Impact of ABO compatibility on outcomes after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT): increased risk of acute GVHD with ABO bidirectional mismatch, independent of traditional and emerging GVHD prophylaxis strategies.

Tailored communication strategies according to patient characteristics for older adults with benign prostatic hyperplasia: A cross-sectional study.

Introduction: Endotracheal intubation is a crucial procedure during general anaesthesia that maintain a patent airway and facilitate mechanical ventilation. Cisatracurium, a benzylisoquinolinium non depolarising neuromuscular blocker, offers advantages such as a predictable duration of action and organ-independent metabolism; however, it has a relatively delayed onset. Priming with a subparalysing dose may expedite the onset and improve intubating conditions. Aim: To compare the intubating conditions of cisatracurium with and without a priming dose in patients undergoing general anaesthesia. Materials and Methods: This randomised controlled trial was conducted from July 2023 to July 2025 at Department of Anaesthesia, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College (JNMC) and Acharya Vinoba Bhave Rural Hospital (AVBRH), Wardha, Maharashtra, India. After obtaining informed consent, 60 American Society of Anaesthesiologists (ASA) physical status I-II patients undergoing elective surgeries were enrolled. Patients were randomised and single-blinded into two groups: Group C (cisatracurium intubating dose of 0.15 mg/kg) and Group CP (a priming dose of one-fifth of 0.15 mg/kg followed by the remaining dose for intubation). The onset of neuromuscular blockade, intubating conditions, haemodynamic parameters, and adverse events were recorded. Statistical analysis was performed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 27.0, applying Independent samples t-tests and Chi-square tests, with p-value <0.05 considered statistically significant. Results: The demographic characteristics of the study population were comparable between Group CP (cisatracurium with priming) and Group C (cisatracurium without priming). There was no significant difference in age distribution between the two groups. Group CP demonstrated a significantly faster onset of neuromuscular blockade (116.8±13.58 seconds) compared to Group C (180.63±13.47 seconds; p-value <0.01). The duration of action was significantly shorter in Group CP (29.87±5.01 minutes) than in Group C (35.60±4.44 minutes; p-value <0.01). Ease of laryngoscopy and favourable vocal cord positioning were significantly better in Group CP (p-value=0.003 and p-value=0.0049, respectively). Haemodynamic stability and the incidence of adverse events were comparable between the groups. Conclusion: Priming with cisatracurium effectively enhances intubating conditions and shortens the onset time without compromising haemodynamic stability. It represents a safe and reliable modification in anaesthesia practice for achieving smooth and rapid intubation.

Participation in lung cancer biospecimen studies: an analysis of the ECOG-ACRIN phase 3 E1505 and E5508 clinical trials.

Older adults experience multiple co-occurring symptoms that contribute to increased healthcare utilization, decreased physical performance, and poorer quality of life. This study aimed to characterize symptom burden in a population-based cohort of community-dwelling adults aged 70 years and older enrolled in the MOBILIZE Boston study (n=765). Descriptive statistics and chi-square tests were used to categorize symptom prevalence and associations with demographic factors for nine symptoms: pain, balance impairment, weakness, limited endurance, sleep difficulty, depression, anxiety, and hearing and vision impairments. Latent class analysis was used to identify distinct classes of symptom burden. Pain was the most prevalent symptom (81.3 %), with 43.1 % of individuals indicating severe pain. Symptoms related to vision, hearing, sleep, and endurance were also reported by over 40 % of individuals. Except for vision, reported symptoms were found to be positively correlated. Four symptom burden groups were identified via latent class analysis: mild (30.1 %), moderate (51.3 %), moderate-severe (10.2 %) and severe (8.4 %). Those in the severe symptom burden group experienced worse levels of all symptoms compared to other groups. Pain and vision symptoms were similar across all symptom burden classes. Balance, endurance, weakness, anxiety and sleep symptoms were comparatively more common and severe for the 18.6 % of individuals in the moderate-severe and severe groups. Understanding overall symptom burden, both in terms of numbers and severity of symptoms, is the first step in determining the impact of symptom burden as a possible new clinical indicator for fall risk and other detrimental health outcomes.

Impact of caregivers' perceptions of malaria on their hesitancy toward childhood malaria vaccination.

Introduction: The risk of Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) morbidity and mortality remains high in all stages of Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD). Elevated calcium and phosphorus have direct effects on vascular smooth muscle cells, promoting vascular calcification and arteriosclerosis. Carotid Artery IntimaMedia Thickness (CIMT) is a well-established index of systemic atherosclerosis and correlates with the incidence of coronary artery disease and stroke in the CKD population. Aim: To study levels of Serum Calcium-Phosphorus product (S. CaxP) and CIMT in patients undergoing Maintenance Haemodialysis (MHD) and to correlate CIMT with S. CaxP. Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional study conducted at the Department of General Medicine, K.R. Hospital (Krishna Rajendra Hospital), Mysore Medical College and Research Institute (MMCRI), Irwin Road, Mysuru, Karnataka, India over a period of one and a half years between January 2020 and July 2021. Data were collected from patients visiting the Outpatient Department (OPD) or those admitted for MHD, as well as through the medical records of stage 5 CKD patients who were admitted to the hospital for MHD. Subjects’ serum calcium, serum potassium, S. CaxP, and CIMT were evaluated. The Student’s t-test and the Chi-square test were employed to assess the significance between the groups. A p-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Of the 76 individuals included in the study, 27 were females with mean age 44.07 years and 49 were males with a mean age 43.81 years. The mean CIMT among the study population was 1.2108±0.28966 mm, and the mean S. CaxP was 46.9237 mg²/dL². There was a positive correlation between CIMT values, S. Calcium, S. phosphorus, S. CaxP, and the duration of MHD. High S. CaxP is a significant and independent risk factor associated with advanced arteriosclerosis in CKD patients, independent of age, gender, Diabetes Mellitus (DM), Hypertension (HTN), and hyperlipidemia. Conclusion: Patients with CKD have a high risk of CVD. Although these patients share many cardiovascular risk factors with the general population, additional factors, such as abnormal calcium/phosphorus metabolism, elevate their risk for CVD. The present study concludes that there is a positive correlation between serum calcium-phosphorus product levels and CIMT, as well as with the duration of maintenance haemodialysis.

Accurate positioning in lateral knee radiographs is essential for diagnostic quality but prone to inter-observer variability. Artificial intelligence (AI) may standardize quality assessment, yet its influence on radiographers' critical reasoning and decisions is unclear. The purpose of this study was to externally validate a pre-trained hybrid convolutional neural network for assessing femoral condyle alignment and to evaluate its effect on radiographers' classification performance. A previously developed AI model (Xception architecture, area under the curve [AUC] = 0.97) was applied to 400 consecutive weight-bearing lateral knee radiographs. Nine clinical diagnostic radiographers from three different institutions independently classified images as accepted or rejected according to predefined positioning criteria, first without AI support and again after a one-month wash-out period with AI assistance consisting of color-coded feedback (green = accepted, red = rejected). Reader performance was compared with a consensus reference using Chi-square tests, diagnostic accuracy measures, fixed-effects meta-analysis, and intra-/inter-reader intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC). According to the reference standard, 77.7 % of images were acceptable. The AI alone achieved 78.4 % accuracy (sensitivity 52.3 %, specificity 85.8 %). Across readers, AI support increased accepted classifications from 73.4 % to 77.2 % (P < 0.001) and correct classifications from 84.5 % to 89.8 % (P < 0.001). Sensitivity decreased while specificity increased with the use of AI. Inter-reader agreement improved from ICC 0.52 to 0.59. AI decision support modestly improved accuracy and specificity but did not override professional judgment and clinical reasoning. Radiographers maintained independent decision-making, demonstrating that experienced clinical practitioners were not overruled by AI despite real-time feedback. AI decision support can enhance radiographic quality assessment consistency while preserving radiographers' independent clinical judgment.

Hospital volume stratification using stratum-specific likelihood ratios for pancreatectomy.

Introduction: In the recently published National Family Health Survey (NFHS)-5 data, Anand district’s performance was not promising in terms of nutrition of mother and child; and being the only tertiary care teaching hospital in the district, there is a need to generate the study data. Aim: To evaluate the anthropometric profile of paediatric patients across different age groups at a Tertiary Care Centre, and to study its association with maternal education and occupation. Also, to compare the anthropometry indicators of NFHS-5 of Anand district with anthropometry of hospitalised children. Materials and Methods: The present retrospective observational study was conducted at the Department of Paediatrics of Pramukhswami Medical College and Shree Krishna Hospital in Anand district in Gujarat state between January 2023 to December 2023. A total of 1099 patients admitted under the Paediatric Department between the age groups of one month to 18 years in the Paediatric Ward and Paediatric Intensive Care Unit were included. All pertinent baseline details and their anthropometry were measured and plotted on World Health Organisation (WHO) and Indian Academy of Paediatrics (IAP) growth charts. Expected age values were calculated, and Z-scores were determined for classification. Mothers were also surveyed about their education and employment status. The Chi-square test was used to study the association between maternal education and occupation, and the Z-test for proportion compared results with NFHS 5 data. Results: A total of 1099 paediatric patients were admitted during the study period. The median (Q1,Q3) age of study cohort was 67(21,137) months and males were 651(59.24%). Among all patients, 70% were stunted and 85% were underweight. Data for children under 5 significantly differed from NFHS-5 data (p&lt;0.001), with higher rates of stunting (69.5% vs. 38.4%), underweight (84.8% vs. 46.6%), wasting (77.8% vs. 28.6%), and severe wasting (29.6% vs.10.9%). Maternal education and occupation were linked to child growth, with stunting associated with maternal education and underweight linked to maternal occupation in older children. Conclusion: The study revealed higher prevalence rates of stunting, wasting, and underweight among indoor paediatric patients compared to NFHS-5 data for the Anand district.

Introduction: Hypothyroidism is linked to adverse changes in lipid metabolism and cardiac function, increasing cardiovascular risk. The major cardiovascular changes that occur in hypothyroidism include a decrease in cardiac output and cardiac contractility, a reduction in heart rate, and an increase in peripheral vascular resistance. Carotid intima-media Thickness (CIMT) is an established marker of subclinical atherosclerosis. Aim: To evaluate the correlation between CIMT and cardiovascular parameters in patients with hypothyroidism. Materials and Methods: The present cross-sectional observational study was conducted at the Medical College and Hospital, Kolkata, West Bengal, India (General Medicine Department, Inpatients and Outpatients) between December 2022 and May 2024. A total of 100 patients with established primary hypothyroidism were enrolled. Data collected included demographics (age, sex), Body Mass Index (BMI) and Blood Pressure (BP), thyroid function tests {Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH), Free Thyroxine (FT4), anti-Thyroid Peroxidase (anti-TPO) antibody}, lipid profile, liver and renal function tests, fasting glucose and HbA1c, Complete Blood Count (CBC), 12- lead ECG, Two-dimensional Echocardiography (2D ECHO), and carotid Doppler ultrasound to measure CIMT and carotid artery flow velocities. Statistical analyses (Pearson’s correlation, Chi-square test and Student’s t-test) were performed using appropriate software, with p&lt;0.05 considered significant. Results: Of the 100 patients, 54% were female. Most (82%) had overt hypothyroidism and 18% had subclinical hypothyroidism. Mean±SD body mass index was 26.2±2.8 kg/m², and mean diastolic blood pressure was 89.4±3.0 mmHg. Mean±SD total cholesterol was 197±33 mg/dL, triglycerides 188±71 mg/dL, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol 116±95 mg/dL, and highdensity lipoprotein cholesterol 46.93±4.9365 mg/dL. Sinus bradycardia was present in 43%, and diastolic dysfunction (grade I–II) on echocardiography was observed in 42% of patients. The mean common carotid artery intima-media thickness (CCA-CIMT) was 0.62±0.13 mm (right) and 0.60±0.14 mm (left). The corresponding mean internal carotid artery CIMT (ICA-CIMT) values were 0.60±0.14 mm (right) and 0.62±0.14 mm (left). Crucially, CIMT showed significant positive correlations with total cholesterol (r=0.72, p&lt;0.001), triglycerides (r=0.69, p&lt;0.001), LDL-cholesterol (r=0.20, p=0.05), peak systolic velocities in the right and left common carotid arteries (p&lt;0.001 for both), and TSH (r=0.25, p=0.01), and a significant negative correlation with HDL-cholesterol (r=-0.26, p=0.008). Conclusion: In patients with hypothyroidism, CIMT is positively correlated with atherogenic lipid parameters and TSH. These findings suggest that increased CIMT reflects subclinical atherosclerotic and cardiovascular risk in hypothyroid patients and underlines the importance of early cardiovascular evaluation in this population.

This study aims to compare the interobserver reliability of the traditional two-dimensional AO/OTA classification with the more recent three-dimensional Luo three-column classification for tibial plateau fractures. Furthermore, it evaluates the impact of both systems on the surgical approach selection, particularly examining Luo et al.'s hypothesis that the three-column classification encourages increased consideration of the posterior column during preoperative planning. However, this hypothesis has not been evaluated yet, leaving a research gap regarding its influence in practice on surgical approach selection. Fifteen cases of tibial plateau fractures were retrospectively analyzed by nine trauma surgeons using radiographs and CT scans. Fractures were classified according to the AO/OTA and Luo classifications, and preferred surgical approaches for definitive fixation were determined. Interobserver reliability was assessed using Fleiss' kappa and interpreted according to the categorical rating by Landis and Koch. Additionally, a chi-square test was performed to evaluate statistical significance in the surgical approach selection. Both classification systems showed overall substantial reliability (kAO=0.63; kLuo=0.67). The difference in agreement for surgical approach groups between the two classifications was 0.11 (kAO_approach=0.37; kLuo_approach=0.48). The posterior approach group was not selected significantly more often using the Luo three-column classification compared to the AO/OTA classification (p=0.543). No significant difference in interobserver reliability or in the choice of surgical approach was observed between the AO/OTA and Luo classifications.

To evaluate the impact of seven key facial features on the perceived attractiveness of varying buccal corridor (BC) widths, aiming to inform personalied orthodontic treatment planning for enhanced smile aesthetics. A cross-sectional design was employed, using image manipulation software to alter BC widths (10%, 15%, 20%, and 25%) and modify seven key facial features: vertical facial type, upper and lower facial width, interpupillary distance, eye fissure width, ala nasi width and maxillary central incisor (MCI) width. Online questionnaires were used to assess aesthetic preferences for each BC width. Statistical analysis was performed using chi-square tests and multivariable logistic regression. A total of 511 valid questionnaires were collected, BC widths of 15% and 20% were consistently rated as the most attractive, while extremely narrow or wide BCs were less preferred. Aesthetic suitability varied by age, gender, and facial features: slightly wider BCs were perceived as more harmonious for middle-aged individuals and dolichofacial males, especially when upper facial width was narrow. In contrast, broader ala nasi suited smaller BCs, while variations in interpupillary distance, eye fissure width, and MCI width had limited impact. Aesthetic preferences for BC are influenced by both demographic and facial soft tissue characteristics. These findings offer clinical guidance for personalised orthodontic treatment planning to enhance smile aesthetics.

Introduction: Although Renal Angiomyolipoma (AML) is a relatively rare entity, it is the most common benign mesenchymal kidney tumour, made up of varying amounts of thick-walled blood vessels, smooth muscle, and adipose tissue. AML occurs either sporadically or in association with Tuberous Sclerosis Complex (TSC). It is often detected incidentally during imaging, though it can present with flank pain, haematuria, or life-threatening haemorrhage, thereby posing diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. Aim: To analyse the clinicopathological features of surgically resected renal AMLs and evaluate the association between radiological and histopathological findings. Materials and Methods: This was a retrospective, crosssectional study conducted in the Department of Pathology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India, in which the clinicopathological features of surgically resected renal AMLs received between January 2014 and October 2023 were studied. Data retrieval, analysis, and manuscript preparation were carried out between December 2023 and March 2024. Clinicoradiological detailsincluding age, gender, clinical presentation, tumour size, laterality, imaging features (fat-rich or fat-poor), presence of haemorrhage, association with TSC/LAM, and type of surgical procedure were retrieved from the hospital information system of the study Institute. The data were analysed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS), IBM Corp, Armonk, NY), version 26.0. Categorical variables are reported as frequencies and percentages, whereas the mean (standard deviations) or medians with interquartile ranges, as appropriate, were used for continuous variables; the associations between categorical variables were analysed using the Chi-square test, where p-value &lt;0.05 was considered to indicate statistical significance. Results: The study included a total of 31 patients, with a mean age of 48.9±16.8 years, and a mean tumour size of 10.0±6.1 cm, resulting in a female-to-male ratio of 2.4:1. Twenty-seven cases were symptomatic, while four were incidental. The major subtype was classical (24), followed by leiomyoma-like (4), epithelioid (2), and lipoma-like (1). Fat-poor AML patients who underwent surgery for Renal Cell Carcinoma (RCC) on imaging were confirmed via histopathology (epithelioid-1, leiomyomalike-3). Bleeding was observed with tumour size ≥6.0 cm (n=10 cases; p-value=0.012). TSC-associated cases (n=3) were younger (mean age-30.3 years vs sporadic-50.4 years) and had a larger mean tumour size of 16.8 cm (vs sporadic-8.8 cm). One patient had concurrent RCC. Conclusion: TSC-associated cases present at a younger age when compared to sporadic AMLs. Fat-poor AMLs can typically mimic RCC on imaging. Larger tumours are known to cause haemorrhage, particularly TSC-associated, from the rupture of pseudoaneurysms. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) for Human Melanoma Black (HMB) 45 and Smooth Muscle Actin (SMA) was useful in establishing a diagnosis in atypical AMLs.

Introduction: Protein-Energy Malnutrition (PEM) remains a significant contributor to childhood morbidity and mortality worldwide, with anaemia being one of its most common and serious complications. Understanding the haematological profile of malnourished children is essential for early diagnosis and effective management. Aim: To assess the prevalence of anaemia and evaluate haematological profiles among children with Moderate Acute Malnutrition (MAM) and Severe Acute Malnutrition (SAM). Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted at the Department of Paediatrics at Karwar Institute of Medical Sciences, Karwar, Karnataka, India, over six months from January 2025 to June 2025. A total of children aged 6 months to 5 years, diagnosed with MAM or SAM according to World Health Organisation (WHO) criteria, were enrolled. Children with primary haematological disorders, critical illness, or those outside the age criteria were excluded. Demographic details, anthropometric measurements, and haematological parameters including complete blood count, peripheral smear and serum ferritin were assessed. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics, the Chi-square test, and the Student’s t-test. Results: Of the 81 children, 59 (72.8%) had MAM and 22 (27.2%) had SAM. There were no significant differences between the groups in age, gender, or socio-economic status. However, children with SAM demonstrated significantly lower Body Mass Index (BMI), Haemoglobin (Hb), Packed Cell Volume (PCV), Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV), Mean Corpuscular Haemoglobin Concentration (MCHC), platelet count, and serum ferritin levels than children with MAM (p-value &lt;0.05). Pneumonia (32.9%) was the most common associated diagnosis. Peripheral smear examination revealed a predominance of microcytic hypochromic anaemia, with a significant difference between the groups (p-value=0.0093). Overall, the prevalence of anaemia was high and its severity correlated strongly with the degree of malnutrition (p-value=0.0001). Conclusion: Anaemia was highly prevalent among children with PEM and was more severe in those with SAM. Routine haematological screening and early nutritional intervention are vital to improving clinical outcomes.

Introduction: Adenocarcinoma of the colon is the most common malignancy of the Gastrointestinal (GI) tract and a major cause of mortality and morbidity all over the world. Identification of molecular markers associated with carcinogenesis, tumour growth, invasion, and metastasis is essential for developing potential therapeutic management strategies. The Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) is one of the most important genes involved in this carcinogenesis pathway. Aim: To estimate the magnitude of EGFR expression by Immunohistochemistry (IHC), in which the immunospecific tumour cells show membranous positivity for EGFR and are scored accordingly under light microscopy. Materials and Methods: This was an Institution/hospitalbased a single-centred cross-sectional observational study of 29 cases of colon carcinoma. These cases had undergone colectomy operation over 1 year and 6 months from December 2022 to May 2024 at Department of Pathology and Department of General Surgery, Murshidabad Medical College and Hospital, Berhampore, West Bengal, India. Histopathological examination was conducted under a light microscope to confirm the final diagnosis. The scoring system was used to evaluation of EGFR immunostaining. Association between EGFR expression with stage, grade, and tumour budding score was established by the Chi-square test. Values were considered significant at p&lt;0.05 (calculated with the help of Statistical Packages for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20.0). Results: The study comprised 29 colorectal carcinoma cases, with the highest incidence observed in 9 (31.03%) cases and were in the age group of 41 to 50 years. The male-to-female ratio was 1.4:1. The majority of the tumours were found in the ascending colon 7 (24.14%) cases, followed by the rectum 6 (20.68%) cases, sigmoid colon 6 (20.68%) cases, and caecum 5 (17.24%) cases. Of the 29 cases, 24 were classified as Adenocarcinoma Not Otherwise Specified (NOS) (82.76%), 4 as Mucinous Adenocarcinoma (13.79%), and only 1 as Signet ring cell carcinoma. Among 29 colorectal carcinoma cases, 16 (55.17%) were EGFR positive, and this had a significant association with the stage (p&lt;0.013), grade (p&lt;0.004), and tumour budding score (p&lt;0.033). Conclusion: As the majority of the colorectal carcinoma cases were EGFR positive and had a significant association between the expression of EGFR with high pathological Tumour Node Metastasis (TNM) T stage (T3 and T4), moderately and poorly differentiated carcinoma (G2 and G3 combined) and moderate to high tumour budding score, this finding can be of prognostic significance. Therefore, the EGFR immunohistochemistry biomarker should be included in the standard diagnostic protocol for colorectal cancer, as it helps to screen the EGFR-positive CRC cases, and based on that appropriate chemotherapy can be started.

Introduction: Primary dysmenorrhoea, also known as Kashtartava in Ayurveda, refers to painful menstruation that significantly affects the quality of life for many women, characterised by intense cramping and associated symptoms like headache, nausea, and back pain. Ayurveda, a holistic medical system, offers several herbal treatments for Kashtartava, among these, Peganum harmala Linn. seeds are recognised for their analgesic, antispasmodic, and anti-inflammatory properties. Similarly, Trigonella foenum-graecum (Methi) seeds, traditionally used for various gynaecological conditions, show potential for pain relief in management of kashtartava. Need of the study: Harmal (Peganum harmala L.) has been traditionally used as a remedy in Ayurveda, but there has been limited scientific research on its medicinal properties, especially in treating primary dysmenorrhoea and painful menstrual periods. This research project will investigate the potential of Harmal seeds in addressing primary dysmenorrhoea (Kashtartava). Aim: To evaluate the efficacy of Harmal (Peganum harmala Linn.) capsule versus Methi (Trigonella foenum-graecum Linn.) capsule in the management of primary dysmenorrhoea (Kashtartava). Materials and Methods: A double-blind randomised controlled parallel design clinical trial will be conducted from June 2025 to September 2026. The patients will be recruited from the Outpatient Department (OPD) (Prasuti Tantra avam Striroga OPD) of Mahatma Gandhi Ayurveda College, Hospital and Research Centre, Salod (H), Wardha, Maharashtra, India. Sixty patients will be randomised into two groups (each group contains 30). In Group A, Peganum harmala L. (harmal seeds) powder capsule 500mg BD, before a meal with water, will be given for three days, and Group B will be given Trigonella foecum-graceum (Methi seeds) powder capsule 2 gm BD, before a meal with warm water will be provided for three days. Regular follow-ups will be done on the 1st and 3rd day for three months at consecutive cycles. The Chi-squared test will be used to compare baseline characteristics between the two groups. A paired t-test or Wilcoxon signed-rank test will be used to assess the reduction in pain within each group from baseline to post-treatment. An unpaired t-test or Mann-Whitney U test will be used to compare post-treatment pain reduction between the two groups. A p-value&lt;0.05 will be considered statistically significant.

Introduction: Dental enamel in primary teeth may exhibit a developmental defect known as Hypomineralised Second Primary Molars (HSPM), which presents with clinical signs and symptoms similar to Molar Incisor Hypomineralisation (MIH). Second Primary Molars (SPMs) may serve as a reliable indicator for predicting future hypomineralisation of permanent incisors and molars prior to their eruption. Early identification of HSPM can aid in anticipating future dental challenges such as tooth sensitivity, increased susceptibility to caries and restorative complications in the permanent dentition. Currently, there is limited literature regarding the prevalence of HSPM in Gujarat, India. Aim: To determine the prevalence of HSPM and its possible association with MIH among children 6-9 years in the Mehsana District of Gujarat, India. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among children aged 6-9 years in the Department of Paediatric and Preventive Dentistry, Narsinbhai Patel Dental College and Hospital, Sankalchand Patel University, Visnagar, Gujarat, India. The district was divided into three zones and a total sample size of 840 children was calculated. Each zone included 280 children selected from both private and government schools. The European Academy of Paediatric Dentistry (EAPD) guidelines were followed for the assessment of both MIH and HSPM, wherein only First Permanent Molars (FPMs) and SPMs were assessed. The collected data were tabulated and analysed using the Chi-square test and the Odds Ratio (OR) was calculated to assess the association between MIH and HSPM. A p-value of &lt;0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The study revealed a prevalence of 36/840 (4.2%) for HSPM and 44/840 (5.2%) for MIH in the Mehsana District. Both MIH and HSPM were present in 22/54 (40.7%) of the affected children, suggesting a strong association between the two conditions (OR=44.75; p&lt;0.001; 95% CI=22.55-105.38). The most common type of defect observed in SPMs was white creamy opacities (47.36%), followed by yellowish-brown lesions (31.57%). Conclusion: The present study highlights a notable prevalence of HSPM and MIH among children aged 6-9 years in the Mehsana district, with a significant association between the two conditions. Early identification of HSPM may serve as a predictive marker for MIH, emphasising the importance of timely diagnosis and preventive care to mitigate future dental complications in the permanent dentition.

Coevolutionary analysis of evidence and recommendations in STEMI clinical practice guidelines: A 33-year meta-research study of ACC, AHA, and ESC.

A dual-pathway model of depression's mediation between chronic pain and dementia.