Chicken Feather Meal Research Articles

Statistical Optimisation of Streptomyces sp. DZ 06 Keratinase Production by Submerged Fermentation of Chicken Feather Meal

This study focused on the isolation of actinobacteria capable of producing extracellular keratinase from keratin-rich residues, which led to the selection of an actinobacterial strain referenced as Streptomyces strain DZ 06 (ES41). The Plackett–Burman screening plan was used for the statistical optimization of the enzymatic production medium, leading to the identification of five key parameters that achieved a maximum activity of 180.1 U/mL. Further refinement using response surface methodology (RSM) with a Box–Behnken design enhanced enzyme production to approximately 458 U/mL. Model validation, based on the statistical predictions, demonstrated that optimal keratinase activity of 489.24 U/mL could be attained with 6.13 g/L of chicken feather meal, a pH of 6.25, incubation at 40.65 °C for 4.11 days, and an inoculum size of 3.98 × 107 spores/mL. The optimized culture conditions yielded a 21.67-fold increase in keratinase compared with the initial non-optimized standard conditions. The results show that this bacterium is an excellent candidate for industrial applications when optimal conditions are used to minimize the overall costs of the enzyme production process.

Evaluation and Improvement of The Effectiveness of Floating Pellets with Substitution of Chicken Feather Meal as Optimal Food for The Growth And Survival of Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

Evaluation and Improvement of The Effectiveness of Floating Pellets with Substitution of Chicken Feather Meal as Optimal Food for The Growth And Survival of Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

A Review on Chicken Feather Flour Potential for Fish Feed

The escalating demand for chicken meat over the years has led to a corresponding increase in waste generation, particularly chicken feathers. While efforts such as making dusters and cocks have been undertaken to address this issue, they have yielded limited success in effectively managing chicken feather waste. Given the significant levels of nutrients, including protein and amino acids, present in this waste, it holds immense potential as a raw material for fish feed. However, the utilization of chicken feather waste remains relatively uncommon due to the challenging digestibility of its large crude protein structure, primarily composed of keratin protein. Thus, preprocessing is essential to degrade the keratin within chicken feathers, rendering it digestible for fish. This review aims to provide an overview of the potential utilization of chicken feather meal in aquaculture, particularly in fish feed formulations, by exploring its nutritional value and various processing methods to enhance the quality of this raw material.

Biodiesel synthesis from chicken feather meal using S/AlMCM-41 catalyst and engine performance analysis

In this study, Sulphated/AlMCM-41 (S/AlMCM-41) catalysts were synthesized and used to produce biodiesel from CFMO. Different percentages of S/AlMCM-41 catalysts were prepared and characterized by X-ray diffraction, BET studies, TPD, and SEM-EDS analysis. Sulphur incorporation to the MCM framework though reduced the surface area, and pore volume of the catalyst, sufficient acidity were produced in the catalyst surface. The existence of functional groups and the composition of the biodiesel obtained was analysed by FTIR and GC-MS. S/AlMCM-41 (80%) catalyst presented a high catalytic activity with maximum biodiesel conversion % when compared to other variants. The bio-ester produced from CFMO with S/AlMCM-41 (80%) catalyst possessed the higher calorific value of 50 MJ/kg and flashpoint of 153 °C and other properties analogous to the standard biodiesel. The engine performance was examined for biodiesel blends with neat diesel, where biodiesel blends performed better than neat diesel. The exhaust gas emission studies also highlighted that the obtained biodiesel showed emission characteristics similar to the standard biodiesel, whereas marginally higher emission for CO and CO2 of about 2.2 and 7.9% was reported.

Chemically Treated Chicken Feather Meal for Fish Feed

The increasing demand and consumption of chicken meat from year to year makes the waste produced also increase, especially chicken feathers. One of the physical waste utilization of chicken feathers is handicrafts that use chicken feathers such as dream catchers. The utilization of chicken feather waste as a feed ingredient is still relatively rare because chicken feathers have crude protein which includes structural protein called keratin. Therefore, it is necessary to process it first so that the keratin in the chicken feather can be degraded properly. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of the chemical processing of chicken feathers and its application as one of the raw materials that make up fish feed. Based on the results of the review of published articles, chicken feathers contain protein and amino acids that are quite good as fish feed. Chemical processing of chicken feathers is considered more effective and economical because it does not damage the protein in chicken feathers and produces more natural chicken feather flour and can reduce damaged amino acids. The quality of chicken feathers is influenced by chemicals, concentration and length of processing time. Various fish species such as tilapia, catfish and catfish show good growth and survival when fed feed containing chicken feather meal. In other words, chicken feather meal has the potential to be used as an alternative raw material in making fish feed.

The efficacy of hydrolized feathermeal as a protein source in diets for juvenile catfish Ictalurus punctatus

Chicken feather meal is often viewed as an undesirable product, as most people think of ground up feathers, which have many processing and nutritional issues. However, modern feather meals are produced through a hydrolysis process which greatly improves protein digestibility. Given the poor understanding of the quality of these meals, we chose to evaluate the efficacy of hydrolyzed feather meal (HFM) as a protein source in channel catfish feeds. For this work, we investigated the replacement of either poultry-by-product meal (PBM) or soybean meal (SBM) in a practical feed formulation for juvenile catfish. The basal diet contained 6% PBM and 56.5% SBM. For the first series of diets, we incrementally replaced PBM with 2.5% and 5% hydrolyzed feather meal (HFM). The second series included five experimental diets with SBM replaced by HFM at a rate of 2.5%, 5%, 7.5%, 10%, and 15%. Diets were formulated to be iso‑nitrogenous and essential amino acids were supplemented to maintain minimal levels that met the nutritional requirements. Catfish were stocked at 15 fish per aquaria using four replicates per treatment and grown for 78 days. The survival of the catfish was above 85% across all treatments with no significant differences found due to diet. Apart from one diet, the inclusion of HFM did not influence the growth or FCR of the fish. Diet 3, which contained 5% HFM as a complete replacement for PBM had significantly lower growth and FCR than the other treatments. These results indicate that up to 20% HFM can be used in catfish feeds a as long as there is a low level of another animal protein. However, the complete replacement of PM with HFM was not successful.

Effective Levels of Chicken Feather Flour as a Supplementary Feed for Increase Broiler Chicken (Gallus domesticus L) Body Weight

Broiler chickens have been widely eaten and bred because they are cheap in the form of meat. But the case in broiler farming is the high price of commercial feed. In view of this reality, it is necessary to find an alternative to the use of feed ingredients that do not compete with humans and their availability is quite abundant at an affordable price, namely the use of chicken feather waste as animal feed. This research aims to determine the content of chicken feather flour which is efficiently used as additional feed for broiler chickens. The research procedure used was an Experiment with 4 treatments and 6 replications, namely P0 = control (100% bran feed), P1 = 95% bran feed + 5% chicken feather meal, P2 = 90% bran feed + 10% chicken feather meal, P3 = 85% bran feed + 15% chicken feather flour. Information was analyzed by Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). The results of the research prove that giving chicken feather flour as additional feed for weight gain of broiler chickens has a significant effect on weight gain of broiler chickens. The conclusion of the research is: The content of chicken feather flour which is efficiently used as additional feed for broiler chickens is 10%

Valorization of chick feather wastes by Geobacillus thermodenitrificans PS41 to enhance the growth of Vigna unguiculata plant and Cyprinus carpio fish.

Chicken feather meal has had a significant biofertilizer approach in recent years. The current study aims to assess feather biodegradation to promote plant and fish growth. The Geobacillus thermodenitrificans PS41 strain was more efficient in feather degradation. Feather residues were separated after degradation and evaluated under a scanning electron microscope (SEM) to detect bacterial colonization on feather degradation. It was observed that the rachi and barbules were entirely degraded. The complete degradation by PS41 suggests a relatively more efficient feather degradation strain. According to Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) studies, PS41 biodegraded feathers contain the functional groups of aromatic, amine, and nitro compounds. The present study suggested that biologically degraded feather meal improved plant growth. The feather meal combined with nitrogen-fixing bacterial strain showed the highest efficiency. The biologically degraded feather meal and Rhizobium combination induced physical and chemical changes in the soil. It is directly involved in soil amelioration, plant growth substance, and soil fertility, enhancing a healthy crop environment. The feather meal 4 and 5% was used as a feed diet of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) to increase growth performances and feed utilization parameters. In hematological and histological studies of formulated diets, significantly no toxic effects occurred in fish blood, gut, or fimbriae.

Protein-based biochars as potential renewable fillers in styrene-butadiene rubber composites

In this study, chicken feather meal (CFM) and canola protein (CP) were converted into biochar and their suitability as reinforcing fillers in styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) composites was evaluated. The protein-based feedstocks were pyrolyzed at 700 °C for 1 h, at a heating rate of 50 °C/min under different pyrolysis atmospheric conditions (N2, CO2, and steam). The flow rate of N2 and CO2 was 700 ml/min, while that of steam was 31 ml/min. Also, biochar was produced under N2 and CO2 gas flow and subsequently activated using steam. The physicochemical properties of the resulting CFM and CP biochars were characterized based on elemental and proximate analyses, surface area, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and thermal field emission scanning electron microscopy. Results showed that activated CP, pyrolyzed under nitrogen and subsequently steam cooled (CP N2 + SC), had enhanced physicochemical properties such as lower ash content, higher fixed carbon content, and reduced polar surface functional groups compared to the other studied biochars in this study. Results also showed that CFM and CP pyrolyzed under nitrogen and subsequently steam cooled displayed higher final moduli and better filler dispersion in rubber than the other biochar samples produced in this study. Given that results showed favorable physicochemical properties and higher final moduli for CP N2 + SC, this sample was further tested using dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) and results showed slight differences with carbon black regarding the temperature dependence of the shear storage modulus (G′) and the loss tangent (tan δ). These differences were attributed to increased filler-filler interactions, reduced filler-rubber interactions, and a lower dispersion in rubber than carbon black. The observed differences were not large enough to explain the inability of the biochar to adequately reinforce the rubber. However, the biochar filled rubber sample had a comparable viscoelastic behavior to carbon black over the studied temperature range.

Protein hydrolysates enhance germination and early growth of maize and sugarcane

Protein hydrolysates have been reported as a plant biostimulant due to their activity like phytohormones. This research aimed to study protein hydrolysate’s effect on the germination and growth of maize and sugarcane. Chicken feather meal (TB) and trash fish meal (TI) based protein hydrolysates were tested their ability to promote rooting and shooting in the early growth of maize and sugarcane, following an adequately dipping. In the maize bioassay, seeds were soaked for 1 hour in aquadest and 10 ppm of TB and TI hydrolysates in three replicates. Shoots and roots length were measured 5 days after germination. In the sugarcane assay, setts having a single bud on top and bottom stalk of PSJT-941 were grown in a polybag. The experiment was performed in eight treatments and 10 replicates, comprising setts from top and bottom, followed by 5, 10, and 30 minutes dipping in 20 ppm of TB hydrolysate. The setts soaked in aquadest was the negative control. Maize treated with TB hydrolysate had the highest shoots and roots length, while sugarcane setts from the top stalk soaked for 30 minutes in the TB hydrolysates showed germination in all replications besides the best in rooting and number of shoots.

Microwave assisted biodiesel production from chicken feather meal oil using Bio-Nano Calcium oxide derived from chicken egg shell

Environmental concerns have initiated the search for greener measures to mitigate pollution issues. Bio Nano CaO was synthesized by reducing CaO extracted from chicken egg shell using tea decoction. The synthesized material was characterized by physico-chemical techniques such as XRD, TGA, BET surface area analyser, TGA and SEM techniques. XRD studied confirmed the crystalline nature of material. The prepared material was found to be stable till 450 οC from TGA study. The SEM pictures displayed uniform and discrete particles which portrays the high probable sites that maximises the catalytic activity. The optimization of microwave assisted Biodiesel synthesis from chicken feather oil through Transesterification process using the bio-synthesized catalytic material was the main aim of the study. A 500 W microwave irradiation of Chicken feather meal oil using 8:1 Methanol:Oil input, 1% Bio Nano CaO concentration, 5 min of reaction time resulted in 95% conversion of chicken feather meal oil into chicken feather meal methyl esters. The Biodiesel was showed low viscosity (4.15 mm2/s), high heating value (50 MJ/kg), high flash point (153οC), reasonable pour point (12 οC) and good cetane number (50 min). The future works will be concentrated on the engine studies related to Torque, fuel consumption, emission data by using the synthesized Biodiesel.

ANALISIS PROKSIMAT PAKAN BUATAN DENGAN PENAMBAHAN HIDROLISAT TEPUNG BULU AYAM SEBAGAI SUMBER PROTEIN ALTERNATIF BAGI IKAN NILA (Oreochromis sp.)

Feed protein sources for fish so far have fluctuated and still have to be imported from abroad, causing difficulties for farmers. Then you need to look for other sources of protein that are cheaper and easier to obtain. This study aims to determine the effect of increasing the value of protein content in artificial feed added to chicken feather flour hydrolyzate and to find out the best composition of chicken feather meal hydrolyzate added in the artificial feed that provides optimal protein levels for tilapia growth. This research method is an experiment using a completely randomized design (CRD) with three treatments and three replications. Control (-): 100% conventional artificial feed (PB). Control (+): 100% Chicken Feather Flour (TBA). Treatment A: 25% TBA and 75% PB. Treatment B: 50% TBA 50% PB. Treatment C: 75% TBA and 25% PB. Proximate tests performed on each sample. The parameters observed were crude protein levels and organoleptic tests. They are analyzed using ANAVA and DMRT tests with a confidence level of 95%, while for organoleptic yield data were analyzed descriptively qualitatively. The results showed that TBA fermentation with B. subtillis could improve the quality of raw materials for fish feed. The highest increase in crude protein in treatment C (10.40 ± 0.22) with a change in physical properties to brown, pungent odor, and blindness texture.

Biodiesel Production from Chicken Feather Meal and its Performance Analysis on Diesel Engine

Biodiesel has intrinsic lubricating properties due to the presence of long chain fatty acids, which significantly help to reduce engine wear and tear. Poultry waste as an alternative energy source could aid in reducing greenhouse gases. Biodiesel acknowledges environmental issues as it is less toxic than diesel and is biodegradable too. It is much safer to handle due to its high flash point and consequently, air quality improves dramatically. From the energy point of view, as a renewable source of energy, it helps in energy conservation and ensures regular availability for production of fuel. The chicken feather meal with moderate fat content was utilized to produce biodiesel. In this study, blends were prepared with biodiesel and consist of fatty acid alkyl esters and diesel at different concentrations namely: 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80%. These were analyzed for their engine performance characteristics. The blends from B20 to B80 fuels showed the decreased concentration of CO and NOx emissions at variable load when compared to diesel. The engine performance parameters such as brake power output, brake horse power and specific fuel consumption proved that the biodiesel from chicken feather meal can be used as an alternative fuel.

Profile of Leukocytes Differentiation of Silver Pompano (Trachinotus blochii) That Were Fed Using Chicken Feather Meal in Fish Diet Fermented by Bacillus sp.

This research was conducted from July-August 2017. The purpose of the research is to know the effect of adding the chicken feather meal in fish food which was fermented by Bacillus sp. The fermented chicken feather meal was added to the food for adjusting the leukocytes differentiation of Silver Pompano ( Trachinotus blochii ). The method was an experimental method with a Completely Randomized Design (CRD), one factor with six treatments level. The for 180 fishes. This research used six treatments such as, Kn (negative control): without fermented chicken feather meal by Bacillus sp. in the feed and were not infected by Vibrio alginolyticus , Kp (positive control): without fermented chicken feather meal by Bacillus sp. in the feed and were infected by V . alginolyticus , P 1 -P 4 respectively: fermented chicken feather meal by Bacillus sp. in the feed 5%, 10%, 15% and 20%. The collected data is ; leukocytestotal, leukocytes differentiation , the average of weight, and survival rate. The results showed that there were a significant effect of adding the fermented chicken feather meal by Bacillus sp. in the feed to the leukocytes total and leukocytes differentiation of Silver Pompano ( Trachinotus blochii ). The best treatment was 10% of Bacillus sp.(P 2 ) wich was shown by the80,53x10 3 cells of leukocytes total, 80,33% of lymphocytes, 9,67 % of monocytes, 10.00 % of Neutrophils, , 5,30 g was the average of weight and100 % of survival rate.

The apoptotic and free radical–scavenging abilities of the protein hydrolysate obtained from chicken feather meal

This study examined the antioxidant capabilities of peptides derived from chicken feather meal (CFM) protein hydrolysates which were produced using 3 different microbial proteases (Neutrase, Alcalase, and flavourzyme) and tested at varying concentrations, namely 1, 2, and 5% by weight. The highest levels of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazl (DPPH) and 2,2′-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS) radical scavenging activities were presented by CFM hydrolysate derived using 5 wt% Neutrase and digested for 4 h. Fractionation of this particular hydrolysate was then performed by applying 10, 5, 3, and 0.65 kDa molecular weight cutoff membranes. It was then determined that the molecular weight (MW) < 0.65 kDa fraction achieved the greatest level of free radical scavenging activity in the context of DPPH and ABTS. The MW < 0.65 kDa fraction then underwent additional fractionation using reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography to derive 3 main fractions designated as F1, F2, and F3. All of these fractions presented a high level of activity in DPPH radical scavenging, although no significant ABTS scavenging was observed. Quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry was used in determining the peptide contents of the fractions as Phe-Asp-Asp-Arg-Gly-Arg-X for F1 (FDDRGRX, 875 Da), Val-Thr-Leu-Ala-Val-Thr-Lys-His for F2 (VTLAVTKH, 868 Da), and Val-Ser-Glu-Ile-X-Ser-Ile-Pro-Ile-Ser for F3 (VSEIXSIPIS, 1,055 Da). Moreover, the F2 fraction was shown to be capable of preventing DNA damage induced by hydroxyl radicals, as indicated in tests using the plasmids pKS, pUC19, and pBR322 via the Fenton reaction. This outcome was demonstrated through in vitro antiproliferative activity in human cell lines based on SW620 colon cancer, using the 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide assay. The F2 fraction at 0.5 wt.% was also shown to be capable of inducing weak early apoptosis, which could be measured by using the Fluorescein isothiocyanate Annexin V Apoptosis Detection Kit with Propidium Iodide Solution. Furthermore, an increase in caspase-3 and caspase-8 activity was observed in SW620 cells following exposure for 24 h and 48 h.

Fermented chicken feathers using Bacillus subtilis to improve the quality of nutrition as a fish feed material

Chicken feather meals constitutes 80-85% protein, the main component being betakeratin, a fibrous and insoluble structural protein extensively cross linked by disulfide bonds. The keratins can not be absorbed directly in the digestive system, therefore a processing technique is required to make it more absorbable. Processing technique can be fermentation by microorganism Bacillus subtilis to degrade keratin by secretion of keratinase. The aim of this study was to examine fermentation of chicken feather meal with B. subtilis to improve the quality of fish feed ingredients. The treatments were: no-fermented; fermentation of chicken feather meals: 6, 8, 10, 12 and 14 ml inoculum fermentation using B. subtilis, respectively for chicken feather meal as much as 2 g. The results showed that the processing fermentation with 10 ml inoculum B. subtilis gives the best results in the highest keratinase activity (273.33 U/ml), increased the protein content of chicken feather meals (74.16 to 85.20%), but decreated of lipid content (2.44 to 1.42%) and carbohydrate content (7.86 to 2.05%) with a change in the physical properties of white -yellow (color), soft (texture), and less typical sting (smell).

Hydrolyzed Chicken Feather Meal as Protein Source for Red Tilapia (Oreochromis sp.) Aquafeeds

Hydrolyzed Chicken Feather Meal as Protein Source for Red Tilapia (Oreochromis sp.) Aquafeeds

Attractability and palatability of formulated diets incorporated with chicken feather and algal meals for juvenile gilthead seabream, Sparus aurata

Treated chicken feather meal with 20, 35 and 50% replacement of fish meal (20, 35, 50 CHF), algal meal with 20 and 35% replacement of fish meal (20, 35 AM) and control diet (CNL) were tested for attractability and palatability to juvenile gilthead seabream, Sparus aurata. Biochemical analysis of the ingredients revealed that treated chicken feather meal (CHF) had high levels of amino acids (AA), and high levels of protein whereas, AM and CNL had high levels of amino acid compositions (AA) except protein content for AM. The biochemical profile of CHF was only moderately superior to that of CNL. Algal meals (20% and 35%) were more attractable and palatable than the control whereas, 20, 35 and 50% CHF were not attractive. The 20 and 35% CHF were not palatable while 50% CHF was more palatable than CNL, 20 and 35% CHF. Attractability and palatability of treated chicken feather meal and algal meal to juvenile seabream were fairly consistent with the biochemical profile of the formulated diets.

Bioconversion of Chicken Feather Meal by Aspergillus niger: Simultaneous Enzymes Production Using a Cost-Effective Feedstock Under Solid State Fermentation.

This study reported for the first time the simultaneous production of hydrolytic enzymes by Aspergillus niger under solid state fermentation using chicken feather meal as substrate. The effect of some culture parameters for production of protease, lipase, phytase and keratinase enzymes was evaluated using a central composite rotatable design. The results obtained demonstrated that the independent variables initial moisture of the culture medium and incubation temperature presented as highly significant on the enzymes production. The production of protease and lipase followed a similar profile, in which the highest values of enzymatic activities were detected after 48h of fermentation. The conduction of the fermentative process using an initial moisture of 50%, 30°C as incubation temperature and supplementation of the feather meal with 15% wheat bran resulted in higher yields of protease (> 300Ug-1) and lipase (> 90Ug-1) after 48h and satisfactory values of phytase activity (> 70Ug-1) after 72h. No significant effects of the independent variables on keratinase production were observed. However, under the selected conditions for the other enzymes, keratinase production reached values higher than 13Ug-1 after 72h fermentation. Thus, our work contributed to the proposal of an alternative process for the simultaneous production of proteases, lipases, phytases and keratinases in a single and simplified process using chicken feather meal.

Chicken feather hydrolysate as alternative peptone source for microbial cultivation.

Background: Commercially available conventional growth medium for the culture of microbes are expensive, hence the need for alternative cheaper sources. Poultry waste, in the form of feather and blood, are of value in biotechnology because of their high protein content. Hence the primary aim of this study was to produce a cheaper peptone alternative from chicken feather protein hydrolysate (CFPH) and blood meal (BM). Methods: We monitored the growth of selected bacteria and fungi in different concentrations of medium produced from varying combination of peptone, CFPH and BM in order to determine the combination that produced maximum growth. Five different media, namely 100% peptone (control), 100% BM, 40% peptone + 60% CFPH, 40% BM + 60% CFPH and 20% peptone + 20% BM + 60% CFPH were prepared and used for the study. The different media were inoculated with 1 ml of each test organism ( Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida carpophila, Candida tropicalis and Pichia kundriavzevii) and their growth monitored for 10 h. Results:Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus mirabilis and Staphylococcus aureus grew best in the 100% peptone, Klebsiella pneumoniae grew best in 100 BM. The fungi species were observed to grow best in 100% peptone. The 60% CFPH + 40% peptone combination (CFPH obtained with precipitate of trichloroacetic acid (TCA), hydrochloric acid (HCl) and nitic acid (HNO 3) gave the best growth of E. coli. The 60% CFPH + 40% peptone combination (CFPH obtained with precipitate of TCA) also gave the best growth of C. tropicalis and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Conclusions: Overall, the 60% CFPH + 40% peptone combination showed the most potential as an alternative to peptone, especially for E. coli.