GC–MS-based profiling and phytotoxic bioassays of Chenopodium botrys essential oil: toward eco-friendly weed control

Objective(s):Dysphania botrys (L.) Mosyakin & Clemants (Basionym: Chenopodium botrys L.), belonging to the Amaranthaceae family, has been used for the treatment of inflammation, bacterial and viral infections, and diabetes. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the potential cytotoxic, anti-oxidant, and apoptotic activities of methanol (MeOH) extract and petroleum ether (PE) and dichloromethane (DCM) fractions of D. botrys against B16F10 and MCF-7 cell lines. Materials and Methods:The anti-oxidant activities of fractions were measured using FRAP, DPPH, and β-carotene assays. The cytotoxicity of extracts and the intracellular ROS content were assessed using resazurin and DCFH-DA assays, respectively. A flow cytometry assay using PI staining was performed to measure the apoptotic activity of the fractions. Total phenolic and flavonoid content was determined using spectrophotometric methods. Results:The DCM fraction of D. botrys exhibited the highest anti-oxidant activity in FRAP, DPPH, and β-carotene assays, which also showed the highest amount of phenolic and flavonoid content compared to the MeOH extract and PE fraction. Cell viability and intracellular ROS content were significantly decreased following the treatment of B16F10 and MCF-7 cells with 100 and 200 µg/ml DCM and PE fractions. Treatment with 200 µg/ml DCM and PE fractions increased apoptosis in B16F10 cells. Conclusion:DCM fraction of D. botrys had significant anti-oxidant effects that may be associated with its phenolic and flavonoid compounds. It seems that terpenoid compounds are responsible for cytotoxic effects. Hence, complementary studies are needed to assess other bioactive compounds of D. botrys and their protective mechanisms.

Hydrochar-derived activated carbon from chenopodium botrys for dual applications in dye removal and energy storage

This study focuses on the manufacture of a new activated carbon from Chenopodium botrys by potassium carbonate (K2CO3) activation. The physicochemical characteristics of the prepared activated carbon were analyzed using FT-IR, EDX, and SEM techniques, confirming some porous structure rich in functional groups that enhance adsorption performance. Optimum parameters were determined to carry out adsorption studies under the most efficient conditions. A pseudo-second-order model for the adsorption kinetics suggested that the process was driven by chemisorption. Multilayer adsorption on a heterogeneous surface was suggested by isotherm investigations, which showed that the Freundlich model offered the best fit. The process's endothermic character was further supported by the rise in adsorption capacity with temperature. These results show that Chenopodium botrys-derived activated carbon has the potential to be a cost-effective and environmentally friendly material for removing Cu(II) from contaminated water sources.

Due to the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties of the Chenopodium botrys and the pathological mechanisms of rhabdomyolysis in the kidney, this plant can be used to improve the symptoms of this disease. Then, in this study, we investigated the effects of this herb in improving kidney injury by rhabdomyolysis. Animals were divided into five groups: control, glycerol (received it for rhabdomyolysis induction), extract (received 12 mg/kg C. botrys extract), and treatment groups with dexamethasone (0.03 mg/kg) and extract (12 mg/kg). The extract was analyzed using HNMR. After a week, blood and urine samples were taken to measure protein, urea, and creatinine. Then, the animals were sacrificed, and the kidney tissue was removed to examine the antioxidant, TNF-α, and histopathological evaluations. Also, NF-κB gene expression was investigated. The serum creatinine, TNF-α, and NF-κB ratio significantly increased and antioxidant capacity decreased in the glycerol group compared with the control. Pathological evaluation also showed severe renal damage based on the related criteria. In the treatment groups with dexamethasone and especially extract, the considered parameters attenuated relatively compared with the glycerol group. Kidney damage and functional impairment associated with rhabdomyolysis, as well as the inflammatory response caused by increased NF-κB and the proinflammatory cytokine TNF-α, may be alleviated by C. botrys. Consequently, C. botrys could represent a potential therapeutic approach for patients with rhabdomyolysis-induced acute kidney injury.

Selecting an appropriate plant is a key factor for the phytoextraction of heavy metals from contaminated soils. The possibility of using two halophytes for the remediation of cadmium (Cd) from contaminated soils was investigated. Consequently, an experiment with Chenopodium album L. and Chenopodium botrys L. including Cd treatments of 0, 5,10, 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 ppm was conducted. Designated analyses including fresh weight, dry weight, and Cd concentrations in shoots and roots were performed. Results indicated that for both plants, a logarithmic model performed best to demonstrate the relationship between total soil Cd with shoot Cd and dry matter. Although both halophytes had considerable capability to remediate Cd from soils, C. botrys demonstrated greater potential to accumulate Cd in shoots. The range of bioconcentration factor (BCF) in C. botrys was obtained to be 0.8 to 8.8 and in C. album was 0.4 to 1.73. For C album, BCF in most treatments was lower than 1.0, but for C. botrys, it was mostly larger than 1.0. Although both plants can be used as hyperaccumulators to remediate Cd-polluted soils, the clean-up time of C. album under higher Cd concentrations was shorter than C. botrys L.

Medicinal plants have been used by humans for many years in the prevention and treatment of diseases. Chenopodium botrys species has been used as a medicinal plant since the past in human history. The genus Chenopodium, which belongs to the Chenopodiaceae family, is widely grown in Western Asia, Europe and North America. It is used medically in the treatment of inflammatory disorders, diabetes, gastric and parasitic ulcers, bacterial, fungal and viral diseases. Traditionally, it is also used in the treatment of various conditions such as cough, abdominal pain and congestion among the people. In addition, according to studies conducted in recent years, it has been determined that essential oil has healing properties for wounds.

The aim of this investigation was to study in vitro antibacterial activity of essential oils (EOs) (Citrus bergamia Risso & Poiteau, Melaleuca alternifolia and Chenopodium botrys) on pathogenic strains isolated in milk samples from mastitic sheep. The in vitro antibacterial activity showed that EOs induced higher bacterial inhibition against pathogens isolated in mastitic milk (Staphylococcus xylosus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Streptococcus salivarius, Enterococcus faecium, Streptococcus agalactiae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) than common antimicrobial agents used in veterinary medicine, with Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) values significantly lower, excepted for P. Aeruginosa. The antibacterial activity of EOs has been attributed to the chemical composition of each phyto-complexes, constituted by monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes and their associated alcohols, identified by GC-MS analysis, with a synergic action in the bacterial cells. The results obtained confirmed in vitro antimicrobial activity of these EOs and their potential use in the treatment of sheep mastitis infection.

Gold Nanoparticles from Chenopodium botrys and Chenopodium ambrosioides as Bioreductants: In Vitro Antioxidant, Antibacterial, and an Eco-friendly Catalytic Potential in Dyes Degradation

The essential oil obtained from the aerial part of Chenopodium botrys plant by steam distillation was obtained. The remaining aqueous part was extracted with the solvent ethylacetate and n-butanol, respectively. In the end, five extracts were obtained: essential oil (CB-EO), untreated aqueous extract (CB-F), ethylacetate (CB-EA), n-butanol (CB-nBu) and processed aqueous extract (CB-L). The effects of five extracts on both insecticidal (against Sitophilus granarius and Tribolium castaneum) and enzyme activities (acetylcholinesterase, xanthine oxidase (XO) and tyrosinase) were studied. It has been determined that CB-F extract has an activation effect against tyrosinase enzyme. At the end of 48 hours, CB-EA extract was determined to cause 20% death against the adult insects of Sitophilus granarius as a result of contact toxicity test. As a result of GC-MS analysis of essential oil, α-Eudesmol compound was analyzed as the main component

In the present work, we have investigated the polyphenolic composition of Chenopodium botrys from Bulgaria. The polyphenols were fractionated with solvents of varying polarity (n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and n-butanol). The fractions were analyzed by HPLC-PDA and UHPLC-MS. The ethyl acetate fraction contained mono- and di-glycosides of quercetin, di-glycosides of kaempferol, and isorhamnetin and monoglycosides of hispidulin and jaceosidine. We found quercetin triglycosides in the butanol fraction. The ethyl acetate and butanol fractions contained 168.82 mg/g Extr and 67.21 mg/g Extr of quercetin glycosides, respectively. The main components of the polyphenolic complex in C. botrys were 6-methoxyflavones (355.47 mg/g Extr), which were found in the chloroform fraction. The flavonoids pectolinarigenin, demethylnobiletin, and isosinensetin, and the glycosides of quercetin (triglycosides, acylglycosides), kaempferol, isorhamnetin, hispidiulin, and jaceosidine, were discovered and reported in Chenopodium botrys for the first time. We used in vitro methods to assess the biological activity against oxidative stress (hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity (HPSA) and hydroxyl radical scavenging activity (HRSA)), nitrosative stress (nitric oxide scavenging activity (NOSA)), anti-inflammatory activity (IAD inhibition), and anti-tryptic activity (ATA). Quercetin mono- and di-glycosides exhibited greater HPSA and HRSA (IC50 = 39.18, 105.03 µg/mL), while 6-methoxyflavones had a greater NOSA (IC50 = 146.59 µg/mL). The same components showed the highest ATA (IC50 ranging from 116.23 to 202.44 µg/mL).

This research aimed to investigate various mosquitocidal activities of Chenopodium botrys whole- plant n-hexane extract against Culex quinquefasciatus. The extract showed remarkable larvicidal, pupicidal, adulticidal, oviposition deterrent and adult emergence inhibitory activities against Cx. quinquefasciatus. During the larvicidal and pupicidal activities, the 24-hour lethal concentration (LC50) of extract against 2nd instar larvae, 4th instar larvae and pupae were 324.6, 495.6 and 950.8 ppm, respectively. During the CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) bottle bioassay for adulticidal activity, the median knockdown times (KDT50) at 1.25% concentration was 123.4 minutes. During the filter paper impregnation bioassay for adulticidal activity, the KDT50 value at 0.138 mg/cm2 concentration was 48.6 minutes. The extract was fractionated into 14 fractions through silica gel column chromatography which were then combined into six fractions on the basis of similar retention factor (Rf) value. These fractions were screened for adulticidal activity by applying CDC bottle bioassay. The fraction obtained through 60:40 to 50:50% n-hexanes-chloroform mobile phase with 0.5 Rf value showed 100% adulticidal activity at 0.2% concentration. During oviposition deterrent activity, the highest concentration (1000 ppm) showed 71.3 ± 4.4% effective repellence and 0.6 ± 0.1 oviposition activity index. During adult emergence inhibition activity, the median emergence inhibition (EI50) value was 312.3 ppm. From the outcome of the present investigation, it is concluded that the n-hexane extract of C. botrys whole- plant possesses strong larvicidal, pupicidal, adulticidal, oviposition deterrent and adult emergence inhibitory activities against Cx. quinquefasciatus.

Antibacterial activity of Chenopodium botrys L. and Chenopodium album L. against growth promoting Rhizobacteria

The genus Chenopodium is a genus that includes over 200 species and contains annual or perennial herbaceous flowering plant species scattered almost worldwide. While species belonging to the Chenopodium genus are used to treat various diseases, modern pharmaceutical research has revealed their strong anticancer, antifungal and antibacterial potential. In this study, some biological effects of Chenopodium botrys (methanol and ethanol) extracts were evaluated by helping some analytical approaches. The antioxidant and cytotoxic potentials of the extracts were revealed. In this study, 4 phenolic components in the extracts were determined with the HPLC technique and to determine the antioxidant activity of the plant extracts TPC (total phenolic content), RPA (reducing power activity), and DPPH (2,2′-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) methods were used. MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay was used to determine the cytotoxic effect of the extracts on the HL60 cell line. The results showed that both extracts have important properties that should be evaluated, and especially the ethanolic extract is more effective than the methanolic extract in all aspects (TPC, antioxidant capacity, and cytotoxicity). As a conclusion, it is clear that this plant needs to be investigated further for the isolation and characterization of new and effective phytochemicals. We hope that this study could be a precursor for future studies.

This study evaluates the efficacy of essential oils against Sitophilus oryzae (L.), Rhyzopertha dominica L. and Tribolium castaneum Herbst in wheat stored in superbags under laboratory condition. The results reveal that the essential oil of Chenopodium botrys, Citrus reticulata, Lantana camara, and Pinus roxburghii at 0.4% alone or in combination of C. botrys + C. reticulata, C. reticulata + P. roxburghii, L. camara + P. roxburghii, C. botrys + P. roxburghii at 0.2% each completely check the feeding and breeding of these pests. The essential oil of C. botrys, C. reticulata, L. camara, and P. roxburghii at 0.4% either alone or in combination (as above) at 0.2% check the infestation and weight loss, up to twelve months of storage.

Background: Chenopodium botrys L. is local to Europe and Asia and established in North America. The plant commonly used for the treatment of disease. The medicinal use of Chenopodium botrys is mainly due to mythology rather than scientific proof. Objectives: To evaluate the hepatoprotective potential of methanolic and aqueous extract of Chenopodium botrys against lead-induced toxicity. Materials and Methods: The aerial parts of Chenopodium botrys were extracted by the continuous hot extraction process using acetone and methanol as a solvent and the aqueous extract of the plants were obtained by the cold maceration process. Liver tissue was treated with 5 ppm Lead Acetate and 5 mg/ml of acetone methanol and aqueous extract of Chenopodium botrys. During the study, biochemical indices like lipid peroxidation (LPO), Protein levels and enzymatic activities of alkaline phosphatase (ALPase), acid phosphatase (ACPase) and succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) were measured. Results: The current study report that protein levels and enzymatic parameters of alkaline phosphatase as well as succinate dehydrogenase declined significantly while levels of lipid peroxidation and acid phosphatase increased significantly in lead acetate exposed goat liver homogenates as compared to control groups. Co-administration of herbal methanol and aqueous extract of Chenopodium botrys (5 mg/ml) along with 5 ppm lead acetate to liver homogenate exerted an ameliorative effect and maintained the studied parameters closed to control group. Conclusion: Chenopodium botrys is endowed with hepatoprotective activity. It can be taken as one candidate for the development of hepatoprotective agents because of its good safety profile.

In this study, the silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) as an eco-friendly, efficient and low-cost adsorbent was synthesized from Chenopodium botrys extract. Characteristics of the prepared adsorbent were investigated using scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDAX). According to the particle size distribution, the average size of AgNPs was obtained 11.9 nm. AgNPs were used for methyl blue (MB) and methyl orange (MO) removal from aqueous solution. Maximum removal percentages of 97.50 and 95.00 was obtained under optimum conditions, including contact time of 25 min, pH = 10, adsorbent dosage of 0.9 g, and dye concentration of 30 mg/L for MB and MO, respectively. Langmuir isotherm indicated the best results of adsorption related to the MB and MO with the maximum adsorption capacity of (qmax) 90.09 and 80 mg g−1 for MB and MO, respectively. The kinetics study showed that the results were fitted to the pseudo-second-order model with the coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.9984 and 0.9919 for MB and MO, respectively. The process of removal can be also by adsorption of dye molecule on the surface of Ag-NPs and also may be due to the removal of dye molecules by hydroxyl radicals generated by the NPs effect on water molecules in the presence of light. The proposed adsorbent with its great properties can be used to remove contaminants from industrial wastewater before discharge to the environment.

<strong>Background and objectives:</strong> Giardiasis and amoebiasis are two common diseases in human societies which make increasing problems for the health managing systems. In the present study, the antiparasitic activity of <em>Allium sativum</em>, <em>Artemisia sieberi</em>, <em>Zatraria multiflora</em>, <em>Chenopodium botrys</em> and <em>Eucalyptus globulus</em> essential oils on <em>Giardia lamblia</em> cysts and <em>Entamoeba histolytica</em> trophozoites were investigated in vitro. <strong>Methods: </strong><em>Giardia lamblia</em> cysts and <em>E. histolytica</em> trophozoites were isolated from infected sample stools. The parasites were treated by four concentrations (0.2, 0.1, 0.01 and 0.001 µg/mL) of essential oils, separately for 30 min at 37 °C.<strong> Results: </strong>Theessential oils at the concentration of 0.1 and 0.2 µg/mL indicated appreciate parasiticidal effect (p<0.05). <em>Eucalyptus globulus</em> had maximum efficacy on both <em>G. lamblia</em> and <em>E. histolytica</em> with mortality rates of 79.7% and 87.6% within 30 min. <strong>Conclusion:</strong> All essential oils showed potent anti-giardiasis and anti-amoebiasis activity. Also, <em>E. globulus</em> with the highest efficiency could be considered as anti-protozoa medication to use an adjunct or primary therapy.

This study examined early stages (3-5 years) of spontaneous primary vegetation succession on a model locality drastically altered by long term fluvial deposition of copper tailings in Eastern Serbia. In a large-scale survey, 115 samples of herbaceous vegetation (with a total of 75 species) were harvested from standardized 1m x 1m quadrates, and concomitant soil samples collected and their relevant physicochemical properties analysed. Primary succession depended on the establishment of five pioneer species (Rumex acetosella, Agrostis capillaris, Calamagrostis epigeios, Persicaria lapathifolia and Chenopodium botrys). Unconstrained ordination showed very clear vegetation gradients, significantly correlated with the key soil constraints (from Cu excess to low pH and nutrient deficiency), while the distribution of the five edificatory pioneers showed high degree of dependence on the micro-level habitat conditions. This work demonstrates that in such a complex setup with severe abiotic filtering, sufficient sampling effort can reveal strong patterns in a process commonly considered very stochastic.

Conducting cell apoptosis pathways is a novel strategy in cancer treatment. This study aimed to explain that C. botrys essential oil could induce apoptosis and arrest the cell cycle in HeLa cells. Cytotoxic and apoptogenic effects of the essential oil of Jerusalem-oak (Chenopodium botrys L.), which was obtained from the aerial parts of the plant, were evaluated in HeLa cells. Cell viability was assessed by MTT and LDH assays, and the mechanism of cell apoptosis was investigated using flow cytometry. Expression of the apoptosis-related genes was assessed using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). GC-MS analysis of the herbal essential oil revealed 37 components. The major components were α-Eudesmol (16.81%), Elemol acetate (13.2%), Elemol (9.0%), and α-Chenopodiol-6-acetate (7.9%). The essential oil inhibited the growth of HeLa cells and increased the expression of p21 and p53. In addition, essential oil treatment increased the sub-G1 DNA content and induced apoptosis due to the increased Bax/Bcl-2 ratio and up-regulation of caspase-3 gene expression. According to the results, C. botrys essential oil exhibited anticancer effects through intrinsic apoptosis pathways and arresting cell proliferation.