Chemiluminescence Sensor Research Articles

Rapid Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing Based on a Bio-Inspired Chemiluminescence Sensor.

Indiscriminate usage of antibiotics has caused accelerating growth and global expansion of antimicrobial resistance. Therefore, rapid antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) for guiding antibiotic prescription and preventing the spread of antimicrobial resistance is in urgent need. Phenotypic AST is the clinical gold standard method; however, no phenotypic AST has realized a colony-to-answer at about 1 h by utilizing the chemiluminescence sensor to detect the enzyme expressed by bacteria. Inspired by the bubble formation in the mixture of Escherichia coli and H2O2, we demonstrate a strategy based on the chemiluminescence sensor for rapid AST. Compared with the gold standard methods, the values of AUC are 0.960 for E. coli and 0.950 for Staphylococcus aureus, close to 1, indicating superb diagnostic performance as an AST method. The whole process from colonies to answer is 55 min for E. coli and 70 min for S. aureus. The chemiluminescence readout is based on the common equipment in the laboratory of the hospital, which is conducive to follow-up clinical promotion. Our sensor promises great potential in rapid AST, facilitating antimicrobial stewardship.

Electron-rich silicon quantum dots-based charge transfer probe for highly selective chemiluminescence detection of Fe2+ in PM2.5

Quantum dots (QDs) assist chemiluminescence (CL) sensor, especially metal-free QDs, are currently attracting considerable attention in the establishment of new CL systems to expand their analytical applications with good biocompatibility, controllable properties, and easy functionalization, while the fundamental CL process from QDs are still far from clear by now. Herein, A strategy of constructing CL probe is developed by carefully studying the charge transfer process in the electron-rich QDs. We purposefully synthesized silicon QDs (SiQDs) with electron-rich property, which can react with hole injector (oxidants) forming extraordinary CL emission. According to the characterization of reactive intermediates and emitting species, a possible CL mechanism was proposed, where radiative recombination of the exogenous holes-injected and existing electrons SiQDs resulted in the surprising SiQDs CL behavior. Interestingly, when Fe2+ were added, more exogenous holes and active sites were formed on the surface of SiQDs during Fe2+/Fe3+ conversion, which can significantly amplify CL signal. On this basis, a new CL system for the detection of ferrous in airborne fine particulate matter (PM2.5) was constructed. This work provides a charge transfer-based path for designing a simple and highly sensitive CL probe.

A novel flower-shaped Ag@ZIF-67 chemiluminescence sensor for sensitive detection of CEA

In this work, a chemiluminescence (CL) aptasensor for sensitive carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) detection was constructed based on the CL system of luminol–H2O2–NaOH. Magnetic carbon nanotubes (MCNTs), as the base material, was modified with CEA-aptamer and DNA1, and was combined with the novel flower-shaped Ag@ZIF-67 of modified with DNA2 through the principle of base complementary pairing. CEA combined with aptamer when it existed in the solution. At the same time, MCNTs was adsorbed at the bottom of the container under the influence of external magnetic field, and Ag@ZIF-67 enhanced the CL signal. The CL aptasensor demonstrated high selectivity and sensitivity for CEA in human serum sample with (1–4): a detection limit of 4.53 × 10−3 ng/mL in case the detection range was 0.05–500 ng/mL. Furthermore, the proposed method had been shown great potential in cancer diagnosis.

Design Optimization of a Submersible Chemiluminescent Sensor (DISCO) for Improved Quantification of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) in Surface Waters.

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are key drivers of biogeochemical cycling while also exhibiting both positive and negative effects on marine ecosystem health. However, quantification of the ROS superoxide (O2−) within environmental systems is hindered by its short half-life. Recently, the development of the diver-operated submersible chemiluminescent sensor (DISCO), a submersible, handheld instrument, enabled in situ superoxide measurements in real time within shallow coral reef ecosystems. Here, we present a redesigned and improved instrument, DISCO II. Similar to the previous DISCO, DISCO II is a self-contained, submersible sensor, deployable to 30 m depth and capable of measuring reactive intermediate species in real time. DISCO II is smaller, lighter, lower cost, and more robust than its predecessor. Laboratory validation of DISCO II demonstrated an average limit of detection in natural seawater of 133.1 pM and a percent variance of 0.7%, with stable photo multiplier tube (PMT) counts, internal temperature, and flow rates. DISCO II can also be optimized for diverse environmental conditions by adjustment of the PMT supply voltage and integration time. Field tests showed no drift in the data with a percent variance of 3.0%. Wand tip adaptations allow for in situ calibrations and decay rates of superoxide using a chemical source of superoxide (SOTS-1). Overall, DISCO II is a versatile, user-friendly sensor that enables measurements in diverse environments, thereby improving our understanding of the cycling of reactive intermediates, such as ROS, across various marine ecosystems.

A rod-like melem with high fluorescence quantum yield for sensitive detection of reduced glutathione

A rod-like melem with high fluorescence quantum yield of 71.3 % was prepared in this work to enhance the chemiluminescence (CL) intensity of Na2SO3-Ce (Ⅳ) system. The results showed that the CL intensity of Na2SO3-Ce (Ⅳ) system could be increased by 350 times based on chemiluminescence resonance energy transfer (CRET) mechanism. Furthermore, a CL sensor based on Na2SO3-Ce (Ⅳ)-melem system was designed to detect reduced glutathione (G-SH). It was indicated that the CL sensor exhibited excellent G-SH detection performance with a detection limit of 0.065 nM and a linear range from 0.32 to 650 μM. This study applied melem for CL detection and provided a new way for the detection of G-SH.

Determination of Glucose by the Catalysis of Luminol Chemiluminescence Using One-Step Synthesized Platinum/Silver Nanoparticles as a Peroxidase Mimetic

Bimetallic Pt/Ag nanoparticles (Pt/Ag NPs) were synthesized using 3-hydroxyphenyl-boronic acid as the reducing and stabilizing agent by a simple, one-step hydrothermal method. The bimetallic Pt/Ag NPs were demonstrated to possess intrinsic peroxidase mimetic catalytic activity for the luminol/H2O2 reaction to generate chemiluminescence (CL). The catalytic properties of the bimetallic Pt/Ag NPs were thoroughly investigated. The results showed that the combination of Pt and Ag greatly enhanced the chemiluminescence which is attributed to their synergy. Moreover, the prepared bimetallic Pt/Ag NPs exhibited superior peroxidase mimetic activity to horseradish peroxidase and were stable under a wide range of pH values and temperatures. Using the bimetallic Pt/Ag NPs as the catalyst, a novel chemiluminescence sensor was developed for the determination of glucose with a linear range from 1 to 500 µM and a detection limit of 0.35 µM. The developed method was successfully employed to determine glucose in human serum with satisfactory results. Bimetallic Pt/Ag NPs with peroxidase mimetic catalytic activity have promising applications for determination of glucose in clinical samples.

Bimetallic CuCo Prussian blue analogue nanocubes induced chemiluminescence of luminol under alkaline solution for uric acid detection in human serum

In this paper, bimetallic CuCo Prussian blue analogue (CuCo PBA) nanocubes, synthesized through a self-assembly method, were found to induce chemiluminescence (CL) of luminol-NaOH since the catalytic oxidation activity of CuCo PBA. The CL intensity of luminol-NaOH system was enhanced about 50 times with the addition of CuCo PBA. When uric acid (UA) was added to the new luminol-NaOH-CuCo PBA system, the CL signal could be reduced significantly. Based on these, an enzyme-free CL sensor was constructed for UA detection with a linear response range from 0.30 to 5.00 μM, and detection limit of 0.16 μM (S/N = 3). The other common species in human serum didn’t affect UA detection. Furthermore, this CL sensor was successfully applied to detect the UA in human serum samples with high sensitivity. This work not only discovered the enzyme-like properties of CuCo PBA, but also broadened its application in CL bioassays.

One-Step Fabrication of Highly Sensitive Tris(2,2'-bipyridyl)ruthenium(II) Electrogenerated Chemiluminescence Sensor Based on Graphene-Titania-Nafion Composite Film.

A highly sensitive tris(2,2′-bipyridyl)ruthenium(II) (Ru(bpy)32+) electrogenerated chemiluminescence (ECL) sensor based on a graphene-titania-Nafion composite film has been prepared in a simple one-step manner. In the present work, a highly concentrated 0.1 M Ru(bpy)32+ solution was mixed with an as-prepared graphene-titania-Nafion composite solution (1:20, v/v), and then a small aliquot (2 µL) of the resulting mixture solution was cast on a glassy carbon electrode surface. This one-step process for the construction of an ECL sensor shortens the fabrication time and leads to reproducible ECL signals. Due to the synergistic effect of conductive graphene and mesoporous sol-gel derived titania-Nafion composite, the present ECL sensor leads to a highly sensitive detection of tripropylamine from 1.0 × 10−8 M to 2.0 × 10−3 M with a detection limit of 0.8 nM (S/N = 3), which is lower in comparison to that of the ECL sensor based on the corresponding ECL sensor based on the titania-Nafion composite containing carbon nanotube. The present ECL sensor also shows a good response for nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide hydrogen (NADH) from 1.0 × 10−6 M to 1.0 × 10−3 M with a detection limit of 0.4 µM (S/N = 3). Thus, the present ECL sensor can offer potential benefits in the development of dehydrogenase-based biosensors.

Chemiluminescence sensors based on molecularly imprinted polymers for the determination of organophosphorus in milk

As a food adapted to all kinds of people, milk has a high nutritional value. Because milk is a complex biological matrix, detecting illegal compounds is often difficult. As a common pesticide, organophosphorus (OP) residues caused by nonstandard use may be ignored, which is a threat to milk quality. In this study, using coumaphos as template molecule, the synthesized molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) can specifically recognize 7 kinds of OP. Then, the MIP was used as an identification element to prepare a chemiluminescence sensor on a 96-well microplate for the determination of OP residues in milk samples. Due to the 4-(imidazol-1-yl)phenol-enhanced luminol-H2O2 system, the sensitivity of the system is very high; the detection limits of 7 OP including coumaphos, fenthion, chlorpyrifos, parathion, diazinon, fenchlorphos, and fenitrothion were 1 to 3 pg/mL, and the half maximal inhibitory concentrations were 1 to 20 ng/mL. The intraday recoveries of 7 OP were in the range of 86.1 to 86.5%, and the interday recoveries were in the range of 83.6 to 94.2%. Furthermore, the sensor can be reused up to 5 times. Therefore, the MIP-based chemiluminescence sensor can be used as a routine tool to detect OP residues in milk samples.

Electrogenerated chemiluminescence sensor for silver ions based on their coordination interaction with cucurbit[6]uril

Strong luminol ECL was obtained at the Q[6]/GCE. The interaction between Ag+ and Q[6] could decrease ECL signal. An ECL sensor for the detection of Ag+ was proposed based on the competitive interaction between luminol, silver ions and Q[6].

Array-based chemical warfare agent discrimination via organophosphorus-H2O2 reaction-regulated chemiluminescence.

It has been a challenge to achieve rapid, simple, and effective discrimination of organophosphorus nerve agents (typical chemical warfare agents) due to the similar chemical properties of the targets such as sarin, soman, cyclosarin and VX. In this study, we propose a chemiluminescence sensor array that can effectively discriminate organophosphorus nerve agents by organophosphorus-H2O2 reaction, which produces peroxyphosphonate intermediate and regulates the chemiluminescence intensity. A simple chemiluminescence sensor array based on different chemiluminescence characteristics of the four organophosphorus nerve agents in the luminol–H2O2 system and layered double hydroxide–luminol–H2O2 system has been constructed. Four agents can be well distinguished at a concentration of 1.0 mg L−1 when linear discriminant analyses and hierarchical cluster analyses are smartly combined. The high accuracy (100%) evaluation of 20 blind samples demonstrates the practicability of this proposed chemiluminescence sensor array.

A metal-organic framework loaded paper-based chemiluminescence sensor for trace acetone detection in exhaled breath.

Trace acetone determination in breath can be regarded as a noninvasive method for diagnosis of diabetes. Here, a paper-based CL gas sensor combined with UiO-66 as the preconcentrator was established for sensitive detection of trace acetone in exhaled breath. UiO-66 with excellent adsorption performance and unique water stability was used for the adsorption and enrichment of acetone gas under high humidity conditions in exhaled breath. As acetone can remarkably increase the chemiluminescence (CL) of the 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH)-potassium permanganate (KMnO4) system, a sensitive CL device based on a paper substrate for trace acetone detection was established and the detection limit was 0.03 ppm. The fabricated method was used to assess the content of trace acetone in exhaled breath with satisfactory recoveries of 90-110%. It is expected to realize the noninvasive determination of acetone for diabetic patients in exhaled breath.

Plasmon-Enhanced Nitrogen Vacancy-Rich Carbon Nitride Electrochemiluminescence Aptasensor for Highly Sensitive Detection of miRNA.

The development of biosensors for biologically important substances with ultralow content such as microRNA is of great significance. Herein, a novel surface plasmon-enhanced electrogenerated chemiluminescence-based aptasensor was developed for ultrasensitive sensing of microRNA by using nitrogen vacancy-rich carbon nitride nanosheets as effective luminophores and gold nanoparticles as plasmonic sources. The introduction of nitrogen vacancies improved the electrochemiluminescence behavior due to improved conductance and electrogenerated chemiluminescence activity. The introduction of plasmonic gold nanoparticles increased the electrochemiluminescence signal intensity by more than eightfold. The developed surface plasmon-enhanced electrogenerated chemiluminescence aptasensor exhibited good selectivity, ultrasensitivity, excellent stability, and reproducibility for the determination of microRNA-133a, with a dynamic linear range of 1 aM to 100 pM and a limit of detection about 0.87 aM. Moreover, the surface plasmon-enhanced electrogenerated chemiluminescence sensor obtained a good recovery when detecting the content of microRNA in actual serum.

Glucose oxidase@zinc-doped zeolitic imidazolate framework-67 as an effective cascade catalyst for one-step chemiluminescence sensing of glucose

A chemiluminescence (CL) sensor was constructed for the one-step determination of glucose. Glucose oxidase (GOx) was successfully encapsulated into Zn-doped zeolitic imidazolate framework-67 (Zn-ZIF-67) via a simple one-pot strategy. The as-prepared GOx@Zn-ZIF-67 nanocomposite can trigger cascade reactions of glucose oxidation to generate H2O2 and H2O2-mediated luminol reaction to give an intense CL emission. The sensor responds linearly to glucose in the 20.0-400.0μmol·L-1 range with a limit of detection (LOD) of 4.7μmol·L-1. Eleven replicated measurements of 200.0μmol·L-1 glucose solution gives a relative standard deviation (RSD) of 1.7%. The sensor exhibits good selectivity and stability and was successfully applied to the determination of glucose in real human serum samples. Schematic representation of one-step determination of serum glucose with GOx@Zn-ZIF-67 nanocomposite triggering cascade reactions between luminol and glucose.

A chemiluminescent probe for highly sensitive detection of carbon monoxide in aqueous solution and air

Carbon monoxide (CO) is a colorless and odorless gas often used as a fuel and as an important raw material for the synthesis of basic organic compounds in the chemical industry. CO affects respiration and organ coordination in organisms, and is fatal at high concentration. Due to the wide range of industrial applications and biological effects of CO, its research has received considerable attention from researchers. In this study, we designed and synthesized a chemiluminescent sensor CL-CO, which can recognize CO in the presence of palladium chloride (PdCl2), based on the Schaap’s adamantylidene-dioxetane system and allyl ether as the recognition site. In both liquid and solid states, CL-CO can recognize CO gas with high sensitivity and selectivity. This work provides a convenient tool for studying CO gas, and a new application for exploring the adamantylidene-dioxetane system.

A chemiluminescence sensor array for discrimination of seven toxicants.

A chemiluminescence (CL) sensor array was developed based on 11 CL systems cross-combined by three luminescence reagents and four oxidants. Using the CL sensor array, we measured seven toxicants, including morphine, ketamine, diazepam, chlorpromazine, strychnine, paraquat, and fenpropathrin, which represent psychotropic drugs, sedatives and hypnotics, rodenticides, herbicides, and insecticides, respectively. The CL response pattern or 'fingerprints' were obtained for a given compound on the sensor array and then discriminated through principal component analysis. The established sensor array has been applied to real-life samples and the results showed that it possesses excellent discrimination.

Precise Microfluidic Luminescent Sensor Platform with Controlled Injection System.

Efforts have been devoted to screening various prevalent diseases, such as severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), which is currently the most widely used, has high accuracy, but it requires several facilities and takes a relatively long time to check; so, new testing technology is necessary for a higher test efficiency. A chemiluminescence (CL) sensor is a relatively simple device and suitable as an alternative because it can detect very precise specimens. However, in measurements via CL, the quantitative formulation of reagents that cause color development is important. In the case of mixing using micropipettes, precise analysis is possible, but this technique is limited by uncontrollable errors or deviations in detection amounts. In addition, in using a microfluidic chip to increase field applicability, a syringe pump or other quantification injection tools are required, so problems must be overcome for practical use. Therefore, in this study, a microchip was designed and manufactured to supply a sample of a certain volume by simply blowing air and injecting a sample into the chamber. By utilizing the luminescence reaction of luminol, CuSO4 and H2O2 the performance of the prepared chip was confirmed, and the desired amount of the sample could be injected with a simple device with an error rate of 2% or less. For feasible applications, an experiment was performed to quantitatively analyze thrombin, a biomarker of heart disease. Results demonstrated that biomarkers could be more precisely detected using the proposed microchips than using micropipettes.

Chemiluminescence molecular sensor for endogenous HOCl in vivo

Abstract Chemiluminescence bioimaging with enhanced efficiency, ultra-low background, and reliable sensitivity are highly demanded. However, chemiluminescent sensors with substantial luminance efficiency, stability, and biocompatibility are quite rare. A novel activatable chemiluminescent biosensor (CL-N) for sensitively tracking hypochlorous acid (HOCl) in vivo is designed by incorporation of recognition ligand 4-aminophenyl ether with the adamantylidene-dioxetane system. The instant and efficient cleaving of the recognition group by trace HOCl has resulted in strong turn-on chemiluminescence with a detection limit of 10 nM. The chemiluminescence biosensor was successfully applied in chemiluminescence imaging of both endogenous and exogenous HOCl in RAW 264.7 cells and living mice in vivo. Using CL-N as an example, we have offered a versatile chemiluminescent platform with the vast potentiality for chemo/bioanalysis.

Electrochemical stripping chemiluminescent sensor based on copper nanoclusters for detection of carcinoembryonic antigen

As a new type of nano-catalytic material, copper nanoclusters (Cu NCs) have received more and more attention in various fields such as biosensors and catalysis. In this work, an electrochemical stripping chemiluminescent (ESCL) aptamer sensor based on Cu NCs was constructed for the detection of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA). The Cu NCs were generated using DNA duplex (the CEA aptamer and its complementary strand) as template. During the ESCL detection process, Cu NCs catalyzed the reduction of H2O2 and were gradually electrochemically oxidized to Cu2+, which both promoted the decomposition of H2O2 and thus greatly improved the ECL of luminol. CEA could specifically bind with its aptamer, so the DNA duplex was damaged, causing a decrease of Cu NCs and lower ECL signals. Under the optimized conditions, the sensor achieved a high sensitivity detection of CEA with a linear range of 0.2 fg mL−1 to 1 ng mL−1 and a detection limit of 66.67 ag mL−1 (S/N = 3). In addition, the sensor exhibited good specificity, stability and reproducibility, and the detection of actual samples obtained satisfactory results, indicating that the provided strategy has potential application prospects in clinical detection.

Chemiluminescence Sensor Based on Composite Functional Nucleic Acid for Detection of Ochratoxin A in Wine

A chemiluminescence (CL) sensor, using ochratoxin A (OTA) aptamer as the activation switch of the split DNAzyme, was established to achieve high-sensitivity detection of OTA in wine. A guanine-rich oligonucleotide can fold into a parallel G-quadruplex in K + solution. Hemin as a ligand can bind to parallel G-quadruplexes precisely. Hemin-G-quadruplex complexes display peroxidase-like activity, named as DNAzyme. The activity of the DNAzyme can be measured by CL via the H 2 O 2 mediated-oxidation with luminol. Guanine-rich oligonucleotide split into two fragments; when they were near each other, they could reform DNAzyme. OTA aptamer as a switch was inserted into the nucleic acid sequence of DNAzyme. In the absence of OTA, the unfolded OTA aptamer inhibited the split DNAzyme effective self-assemble to form a structure with enzymatic activity. In the presence of OTA, OTA induced the aptamer to form an antiparallel G-quadruplex and drew the tail of the aptamer closer so that the two fragments of split DNAzyme refolded and compound with hemin. The folding degree of the aptamer would directly affect the activity of DNAzyme and high-sensitivity detection of OTA could be obtained by monitoring the enhanced ratio of CL intensity. The linear range of this method was 0.10–2.00 nmol/L, and the limit of detection was 0.10 nmol/L. OTA aptamer as a switch is inserted into the nucleic acid sequence of DNAzyme. OTA induces the aptamer to form an antiparallel G-quadruplex and draws the split DNAzyme refold and compound with hemin. The folding degree of the aptamer will directly affect the activity of DNAzyme and high-sensitivity detection of OTA can be obtained by monitoring the enhanced ratio of chemiluminescence intensity.