Background: Glomerular disease (GD) and diabetic nephropathy are both leading causes of end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) in the United States. Much is known about each individually, but less of any interactions between the two. There is emerging evidence that factors specific to glomerular disease, such as immunosuppression, may increase the risk of diabetes, which in turn could compound glomerular filtration rate (GFR) decline through the mechanisms of diabetic nephropathy. Understanding the epidemiology of prediabetes and diabetes in glomerular disease patients may inform improved screening and prevention practices in this population and may lead to strategies that mitigate progression to ESKD. The aim of this study is to delineate risk factors for prediabetes in glomerular disease. Methods: Data was extracted from University of Michigan and Kidney Research Network electronic health record registry with patients classified by age at glomerular disease at diagnosis or first nephrology appointment (child (age<18y, n=406) and adult (≥ 18y, n=339)). A Cox proportional hazards model was calculated using prediabetes after kidney disease onset as the outcome, adjusted for age, sex, race, weight, hypertension, and defined relevant drug prescriptions. A subgroup analysis was performed to track the progression from prediabetes to diabetes. Results: 148 patients (19.9% of cohort) developed prediabetes in study follow-up. Adult GD patients were more likely than pediatric GD patients to progress (HR: 1.73 [95%CI: 1.19 - 2.50]), as were patients with uncontrolled hypertension (HR: 9.61 [95%CI: 3.02 - 30.61]) and controlled hypertension (HR: 6.50 [95%CI: 1.91 - 22.18]). The use of beta blockers, statins, or diuretics was also associated with higher prediabetes risk (HR: 2.87 [95%CI: 1.98 - 4.17]). Conclusions: Adult age, worsening control of hypertension, and certain medications were associated with increased prediabetes risk in pre-existing glomerular disease. More data, in particular prospective data, is needed to refine risk relationships and incidence data.

Community violence is one of the biggest social safety issues in the United States. In the past year, over 1.4 million people were assaulted by various types of community violence (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2023). Understanding how perceived community violence affects maternal parenting stress, independent of other community characteristics, is critical for developing targeted interventions that support families in disadvantaged neighborhoods. Using data from the Future of Families and Child Wellbeing Study (N = 4,898 families across 20 U.S. cities), we estimated linear growth models with repeated measures at child ages 3, 5, 9, and 15. The sample overrepresented low-income families and minority populations. The results showed a correlation between higher initial levels of parenting stress and increased initial levels of perceived community violence, with both parenting stress and perceived community violence demonstrating concurrent decreasing trends over time. However, the rate of change in parenting stress was not significantly associated with the rate of change in perceived community violence. Results revealed that maternal parenting stress and perceived community violence are interconnected over time, with mothers experiencing higher stress also reporting higher community violence at baseline, and both declining concurrently as children aged. Such findings emphasized the importance of implementing interventions aimed at alleviating the negative impacts of community violence on family well-being. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).

Social-ecological correlates of children's outdoor playtime and their interaction with gender: a national longitudinal study.

Mediating role of maternal burnout in the relationship between marital satisfaction and maternal attachment.

Using structural equation modelling (SEM), this study tested whether parental monetary investments (PMI) and parental time investment (PTI) mediate the effects of family income (FI) on primary math achievement (PMA) in a sample of Bangladeshi children (N = 760, 52% boys, M = 9.1 Years, SD = 3.3 at baseline), studying over 24 months. In doing so, the background variables (fourth-grade math scores, child's age, and sex) were controlled in the model. The results from SEM suggested that fewer PMIs in children's math stimulating materials and fewer PTIs in children's at-home math practices partially mediated the association between lower-FI and poor PMA. Although PTI had a greater amount of variance (15%) in the associations of lower-FI with lower-PMA as compared to PMIs (11%), the full model explained 25% of the variance in the lower-FI and lower-PMA link with control variables. Future directions for policy and research are discussed.

Maternal and paternal depressive symptoms from pregnancy to late childhood in a UK-birth cohort: Reciprocal and bidirectional effects.

Frequency and nature of sleep disturbances amongst children with cerebral palsy in Northern Ireland: A cross-sectional study.

Valuing pediatric health-related quality of life (HRQOL) is essential for economic evaluations in child healthcare. Instruments like EQ-5D-Y were developed for this purpose. A key methodological innovation-though controversial-has been the use of the child perspective for valuation of EQ-5D-Y health states, where adults value health states imagining a 10-year-old child. This paper critically reviews empirical findings on this approach, examines potential biases, assesses alignment with stakeholder views, and explores alternatives. We relied on a targeted review of empirical literature, including studies comparing adults valuing their own health (adult perspective) and using child perspectives, as well as stakeholder opinion studies. Findings were synthesized into ten key learnings: (1) Child-perspective valuations are typically higher than adult ones for the same health states. (2) Adults prioritize pain/discomfort and being sad/unhappy differently for children. (3) Child age has minimal impact. Mechanisms contributing to differences between adult and child perspectives include (4) discomfort with child death, (5) different valuations of life duration, (6) psychological distance, (7) emotional difficulty deciding for others, and (8) external goals influencing results. Stakeholder engagement shows that (9) the effects of using child perspectives do not align well with societal preferences, and (10) stakeholders express a preference for approaches that directly involve children and adolescents in valuation tasks. We conclude that relying on child perspectives may introduce systematic biases, potentially undermining the validity of pediatric health utilities. A re-evaluation of current valuation methods for EQ-5D-Y may be warranted, with greater consideration for direct child involvement, mapping techniques, and group-based deliberative approaches.

Pre- and postnatal exposure to PM2.5 and NO2 and blood pressure in children: Results from the ECHO Cohort.

The purpose of this study was twofold, first, to examine potential changes in young children's media use starting a year prior to the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic and 2 years following onset (between 2½ and 4½ years of child age). Second, to examine links between children's screen time and their emerging regulatory functioning as indexed by respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA). Participants (N = 269, 48% female at Wave 3) were drawn from Waves 3 to 5 of Project Media Effects on Development from Infancy to Adulthood, a longitudinal study on the impact of early media use on children's development. Parents reported children's time using media across different medium (e.g., television, tablets, book reading, smartphones). At Waves 3 and 5, children's baseline RSA was recorded in their homes. Results revealed an increase in nearly all forms of media during the first year of COVID-19 pandemic (W4) and decreases during year 2 (W5) with some but not all forms of media returning to W3 levels. A growth mixture model found two distinct classes of participants primarily across measures of socioeconomic status (SES). Higher levels of screen time pre-COVID-19 pandemic were linked to lower RSA 2 years later, regardless of SES. Protective factors were observed for children from lower SES families, including if they had higher income relative to other class members. Findings are framed in the context of displacement and polyvagal theory, suggesting that higher levels of media consumption early in life may displace opportunities that support children's emerging regulatory systems. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).

The effects of mentalization and sensitivity of postpartum depression mothers after the circle of security-intensive intervention on the social-emotional development of three-year-old children.

An adaptive machine learning framework integrating large language models to assess and enhance emotional intelligence in adolescents.

Despite national progress, stunting remains prevalent in specific regions of Rwanda, highlighting the limitations of coarse-resolution data for effective mapping and intervention planning. This study explored optimal spatial resolution and analytical approach to capture localised dynamics and the multifactorial nature of stunting. A cross-sectional, population-based study was conducted in the Northern Province of Rwanda, focusing on children aged 1-36 months. Data were collected using structured questionnaires covering socio-demographic, economic, health, childcare, livestock factors and anthropometric measurements. Environmental characteristics were obtained from national datasets, while household geographic coordinates were captured using a customized mobile geodata platform (emGeo). After data cleaning, predictors were analysed using univariable and multivariable logistic regression as well as geographically weighted logistic regression (GWLR) to account for spatial heterogeneity. Among 601 children, stunting prevalence was 27% (boys 33.8%; girls 20.9%). GWLR improved model fit, increasing adjusted deviance explained from 34% to 39%. Significant predictors included child age (adjusted OR = 2.46; 95% CI: 1.78-3.39), male sex (OR = 2.83; 95% CI: 1.65-4.86), birthweight (OR = 0.71; 95% CI: 0.54-0.94), maternal autonomy (ability to refuse sexual intercourse; OR = 0.48; 95% CI: 0.27-0.86), inconsistent maternal social support (OR = 2.30; 95% CI: 1.20-4.42), household electricity access (OR = 0.48; 95% CI: 0.27-0.84) and handwashing facilities (OR = 0.21; 95% CI: 0.07-0.67). GWLR revealed substantial spatial heterogeneity in these factors, delineating areas where each factor matters most. This household-level, spatially explicit analysis reveals localised risk patterns often masked by aggregated national data. Prioritising context-specific interventions (such as electrification, hygiene promotion, and enhanced maternal social support), can enhance effectiveness. The proposed analytical workflow provides a model for addressing persistent stunting in other resource-limited settings.

Aneurysmal bone cyst (ABC) is rarely seen in the calcaneus of young children. To our knowledge, till date very less number of calcaneal ABC have been reported in the literature. A 5-year-old female child suffered chronic heel pain for last 2 months and was presented with x-ray showing a solitary and expansile osteolytic lesion within the calcaneus. Detailed clinico-radiological and histopathological examination suggested the lesion as ABC. The volume of the lesion was 11.9 cm3 as measured in the MRI. Curettage was not opted as wall of entire calcaneus was very thin and lesion was big compared to the age of child. Treatment was done with 4 sequential sclerosant polidocanol injection therapy over 9months, with minimum of 6 weeks interval in each injection. Dosage of the sclerosant therapy was calculated by weight of the patient (2-4 mg/kg) instead of volume of the cyst. No recurrence was observed over next 1 year by sequential X-rays. Age of the patient, anatomical location and severity in our case makes it unique. ABC can also be found in unusual locations like calcaneus even at 5 years age and can be managed by standard polidocanol protocol. In very young children with thin-walled, calcaneal ABCs, serial sclerosant injection may avoid morbid curettage/grafting.

Nutritional disorders and dental caries share common risk factors, including diet and socioeconomic position, but the association between these two conditions remains unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the potential association between overweight/obesity and the occurrence of dental caries in primary dentition. This longitudinal study, conducted using data from the 2015 Pelotas Birth Cohort, utilised information collected at birth, 24 months and 4 years of age. The exposure variable was the obesity collected by BMI (body mass index), at 24 months, using anthropometric measures (weight and height) and classified according to WHO guidelines. Covariates included sex, child's and maternal age, socioeconomic factors (family income and maternal education) and sugar consumption data. The outcome was dental caries at the age of four, assessed using several variables: early childhood caries (ECC), encompassing all activity including white spots and restorations; severe early childhood caries (S-ECC), which refers exclusively to cavitated lesions; and the dmft (Decayed, Missing and Filled Teeth) index. Descriptive analysis was carried out and regression models were tested. From the 4275 eligible participants, 3374 children (50.5% boys and 49.5% girls) composed the analytical sample. At 24 months, 2474 (73.3%) children were healthy weight (95% CI 71.8; 74.8) and 900 (26.7%) presented overweight/obesity (18.8% overweight and 7.9% obese). Concerning dental caries at the age of four, 37.6% had ECC (including white spots and restorations) and 21.4% had S-ECC. Among children classified as healthy weight at 24 months, 38.6% presented ECC at 4 years of age. Among obese children, the prevalence of ECC was 34.8%. A similar pattern was observed for S-ECC: the prevalence was 22.0% among healthy weight children, 19.9% among overweight and 19.1% among obese children. The Poisson regression analysis adjusting for confounding factors showed no difference between groups. In conclusion, this cohort study in Brazilian children at the age of four did not observe meaningful associations between overweight/obesity and dental caries in primary dentition. The findings suggest that obesity in childhood should not be considered a risk factor for caries development in children.

In the present study, longitudinal associations between parental depressive symptoms and child behavior (externalizing and internalizing problems and adaptive skills) were examined using a random intercept cross-lagged panel model. The participants were 200 Finnish children (106 boys, 94 girls) and their parents. Both fathers and mothers reported their depressive symptoms and rated child behavior of their children at the ages of 4, 6, and 9. In the combined models including effects from both parents, the results showed that at the between-person level, maternal depressive symptoms were significantly correlated with child behavior, while paternal depressive symptoms were significantly correlated with maternal depressive symptoms yet not with child behavior. Significant within-person-level predictive panels from child internalizing behavior at child ages of 4 and 6 to maternal depressive symptoms at child ages of 6 and 9, and from paternal depressive symptoms at child age of 6 to child externalizing behavior and adaptive skills at child age of 9 emerged in the model identifying the unique effects of maternal and paternal depressive symptoms. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).

Parental emotion socialization behaviors (ESBs) are essential for child development and are typically understood as influenced by factors related to three domains: the parent, the child, and the family context. However, it remains unclear how parents' childhood experiences with ESBs should be represented within these conceptual frameworks. Addressing the complexity of ESBs, the present study examined predictors across three theoretically derived domains and additionally included parents' recollected ESBs as a parent-level factor. Questionnaire data were collected from a large population-based cohort of Norwegian mothers and fathers (n = 4207; 2460 mothers) with children aged 3 to 13 years (M = 7.4 years). Supportive and non-supportive ESBs were examined separately through hierarchical regression models incorporating parent, context, and child factors. The three domains collectively accounted for 28% of the variance in supportive ESBs and 29% in non-supportive ESBs. The results clearly emphasized parental factors, with parent gender and recollected ESBs being the most influential predictors. Other parent factors, such as perceived parenting stress, alcohol use, and the personality traits agreeableness and openness, also showed unique effects across both types of ESBs. Among contextual factors, education, income, and country of birth predicted non-supportive ESBs but not supportive ESBs. Child age and birth order were linked with supportive ESBs, whereas only child age predicted non-supportive ESBs. Findings highlight the importance of parent characteristics, particularly gender and recollected emotion socialization from the family of origin, in predicting current parental ESBs beyond contextual and child-related factors.

Effective parent-child communication is central to coping with psychosocial challenges of pediatric cancer, yet few studies have examined how caregivers and children perceive their communication. This study investigated differences between caregiver and child reports of communication and associations with family relationship quality. We hypothesized children would report more open and positive communication than caregivers report, reflecting directional discrepancies in communication quality. Seventy-six caregiver-child dyads (N = 152) were recruited from two Midwestern pediatric hospitals. Children aged 8-17 with cancer and their caregivers independently completed measures of parent-child communication (PCCS) and family relationships (PROMIS). Descriptive statistics, correlations, and paired- and independent-samples t-tests examined differences and associations across dyads. Exploratory Actor-Partner Interdependence Models (APIM) investigated dyadic associations between child and caregiver communication and child family relationships. Caregivers (10-item: M = 3.90, SD = 0.55; 20-item: M = 3.94, SD = 0.58) and children (M = 4.15, SD = 0.61) reported generally high-quality communication. However, significant differences emerged: children rated caregivers as more attentive listeners (t(74) = 2.53, p = .01, Cohen's d = 0.29), emotionally open (t(74) = 2.30, p = .02, Cohen's d = 0.27), and willing to discuss problems (t(74) = 2.86, p = .005, Cohen's d = 0.33) than caregivers reported children. Across correlation and APIM analyses, child-reported communication was strongly associated with child-reported family relationships and caregiver-reported communication was strongly associated with caregiver-reported child family relationships (actor effects). Older caregiver and child age was linked to lower communication scores. Interdependent caregiver and child perceptions of communication represent an underrecognized factor influencing family functioning in pediatric cancer. Findings underscore the importance of routine communication assessment and highlight the need for developmentally tailored interventions.

The present study examined profiles of parental strengths and changes in these strengths across the transition from toddlerhood to early childhood. Participants were 4,520 mothers with low incomes from the Future of Families and Child Wellbeing Study. Latent class analysis was used to identify unique classes of parental strengths at child ages 3 and 5, and latent transition analysis was used to examine transitions in class membership across this period. Four classes of parental strengths were identified at child ages 3 and 5. Parents were characterized as "psychologically regulated with interparental strain," "psychosocially regulated with coercive behavior," "psychologically dysregulated," and having "multidomain parental strengths." Class membership was least stable for the "psychologically dysregulated" class and most stable for the "multidomain parental strengths" class. Parents' perceived self-efficacy predicted initial parental strengths and changes in these strengths over time. The present findings provide insight into how and why parental strengths might change across the transition from toddlerhood to early childhood among low-income families and can support the development of more tailored, strengths-based interventions for this population. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).

The aim of this study was to assess previously observed relationships between object locations and early word learning within an ecologically valid design. Adults labeled objects during openly structured interactions with their child. Fine-grained distributions of object locations were determined by a convolutional neural network. However, an analysis of the distributions of these locations during the interactions revealed that none of the spatial variables-the areas, overlap, or distances-were able to significantly predict which corresponding labels were learned by the child. A consequent power analysis enabled specific predictions for future work. An interaction between the child's age and the area or the overlap of these locations would predict word learning in a sample of around 50 dyads or more. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).