Adolescent is the crucial phase of the age group of 10 – 19 years. This is the phase of carnal, psychological development associated with sexual maturation. India is a country with largest ever adolescent population. According to the statement of UNFPA (United Nations Population Fund) India will continue as the country of youngest populations in the globe till 2030. India lives in her seven hundred thousand villages that are remote areas. More than 60% population resides in villages. Adolescent HIV/ AIDS is now an epidemic and adolescent HIV/AIDS should be managed separately apart from the adult HIV/AIDS. The students, street youths and slum youths are mainly covered the group of adolescence. Due to psychological vulnerability adolescence are contracted with HIV/AIDS. Basically the adolescent HIV/AIDS is detected among the adolescent sex workers, child labors, and migrant population. Due to lack of education and awareness the disease is rapidly progressing among the adolescence in remote India. The common way of the transmission of HIV/AIDS is heterosexual in nature. The socio- cultural frame work should be developed to manage HIV/ AIDS. The purpose of this research paper will be to contribute policy makers by exploring the common issues and challenges in the HIV/AIDS programme.

ABSTRACT The booming electric vehicle market is driving demand for lithium-ion batteries, particularly nickel-manganese-cobalt (NMC) batteries, yet also brings social risks. This study employed social life cycle assessment (S-LCA) to evaluate social risks in NMC battery production, use, and recycling. Following UNEP/SETAC guidelines, 10 indicators covered three stakeholder categories: workers, local communities, and society. The results show that production stage has prominent risks in drinking water coverage (DWC) and illiteracy, reaching 4.44E + 03 medium-risk hours (MRH) and 3.99E + 03 MRH, respectively. The use phase also presents significant social risks, particularly in terms of indicators, such as child labor, total (CL), fair salary, and unemployment (U), which account for over 85%. Although the recycling phase has a relatively low overall impact, the risks in DWC and illiteracy, total (I) indicators reach 30%. Substitution of secondary materials can reduce CL and unemployment by approximately 39% and 40%, respectively, but exacerbates issues related to DWC and health expenditures. It is projected that by 2050, the adoption of clean energy could reduce risks in the use phase by about 50%. Recommendations include optimizing cathode materials, advancing recycling technologies, and transitioning to clean energy to promote sustainable battery industry development.

Should privacy be a tradeable right? This is an issue for urgent consideration, given how much personal data collated from different sources can reveal about our personal lives. The rise of digital technologies and of the digital economy on the one hand, and of data mining capabilities on the other, present economic opportunities that are being harnessed, often at the cost of our privacy. Some see this as a case of “missing markets”, where appropriate markets with adequate rules and regulations should be put in place. In this paper, I argue that the creating of a market for personal data, amounts to making the right to privacy a tradeable right. Further, a market for personal data/ privacy has all the characteristics of what Debra Satz characterises as “noxious markets”. Other economists, notably Bowles, Hausman and MacPherson and Sandel, have sought to delineate the moral limits to markets in cases of child labour, the organ trade, etc. I argue that the market for personal data should be treated similarly.

ABSTRACT On 4 September 2025, hundreds of federal agents stormed a Hyundai electric vehicle battery plant in Georgia, arresting 475 workers − 300 of them Korean nationals – in the largest immigration raid at a single location in U.S. history. Described by the Atlanta Journal-Constitution as a ‘big deal,’ the raid attracted widespread attention, in the U.S. and beyond. Although most accounts linked it to the Trump administration’s anti-immigration policies, this article explores the deeper labor issues it revealed. It interrogates both the longer history of the foreign-owned auto sector – which accounted for half of North American production – and Hyundai’s longer labor record. Utilizing primary and secondary records, I argue that the raid was a ‘big deal’ not just because of Trump’s immigration policies, but because of what it revealed about the huge foreign-owned auto sector, which had long attracted industry through union avoidance, chiefly to the South. Incentives, lower wages, and a union-free environment were central to Hyundai’s decision to locate there, revealing a deeper history of corporate largesse and poor accountability. Hyundai also had a long history of labor problems, including strained relations with Korean unions, centralized management, and allegations of using child and prison labor at U.S. suppliers.

The aim of this study is to analyze scientific publications in the field of occupational health and safety in the agricultural sector using bibliometric methods to evaluate publication trends, prominent topics, and collaboration networks. The literature review and dataset consist of a total of 774 articles published between 1981 and 2025 from the Web of Science database. RStudio and VOSviewer software were used to map the bibliometric network data. The analysis evaluated annual publication numbers, the most cited studies, authors, institutions, journals, keywords, and collaboration networks. The findings indicate that research on the agricultural sector has increased in recent years, reaching a peak in publications and citations in 2022. The most productive author in the study was Risto H. Rautiainen, while the institution that published the most articles was the University of Nebraska Medical Center, based in the United States. The most productive and influential resource on the subject was the US-based Journal of Agromedicine. In their early studies, researchers focused on the keywords “farm injuries,” “accidents,” “wounds and injuries,” and “epidemiology.” Trend analyses revealed keywords such as agricultural machinery, tractors, child labour, mental health, stress, ergonomics, and accessibility as emerging trends.

The Structure and Culture of Forced Child Labor: What Are the Opportunities for Improving Children’s Well-being in Indonesia?

Unhooking the past: Early-life exposure to hookworm eradication and later-life longevity.

• PACE raised rural school attendance: targeted children were 3.2 times more likely to attend school. • No effect was found for urban areas or for siblings of targeted children within the same households or communities. • Total child work did not decline over the study period. • External paid work fell by 58% as children shifted toward family-based activities; wellbeing effects remain unclear. • Community-level awareness campaigns alone showed no significant effects on school attendance or child labor outcomes. This study evaluates the impact of the Partnership Against Child Exploitation (PACE) program in Ethiopia, an initiative aimed at reducing child labor and increasing school attendance in vulnerable communities. The program identified a child in a family, at risk or involved in worst forms of child labor. The program’s design incorporated support to income generating activities and savings systems at the family level, educational assistance at the child level, and community awareness campaigns. We study the effectiveness of the PACE program employing a randomized controlled trial design with a large sample size and minimal attrition, enabling to causally assess the program’s impact on both schooling and work-related outcomes. We use multi-level modeling to account for the three levels of intervention (family, child and community) Our study finds that the PACE program significantly increased school attendance among rural children directly targeted by the intervention. However, the program did not impact school attendance in urban areas or among siblings and other children in rural communities. Additionally, while the program did not reduce the likelihood of child labor or the number of hours children spent working per day, it reduced the incidence of work outside the household for all children in supported families.

Abstract This seminar paper examines the storyline of Sufferings and Social Injustice experienced by Bakha,Munoo and Ganjun in Untouchable, Coolie and Two Leaves and a Bud by Mulk Raj Anand. Through these three socially marginalized protagonists, Anand articules a powerful critique of the oppressive structures of caste hierarchy, class exploitation, colonial domination, and economic inequality in pre-independence India.In Untouchable, Bakha’s life as a sweeper unfolds the brutal realities of untouchability, social exclusion, humiliation, and denial of human dignity. Similarly, Coolie records Munoo’s tragic journey through domestic servitude, industrial labor, and urban poverty forced him into exploitative labour making him a victim of poverty, child labor, capitalist exploitation, class discrimination, and colonial industrialism. Ganju's journey follows the pattern in which false promises of better wages uprooted him from his native village and he and his fellow labourers find themselves trapped in a regime of economic exploitation, racial discrimination, and inhuman working conditions in Two Leaves and a Bud . Through their collective suffering, Anand exposes the dehumanizing impact of imperialism and critiques the structural violence embedded within colonial capitalism.The paper examines how Anand employs social realism and humanism to foreground the voices of the oppressed and to challenge systems that perpetuate inequality. dehumanization and systematic injustice.

Forced labor of children by parents remains a serious issue in the protection of children's rights in Indonesia, especially when such practices are justified on the basis of family economic needs. This study aims to analyze the legal provisions protecting children by forced labor by parents and to examine the obstacles to law enforcement. The research method used is normative legal research by a literature review approach, through an examination of relevant laws, legal principles, and legal doctrines. The findings of the research intricate that, legal positive indonesia there are a good constitutional and juridical legal basis in context is 1945 Constitution of the Republic Indonesia, Child Protection Law, Manpower Law and Convention on The Rights of Children which that make forced child labor as an economic exploitation categorization is prohibited. But the success of legal protection continues to run up against both legal and sociological challenges, including the murky borderlines of forced labour within the family, the challenge of proving psychological coercion and poverty-nurtured cultural attitudes towards child labour. Therefore a comprehensive approach, including law enforcement and social policies based on the best child interest is necessary.

The aim of this study was to investigate the association between dental caries and multidimensional poverty in Colombia using data from the National Oral Health Survey (ENSAB IV, Spanish acronym). A cross-sectional analytical study was conducted using data from 20,534 individuals in six regions of the country. Dental caries was assessed using the ICDAS system, and multidimensional poverty was measured using a proxy Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) adapted from the method adjusted for Colombia. Descriptive analyses and bivariate comparisons were carried out, and Poisson regression models adjusted for sociodemographic variables were applied. Households containing at least one member with caries had a higher incidence (59.9%) and intensity (46.7%) of multidimensional poverty compared to those without caries (52.6% and 45.6%, respectively). Significant associations were identified between caries and deprivation in education (low educational attainment: RR = 1.27), child labor (RR = 1.16), unemployment (RR = 1.04), lack of health insurance (RR = 1.09), and inadequate housing conditions (RR = 1.19). The model that analyzed the presence of caries in a household and multidimensional poverty, when controlled for housing conditions, confirmed a positive association between the MPI and the presence of caries (IRR = 1.08; 95% CI: 1.050-1.107; p-value < 0.001). A female head of household and rural residence were also identified as variables associated with the presence of caries in a household. The presence of a household member with dental caries is significantly associated with multidimensional poverty in Colombia. This study highlights the need to consider oral health as a sensitive indicator of structural inequality and proposes its inclusion in social progress metrics. The findings support the design of comprehensive public health strategies that address the social determinants of oral health, especially in vulnerable populations.

The rights of children in India have evolved through a framework of constitutional provision, legislative enactments and international conventions. The Constitution of India guarantees several fundaments rights to children, such as the right to education, protection from hazardous employment and protection from exploitation and abuse. The various laws including the Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2015 and the Protection of Children from Sexual Offences (POCSO) Act, 2012 and the Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act, 2009 collectively form the legal backbone for safeguarding children’s rights in the country. Implementation of child rights in India facing significant challenges. Most of issues such as child labour, child trafficking, child marriage, malnutrition and access to quality education remain prevalent in various regions. The disparity between legal rights and ground realities reflects the need for more effective policy execution, awareness and community engagement. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the legal protections for children in India, evaluate the gaps in their implementation and suggest some measures to strengthen child rights in the context of social- legal aspect.

Child labor in the textile industry represents a critical and persistent violation of human rights that fundamentally compromises global sustainability goals. Despite the estimated 160 million children engaged in child labor worldwide, academic and corporate discourse on textile sustainability has historically prioritized environmental dimensions over social ones. This study quantitatively investigates this asymmetry through a bibliometric analysis of 68 scientific documents indexed in the Scopus database (2005–2024), complemented by a systematic content review. Using co-occurrence analysis, the literature was categorized into four thematic clusters: (1) Structural Determinants of Child Labor, (2) Health and Well-being Impacts, (3) International Economic Pressures, and (4) Eradication Policies. The analysis reveals a profound epistemic disconnect: the literature on environmental sustainability (41.2% of publications) and child labor (17.6%) operate in distinct, non-overlapping clusters, with no single document explicitly integrating both dimensions. These findings confirm that the persistence of child labor is not solely a function of economic factors, but is also sustained by a fragmented scientific knowledge architecture that systematically marginalizes social violations. We conclude that achieving genuine textile sustainability requires an urgent rebalancing of academic and regulatory attention toward the effective and integrated study of both environmental and social dimensions.

Children are the future of a nation, but data shows that there is still a high prevalence of child labour in Indonesia’s fisheries sector. Child laborers often did not receive the rights which guaranteed by both National Law (Child Protection Law and Labour Law) and International Law. Indonesian law has expressly prohibited the employment of a child. The problem of child labour is still a problem for the Indonesian fisheries sector and several other countries. By using normative research methods and a statute approach, this study examines two things. First, how is the legal protection for child labour in the fisheries sector in Indonesia. Second, legal efforts that can be taken by Indonesia to eradicate child labour in the fisheries sector. The results of the study show that Indonesian Law (Child Protection Law and Labour Law) prohibits anyone from employing children. Legal protection that can be carried out against child labour in the fisheries sector is by eradicating child labour in Indonesia with several legal efforts such as regulating administrative sanctions in the form of revocation of business permits including fishing permits for vessels employing child labour; establishing criminal sanctions for parents who allow or order their children to work; criminal sanctions for vessel captains; increasing supervision of the implementation of related regulations; and establishing international cooperation with other countries such as countries importing Indonesian fishery products, flag countries of vessels where Indonesian fishing crews work, or with countries that also have child labour problems.

Over the past years, the European Union (EU) has been the first to come up with a strong legal framework to eliminate child labour within global supply chains. Through tools like the Directive on Corporate Sustainability Due Diligence (CSDDD), the EU is bringing businesses to report, avert and address the negative human rights effects through child labour among transnational corporations in their operations. This research examines the normativity and institutional underpinnings of an EU regulatory strategy on the prevention of child labour in international trade, in terms of its legal enforceability, engagement of stakeholders, and access to remedy. It also discusses the applicability and flexibility of these tools to the situation in Vietnam, a nation that is becoming more integrated into global supply chains and more internationalized due to trade agreements like the EU-Vietnam Free Trade Agreement (EVFTA) and the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP). The study uses a comparative legal approach, which shows that both normative synergies and regulatory gaps can be established between EU legal norms and national legislation on labour in Vietnam. The results indicate, that although the legal system in Vietnam has adopted some of the international labour norms, there are some major issues, especially on the aspects of the legal definition, enforcement ability, corporate responsibility, and supply chain transparency. The paper has concluded that the EU experience has lessons to be learnt by Vietnam, on how to strengthen its child labour governance. These involve institutionalisation of the mandatory human rights due diligence, improving the labour inspection regime, and revising the law to suit international and bilateral obligations. This research paper is a part of a wider research on the issue of responsible global trade and legal reform based on human rights in the emerging economies.

ABSTRACT Child street hawking is prevalent in Nigeria and has been widely researched from an economic perspective. However, existing research has overlooked the cultural dimensions of this phenomenon. Therefore, this study explored the cultural and personal factors shaping parental views on child street hawking in Osogbo, a Yoruba city in southwestern Nigeria, with the aim of understanding the phenomenon and informing interventions. An exploratory research design was used, and face-to-face in-depth interviews were conducted with 32 participants who were purposively selected in four popular marketplaces, which were randomly selected within Osogbo. The participants were parents who permitted their children to engage in street hawking. Reflexive thematic and content analyses were applied to the data. The study found that child street hawking represents a culturally significant practice in Yoruba society, serving as a symbol of responsibility, practical skills development, money management, a form of social investment, a conduit for instilling entrepreneurial values, a symbol of answered prayers, and a contemporary expression of traditional values on children’s economic roles, among other cultural meanings. The study concludes that child street hawking is a complex phenomenon, shaped by both cultural and personal factors, and that cultural analysis is essential for understanding its broader implications and informing policies and interventions.

This article shows how a policy of income transfer, such as remittance payments from a high-income country, can reduce child labour, a target for the UN Sustainable Development Goals, by turning the terms of trade in favour of the transfer-receiving country. This is a novel policy measure because it utilises an existing international economic event, known as income transfer, without imposing a significant financial burden on national governments. This reduces inequities in the global labour market without creating economic and non-economic turmoil resulting from policies involving bans or other alternatives to bans.

This action research addresses the persistent problem of child labor, which has been intensified by the COVID-19 pandemic. It highlights the negative effects of child labor on children’s development and human rights and emphasizes the need for a comprehensive, community-based response. The study centers on the R.A.C.E. program, designed to raise awareness and promote transformative change. Using a descriptive survey research design, the study examines the extent and level of respondents’ awareness, perceptions, and understanding of child labor. Guided by Constructivism, Participatory Action Research, and Transformative Learning Theory, the program aims to empower participants to challenge existing conditions and contribute to the elimination of child labor. Keywords: Child Labor, R.A.C.E. Program, quantitative, consciousness, Participatory Action Research (PAR)

ABSTRACT This study examines whether Japanese prefectures with documented child labour in 1950s fishing villages show elevated rates of incomplete compulsory education. Using prefecture-level data from the 2020 National Population Census, this study focuses on adults who did not complete junior high school, relating these outcomes to historical evidence of long-term school absence associated with fisheries-based labour. Based on a systematic review, prefectures were classified into Group A, where absence was primarily linked to labour demands, and Group B, where labour was accompanied by documented trafficking practices. Group-level comparisons show that non-completion was higher than the national average (0.70%) among Group A men (0.89%) and Group B women (1.53%). At the prefectural level, particularly pronounced rates were observed among men in Hiroshima (4.25%) and women in Okinawa (5.66%), consistent with historically documented labour-related educational disruption. The study highlights the relevance of adult literacy and lifelong learning from a life-course perspective.

ABSTRACT This article argues for the need to combine written texts with other material sources when studying past subaltern lives. It suggests that much of a person’s life history is inscribed on their body (i.e. their teeth and bones) and objects. Such nonverbal traces are especially vital for reconstructing the historical value of subaltern lives. In his prison notes (Q25), Antonio Gramsci (1891–1937) pointed out that it is hard to collect the histories of the subalterns, as they are scattered, fragmented by the ruling groups. We apply this thought to Gramsci himself in relation to his subaltern contemporaries in Sardinia by integrating multiple material legacies (bodily remains, texts, objects). We thereby wish to situate Gramsci’s suffering within the broader bodily experience of his contemporaries, revealing how the physical symptoms he described may have materialized as skeletal pathologies. While Gramsci is known for his sharp-sighted mind, we know much less of his body. Yet, he lived a life entrenched in and physically marked by colonialism, imprisonment, inequality, child labour, poverty, discrimination and illness. Presumably, his remains are marked by a life of struggle and labour, similarly to the bones of his contemporaries from Sardinia. By combining osteo-biographies (archaeological research on indicators of physiological stress on bones and teeth) of his contemporaries with written knowledge about Gramsci’s symptoms, diet, and material culture in Sardinia and Italian prison, this article reveals an array of different stories about these bodily lives which are as yet untold.