japanese, Vietnamese and Hmong refugees, and Korean adoptees—had been rendered invisible in the classroom and on library shelves. But in 2001, Linda Sue Park published A Single Shard, a historical novel set in Korea, and won the John Newbery Medal the following year. Also in 2001, An Na published her immigrant coming-of-age young adult (YA) novel A Step from Heaven, which won the Michael L. Printz Award. In 2002, we commemorated the ten-year anniversary of the Los Angeles Riots. North Korea was in the news, and in 2004, chapters of Liberty in North Korea (LiNK) started springing up on college campuses. By the time I began my Asian American Studies masters degree program, Korean pop culture (Korean Wave or Korean Hallyu) was spreading like wildfire across the globe. It was in this context that I first read A Step from Heaven. I had seen my culture in many places, but it was the first time I saw myself in youth literature. I identified with the heroine, Young Ju, although I had an older brother whereas she had a younger one, Joon. My family was (is) very patriarchal, and I often felt invisible next to my brother. Like many Korean American families, we had domestic troubles, enormous pressure to do well in school, and other issues. And like many Korean American families, we didn't talk about them. So when I saw all of these dynamics through Young Ju's eyes, I almost couldn't breathe. I wasn't alone. I saw for the first time that these things happened to other people too, other people who looked like me. Whose parents looked like mine. [End Page 82] Whose mother suffered as mine did. Whose father was absent as mine was.2 Each time I read A Step from Heaven, I am overcome with emotion because I see myself, my story. A Step from Heaven is my mirror, the first and clearest mirror I have ever had. As Rudine Sims Bishop has argued, and the Cooperative Children's Books Center data shows, young people today still have too few mirrors in which to see themselves, and windows through which to see others.3 And too many in the publishing industry, librarianship, and children's literature studies resist efforts for change; some do it subtly, and some actively fight against it. But I continue to have hope, because I also see scholarly, professional, activist pushback against the status quo. This work is not easy, and it's difficult to do alone. At UCLA, Clara Chu was my masters thesis chair; she held a joint appointment in Asian American Studies and Information Studies, so in her I had a mentor who looked like me and who had had similar life experiences. I also had the privilege of working with Virginia Walter and Don Nakanishi.4 But as I began applying to Library and Information Science (LIS) doctoral programs, I could not find one that was both strong in children's literature and had faculty of color whose work included critical race studies (there were of course scholars such as the late Eliza Dresang, whose work on multicultural children's literature remains influential). In the end, I chose the University of Illinois Graduate School of Library and Information Science (now the School of Information Sciences), which, despite being ranked the best LIS program in the country, did not at the time have any people of color on its faculty.5 However, the University of Illinois also has a strong Asian American Studies program, and within GSLIS I was fortunate to work with Christine Jenkins and Betsy Hearne, two "foremothers" who were committed to raising up...

개인적 지능 요소에 기초한 유아 협동적 문제해결활동 프로그램 개발

개인적 지능 요소에 기초한 유아 협동적 문제해결활동 프로그램 개발

Clinical evaluation of the timing of mesiodens removal

BackgroundMesiodens is a common clinical finding among children and has a higher prevalence in Asian populations. The timing of the removal of mesiodens remains controversial. Clinical studies comparing early versus late removal are lacking. The aim of this retrospective study was to evaluate the frequency of clinical complications regarding the timing of childhood mesiodens removal and to explore the factors associated with complications following mesiodens removal. MethodsIn total, 384 Taiwanese children diagnosed with unerupted mesiodens who had attended the Pediatric Dentistry Department, Taipei Veteran General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan from 2005 to 2012 were identified as potential participants. Among these patients, 105 children had received surgical odontectomy of the mesiodens under general anesthesia and had complete longitudinal clinical and radiographic follow-up records, including computed tomography (CT) evaluations; these patients were enrolled. The influence of age, the developmental stage of the adjacent permanent teeth, and the location of the mesiodens were explored regarding complications that were noted at the time of surgery, injury to the adjacent permanent teeth during surgical intervention, and the need for orthodontic treatment after surgery. ResultsThe 105 children enrolled had 145 mesiodens. Removal of the mesiodens before the child was 5 years of age or 1/3 root-completed was associated with fewer complications at the time of surgery and a reduced need for orthodontic treatment after surgery. However, no significant difference was noted between the different groups in terms of surgical injury to the adjacent permanent teeth. ConclusionThe early removal of an unerupted mesiodens before the age of 5 years would seem to reduce complications and the need for orthodontic treatment. With the help of general anesthesia and evaluation by CT imaging, concerns regarding the child's cooperation and the possibility of damage to adjacent permanent teeth during early surgical intervention can be minimized.

Dream Doctor Intervention Instead of Sedation: Performing Radionuclide Scanning Without Sedation in Young Children: A Study in 142 Patients.

Dream Doctors (DDs; professional medical clowns) are expanding their activities in pediatric wards. DDs were introduced as an alternative to sedation among children undergoing kidney imaging after urinary infection. The imaging requires that the patient lie completely still under the camera during the scan; otherwise the image cannot be interpreted. It is extremely difficult to get these children to cooperate, and pediatricians have to provide sedation to get good results. Giving sedation requires medical observation, and it can take hours until the child can be safely released from the hospital. A DD intervention was introduced in an attempt to avoid sedation in these young children. The DD tried to gain the child's cooperation during the procedure. Each study was subsequently scored by a radionuclide physician to assess study quality and interpretation. A total of 142 patients were studied over a 14-month period. The mean age was 2 ± 1.6 years. During the study, in the presence of the DD, only five (3.2%) patients required pharmacologic sedation compared with 100% before the study. The introduction of DDs proved to be a good alternative to sedation in cases where the procedure does not involve pain and only requires the child's cooperation.

Radiation protection in pediatric radiography – Introducing some immobilization and protection equipment

In this article immobilization equipment and safety measures used during radiographic imaging in childhood are presented. Pediatric radiologists and radiographers should work together to provide a child friendly environment during imaging, to minimize the stress for the patient and parents, and to facilitate the child's cooperation. The maximum information possible must be gained from the radiographic procedure. Considerable skill and experience are required to obtain the best possible image in the shortest possible time. It is the responsibility of the radiology department to use proper imaging protocols and parameters for the size of the child. Equipment in a child friendly imaging department needs to be user friendly. The visual appearance of the equipment is also important to make it less frightening for children. It is important to choose the proper ancillary equipment for immobilization during radiographic procedure and explain to parents the importance of using it. The main goal of the immobilization equipment is to prevent unwanted movement, thereby shortening the time of the procedure, avoiding unnecessary repetitions of radiographic procedures and thus enlargement of the dose. At the same time, immobilization and protection equipment helps to avoid unnecessary exposure of parents taking part in radiographic procedure to ionizing radiation. Conclusion: Proper use of children's immobilization and radiation protection equipment, together with an adjusted imaging technique, results in a quicker radiation procedure and lower radiation dose.

The role of language ability in young children's cooperation during play and collaborative interactions

ABSTRACTLanguage and metacommunication are assumed to be important for accomplishing a high level of cooperation in social play. Research to date, however, does not address the relationship of language ability and metacommunication to the complexity of cooperation. This study investigated this relationship by observing 24 four- and five-year-old children's non-verbal and verbal cooperation during free play and a collaboration task in kindergarten. The results showed that the role of language ability and metacommunication depends on the context of behaviour. In free play but not in the task, high language ability was related to more complex non-verbal cooperation. There were no differences in verbal cooperation in free play or task in extending play to a coherent theme, but results for verbally taking up the child's own or the other's contribution were inconsistent. Differences in metacommunication were only found for the task.

Effectiveness of audiovisual distraction eyewear and computerized delivery of anesthesia during pulp therapy of primary molars in phobic child patients.

Objectives:The aim of this study is to assess the effectiveness of audiovisual distraction technique with video eyewear and computerized delivery system-intrasulcular (CDS-IS) during the application of local anesthetic in phobic pediatric patients undergoing pulp therapy of primary molars.Materials and Methods:This randomized, crossover clinical study includes 60 children, aged between 4 and 7-year-old (31 boys and 29 girls). Children were randomly distributed equally into two groups as A and B. This study involved two treatment sessions of pulp therapy, 1-week apart. During treatment session I, group A had an audiovisual distraction with video eyewear, whereas group B had audiovisual distraction using projector display only without video eyewear. During treatment session II, group A had undergone pulp therapy without video eyewear distraction, whereas group B had the pulp treatment using video eyewear distraction. Each session involved the pulp therapy of equivalent teeth in the opposite sides of the mouth. At each visit scores on the Modified Child Dental Anxiety Scale (MCDAS) (f) were used to evaluate the level of anxiety before treatment. After the procedure, children were instructed to rate their pain during treatment on the Wong Bakers’ faces pain scale. Changes in pulse oximeter and heart rate were recorded in every 10 min.Results:From preoperative treatment session I (with video eyewear) to preoperative treatment session II (without video eyewear) for the MCDAS (f), a significant (P > 0.03) change in the mean anxiety score was observed for group A. Self-reported mean pain score decreases dramatically after treatment sessions’ with video eyewear for both groups.Conclusion:The use of audiovisual distraction with video eyewear and the use of CDS-IS system for anesthetic delivery was demonstrated to be effective in improving children's cooperation, than routine psychological interventions and is, therefore, highly recommended as an effective behavior management technique for long invasive procedures of pulp therapy in young children.

Parents's Anxiety on Children Cooperation at Dental Visit

Background and ObjectiveTodays, dental care is an essential need to maintenance of children's health. One of the blocker of providing a good dental care not only is the children's anxiety, but also the parents's anxiety. So the aim of this study was to comparison of the impact of mother or father anxiety also presence on children cooperation at dental care unit. Materials and MethodsThis cross-sectional study was performed among 55 mothers and 53fathers with their 4 to 10 year old children in 2012 and 2013 in city of Zanjan / Iran. The anxiety was measured by dental fear survey and DASS-21questionnaire. The chi-squared test was used to compare data from the stress scales (p ≤0.05). linear regression analyses were used for best predict the value of the study variable. ResultsProximately half of mothers and about ¾ of fathers had no anxiety in their children dental care. There was relationship between the gender of children, the education of mothers and fathers and the number of children, with children's dental care cooperation. There was difference between mother or father accompanying on children cooperation (P<0.0001). Conclusionwe must reduce mother's anxiety for providing the sufficient children dental care. Father makes more children cooperation so fathers accompany is more effective on children well behavior at dental care. We suggest father accompanying would be a solution in child dehtal caring.

Undergraduates’ implementations of learning stations as their service learning among elementary school students

Service learning provides pre-service educators with a context for having hands-on field experience and also assists in understanding the theory and practice. This study discusses 7 undergraduates' implementations of learning stations as their service learning with 28 elementary school students. Through thematic data analysis of interviews, observation field notes, activity designs, and discussion posts, this study presented the following major findings. First, elementary school students, seven undergraduates, and a cooperative elementary school English teacher held positive attitudes towards the implementation of learning stations, because these developed children's cooperation and word recognition skills. Second, undergraduates and cooperative teachers gained professionalism through reflection and cooperation, in terms of activity designs, classroom management, and interpersonal skills development with kids and adults. Five suggestions are provided in order to effectively implement undergraduates' activity designs for learning stations as their service learning among elementary school students.

Intentional Diversity: Program Ideas from the Field

The year 2014 was a watershed one for bringing awareness to the issue of diversity in children’s literature. The late author Walter Dean Myers wrote a stirring opinion piece for the New York Times about the Cooperative Children’s Book Center’s (CCBC) report revealing that of the thirty-two-hundred children’s books published in 2013, only ninety-three were about black people.