Rapid urbanization has intensified global energy demands, leading to elevated carbon dioxide emissions. Therefore, capturing and utilizing CO2 as a C1 feedstock is a viable way to synthesize value-added compounds while mitigating carbon emissions. Consequently, this study reveals the sensible design of an effective and highly reusable catalyst for efficiently exploiting CO2 for the production of useful chemicals. For this, we designed an imidazole-based ionic COF (IL-COF), which was utilized to anchor eco-friendly alkynophilic, non-noble, Cu(I) metal ions to get an NHC (N-heterocyclic-carbene)-based covalent organic framework (COF), Cu(I)-NHC-COF. The catalyst showed outstanding performance for the transformation of CO2 with propargylic alcohols to produce α-alkylidene cyclic carbonates (α-ACCs) and further promoted a one-pot, 3-component reaction of secondary amines and propargylic alcohols to obtain highly valuable β-oxopropylcarbamates. Additionally, the comprehensive theoretical investigations revealed the detailed reaction pathways for CO2 coupling leading to the synthesis of α-ACCs and β-oxopropylcarbamates catalyzed by Cu(I)-NHC-COF. Moreover, NHC-COF presented excellent recyclability for several catalytic cycles without potential leaching and retained its chemical stability and catalytic activity. Overall, this study showcases a sustainable and green methodology of utilizing a noble-metal-free COF for the exploitation of CO2 into high value carbamates and carbonates under ambient conditions.

The functionalization of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) enables fluorescence sensing and proton conduction, making them crucial in the fields of environmental monitoring and fuel cells. In this study, a heterometallic MOF of {[EuAg(TDA)2(H2O)]·H2O}n (1) was successfully constructed via a hydrothermal method using a thiodiglycolic acid (H2TDA) ligand and Ag+/Eu3+ ions as metal centers. The structural characterization confirmed that 1 was a three-dimensional framework and exhibited good chemical stability. The fluorescence sensing experiments showed that 1 could be used as a fluorescence sensor for identifying 2-methylhippuric acid (2-MHA) with a detection limit as low as 16.6 nM, featuring rapidity, sensitivity, anti-interference, and good recycling performance, and its potential sensing mechanism had further been analyzed. Additionally, the electrical conductivity of 1 was 1.27 × 10-3 S cm-1 at 98% relative humidity and 333 K, indicating its potential as a proton conductive material. Hence, this multifunctional heterometallic MOF demonstrates significant application potential in both optical sensors and proton conductors.

Marine biofouling poses safety risks and economic burdens to human marine activities. Researchers have increasingly focused on developing bioinspired antifouling surfaces as sustainable and eco-compatible alternatives to traditional toxic methods. However, their practical applications remain limited by several challenges such as high costs, complex preparation processes, poor durability in harsh marine environments, and unresolved environmental impact concerns regarding material lifecycle and degradation products. Herein, inspired by the oscillation of coral tentacles and the movement of respiratory cilia, a bionic magnetic-responsive microcolumn array (MMA) surface is fabricated through magnetic field-assisted and template methods. The superhydrophobic MMA (SMMA) surface featuring uniform micro/nanostructures is constructed by laser etching. The SMMA surface achieves dual active/passive antifouling through a synergistic strategy of superhydrophobic wettability and dynamic deformation of the microcolumn arrays. Under external magnetic fields, the SMMA surface continuously oscillates, generating a dynamic surface perturbation that mechanically disrupts biofouling adhesion and accumulation of fouling organisms. Meanwhile, its superhydrophobic properties passively reduce the effective contact area between the surface and bacteria, inhibiting bacterial growth and reproduction. Following a 120 h antifouling test, the magnetically actuated SMMA surface exhibits significantly enhanced antibacterial properties over its static counterpart, achieving inhibition rates of 94.08% against P. pantotrophus and 88.29% against B. subtilis. With sensitive magnetic responsiveness and flexible microcolumn bending properties, the SMMA surface produces directional driving forces under moving magnetic field stimulation, enabling rapid, nondestructive, and directional manipulation of multisubstances, including liquid droplets and solid spheres. Furthermore, the SMMA surface possesses outstanding mechanical durability and physical and chemical stability, providing a cost-effective, high-efficiency, and eco-friendly solution for marine antifouling surfaces and emerging applications in biomedical detection, local chemical reactions, and microfluidic control.

Despite their metallic conductivity and solution processability, the practical application of MXenes is limited by two persistent challenges: poor adhesion to substrates and low chemical stability in air, which leads to oxidation. Conventional stabilization approaches often involve antioxidant doping or polymer lamination that may compromise electrical conductivity. Here, we tackle these issues by introducing a single-step laser-induced transfer (LIT) process that engineers the MXene-substrate interface to enhance adhesion and chemical stability simultaneously. Our method exploits the spatial confinement of MXene films sandwiched between a glass slide and a polymer substrate. This configuration creates an oxygen-depleted microenvironment, and under laser irradiation allowing for the simultaneous transfer of Ti3C2Tx MXene films onto both top and bottom substrates. LIT results in solid-state sintering that, in addition to boosting adhesion, also provides protective effects due to the development of a carbon-rich surface layer. This enhanced adhesion and stability are demonstrated by low sheet resistance, remaining below 25 Ω/sq for MXenes/glass and below 6 Ω/sq for MXenes/TPU after environmental aging for 10 days at 95 ± 2% relative humidity and 40-60 °C. In contrast, conventional direct laser patterning fails to achieve this level of robustness and instead accelerates MXenes decomposition. The suppressed oxidation and mechanical stability enabled by LIT allowed the creation of robust interfaces suitable for electrothermal heaters and proof-of-concept breath sensors. This work establishes laser processing not merely as a patterning tool but also as a powerful interfacial engineering technique, resolving key issues that affect MXene implementation in electronics, sensors, and wearable devices.

SnO2 nanoparticles (NPs) solutions are considered a highly efficientinks for fabricating electron transport layers in state-of-the-art solution-processed perovskite solar cells (PSCs). However, SnO2 colloids exhibit thermodynamic instability in aqueous solution due to strong van der Waals attractions between nanoparticles, often leading to aggregation and precipitation. Here, a phosphate-buffered synthesis strategy is reported that effectively stabilizes SnO2 colloids. The phosphate buffer maintains a stable pH during synthesis, dynamically regulating the electrostatic repulsion between nanoparticles to suppress aggregation and promote homogeneous dispersion. This method enables precise control over surface hydroxyl groups and oxygen vacancies in the resulting SnO2 films, facilitating efficient electron transport and reducing interfacial recombination. As a result, PSCs achieve a high power convertion efficiency (PCE) of 26.40% while demonstrating exceptional operational stability. The encapsulated device maintains 99%, 84%, and 95% of their initial efficiency under ISOS-L-1, ISOS-L-2, and ISOS-O-1 protocols, respectively. Furthermore, a perovskite solar module (5cm × 5cm) with an active area of 12.6cm2 delivers an impressive PCE of 23.11%. These results highlight the scalability and practical viability of the strategy for developing large-area, high-performance photovoltaic modules.

Flexible piezoelectric materials have emerged as attractive options for self-sustaining systems, due to superior mechanical compliance, environmental adaptability and efficient transduction of mechanical to electrical energy. Among these, polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) and its copolymers exhibit unparalleled advantages in wearable electronics and energy harvesting applications, attributable to their pronounced piezoelectric properties, in conjunction with high flexibility, low density, chemical stability, and facile solution processability. This review introduces PVDF-based devices through various material strategies, including piezoelectric ceramics, piezoelectric nanofillers like BaTiO3 and ZnO, and non-piezoelectric doping. It also systematically summarizes recent advances in hierarchical structural design, microstructure regulation, and ionic hydrogel structural modulation, as well as intelligent manufacturing techniques of PVDF-based piezoelectric devices. Additionally, particular emphasis on their state-of-the-art applications in wearable biomedical engineering, self-charging energy storage, and other intelligent monitoring are placed. Furthermore, the current outlooks-such as long-term operational stability, innovative materials and structures, artificial intelligence (AI), integrated smart systems, and industrialization-are critically discussed. Given the promising prospects of PVDF-based materials for health management, intelligent connected systems, and sustainable energy technologies, this review seeks to provide a comprehensive theoretical foundation and technical reference for elucidating the structure-function-property relationships and advancing the multifunctional integration in next-generation electronic platforms.

Lutein exhibits poor aqueous solubility, chemical instability, and low bioavailability following oral administration, which restricts its therapeutic use in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Hence, a lutein-laden liposomal in situ gel was formulated to enhance bioavailability and brain targeting via nasal delivery. Lutein-laden liposomes were fabricated using an ethanol injection method and studied for various parameters. The formulated lutein-laden liposomes showed a particle size, polydispersity index, and encapsulation efficiency of 71.8 6.4 nm, 0.327 0.007, and 95.59 3.03%, respectively. The permeation studies on goat nasal mucosa revealed drug permeation from the lutein-laden liposomal in situ gel and fivefold higher permeation than the lutein solution-based in situ gel. The drug targeting efficiency of the developed formulation was 372.80%. The pharmacokinetic study of the developed formulation administered via the nasal route showed a twofold higher Cmax and a 1.7-fold higher AUC than the drug suspension administered via the oral route. The histopathological analysis indicated that the developed formulation was safe. Thus, intranasal delivery of lutein could surpass poor oral bioavailability and be studied for managing AD and its symptoms using an intranasal delivery-based brain-targeted approach.

Metallo-borospherenes, a rapidly evolving class of boron-based nanostructures, exhibit intriguing diversity in both geometric architectures and electronic properties. Recently, the experimental identification of the D3h-symmetric Ln3B18- (Ln = La, Tb) clusters marked a significant milestone in this emerging field. In this study, a new family of metallo-borospherenes M12B60 (M = Y, Lu) was predicted using first-principles calculations. Ab initio molecular dynamics simulations and vibrational frequency analyses confirm their thermodynamic and kinetic stability. Detailed bonding analysis reveals the presence of 108 delocalized multi-center two-electron bonds within the cage, accompanied by pronounced aromatic character, which collectively account for their exceptional stability. Notably, the Y12B60 cage exhibits potential as a promising hydrogen storage material. Its curved surface provides multiple favorable adsorption sites, enabling H2 molecules to form layered distributions. The Y12B60 cage can adsorb up to 89 H2 molecules with an average adsorption energy of -0.201 eV per H2, corresponding to a gravimetric density of 9.44 wt%, meeting practical adsorption requirements. Ab initio molecular dynamics simulations further validate the structural robustness and adsorption capacity of Y12B60 under near-ambient conditions, underscoring its promise for reversible hydrogen storage applications.

The structure and interaction networks of molecules within biomolecular condensates are poorly understood. Using cryo-electron tomography and molecular dynamics simulations, we elucidated the structure of phase-separated chromatin condensates across scales, from individual amino acids to network architecture. We found that internucleosomal DNA linker length controls nucleosome arrangement and histone tail interactions, shaping the structure of individual chromatin molecules within and outside condensates. This structural modulation determines the balance between intra- and intermolecular interactions, which governs the molecular network, thermodynamic stability, and material properties of chromatin condensates. Mammalian nuclei contain dense clusters of nucleosomes whose nonrandom organization is mirrored by the reconstituted condensates. Our work explains how the structure of individual chromatin molecules determines physical properties of chromatin condensates and cellular chromatin organization.

Abstract The superatom behavior of N-centered Al-M (M=Li, Na, K) clusters with 26 valence electrons is revealed, which forms a closed shell configuration of 1S 2 1P 6 2S 2 2P 6 1D 10 . The Al6 cluster and M atoms form a core-shell structure, and the doping of N atoms enhances the structural stability. The valence molecular orbitals of Al 6 NM 3 are in accordance with the predictions of the Jellium model. The electronic structure of the Al 6 N 3- follows both the 8+18 electron rule and the Wade-Mingos rules. Al 6 NLi 3 demonstrates the highest thermal and chemical stability, with a binding energy of -24.56 eV and a HOMO-LUMO gap of 6.37 eV at the QCISD level. This can be attributed to the smallest radius of Li + and the greatest charge transfer from Li to the Al 6 N core, resulting in the strongest electrostatic interaction between Li + and the anion moiety.

Ceramic materials have gained outstanding popularity in restorative and prosthetic dentistry due to their combination of high biocompatibility, mechanical durability, and natural esthetics. Among the most important developments in this field are the use of zirconia- and glass-based ceramics for various applications. Zirconia ceramics, especially yttria-stabilized tetragonal zirconia polycrystals (Y-TZP), are famous for their high mechanical strength, transformation toughening, chemical stability, and great biocompatibility. Newer generations like 4Y/5Y-PSZ zirconia have addressed the demand for higher translucency, meeting esthetic requirements. Glass–ceramics, including lithium disilicate and leucite-reinforced systems, are preferred for their optical properties, etchability, and strong adhesive bonding. Their microstructure provides a balance between strength and esthetics, supporting minimally invasive restorations with long-term clinical success. Both zirconia and glass–ceramics exhibit favorable biological responses, including low plaque accumulation and soft tissue compatibility. The goal of ongoing research is to overcome limitations, such as low-temperature degradation, bonding limitations, and surface durability. Also, to improve mechanical performance and functional integration, new approaches include 3D printing, graded materials, nanostructuring, and bioactive coatings. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the composition, properties, clinical applications, current limitations, and future perspectives of zirconia- and glass-based ceramics in restorative dentistry.

Coordination polymers (CPs) often suffer from poor hydrolytic and chemical stability, limiting their use in water remediation. Herein, we report a highly robust, amorphous CP synthesized from Zr4+ and phytic acid, a natural source of phosphorus in plants and seeds. The CP, which features stable Zr-O-P bonds that resist degradation even in 10 M HCl and HNO3, forms a micro- and mesoporous network under mild reaction conditions in water. The material consists of mononuclear ZrO6 units bridged by phosphate groups. Zr-Phytate exhibits excellent Pb2+ removal performance, maintaining high efficiency even in the presence of excess competing ions. Pair Distribution Function (PDF) analysis and solid-state NMR (ssNMR) provide insight into the coordination environment of the Zr-phosphate centers and the mechanism of lead complexation. The exceptional chemical durability of Zr-Phytate allows efficient regeneration using 1 M HCl, with no detectable leaching of Zr or phytic acid and no loss of structural integrity over multiple cycles. Compared to commercial ion-exchange resins, Zr-Phytate offers superior selectivity and reusability. This work demonstrates the importance of designing stable coordination polymers and highlights the promise of zirconium-phosphate networks for applications in water remediation.

Nefopam is a non-opioid analgesic used for postoperative pain control. For intravenous home use, a portable elastomeric device is often preferred for administration. The nefopam in the device must be stable at 32°C because this device is positioned close to the patient. This study aimed to evaluate the physicochemical stability of nefopam solutions at 0.2 and 3.33 mg/mL diluted in 0.9% NaCl in silicone portable elastomeric devices at 32°C in the dark. Three portable elastomeric devices were prepared for each condition. Chemical stability was assessed by pH measurement and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The method was validated according to the International Conference on Harmonisation Q2(R1). Stability was tested after preparation and after 6 and 24 hours of storage. At each time of analysis, the pH values were measured, and three samples from each device were analysed via HPLC. The solution is chemically stable if it retains more than 90% of its initial concentration, with the appearance of any degradation products monitored, and if the pH variation is less than one unit. Physical stability was evaluated by visual and subvisual inspection using a particle counter following the European Pharmacopoeia guidelines. Nefopam solutions at both concentrations maintained more than 93% of their initial concentration after 6 and 24 hours at 32°C, with no pH variation exceeding one unit, demonstrating chemical stability. For both concentrations, visual inspection was compliant at each analysis time, and subvisual inspection was consistent at 24 hours. Physical stability was therefore demonstrated for both concentrations after 24 hours. The physicochemical stability of nefopam solutions at 0.2 and 3.33 mg/mL was demonstrated for 24 hours at 32°C in portable elastomeric infusion devices. This attribute allows continuous administration at home, particularly in cases of difficulty with oral administration, or minimises the side effects of discontinuous administration.

Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) is a widely used fluoropolymer known for its chemical stability and resistance to degradation, making it a persistent environmental pollutant. The bioremediation of PTFE has proven challenging due to its inert nature. The aim of the present study is to characterize how changes in PTFE and irradiated PTFE may affect the proteomic profile of Aspergillus niger to propose protein biomarkers and depict bioremoval strategies. The results show that irradiating PTFE causes structural and spectral changes that increase with the increase of electron beam irradiation doses at 20, 40, 80, 160, and 320 kGy as compared to the control. PTFE and irradiated PTFE were added to a 24 h Aspergillus niger culture, and the proteomic profile was studied using quantitative protein assay and a high-throughput Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography (UPLC) proteomics approach. The resultant chromatograms show that peak shifts can serve as a rapid indicator of PTFE and irradiated PTFE, highlighting the potential of proteomic profiling as a rapid screening tool. Energy Dispersive X-Ray (EDX) mapping images show fluoride attached to A. niger mycelia, while quanitative SPADNS Fluoride assay revealed deflourination % of 28.0 and 31.6% for 80 and 320 kGy irradiated PTFE culture, respectively, as compared 11.2% for non-irradiated PTFE. These findings suggest that 1) high electron beam irradiation doses enhance PTFE degradation, 2) the proteomic profile can be used as a biomarker to detect the presence of PTFE or irradiated PTFE, and 3) A. niger can be further exploited for both PTFE and irradiated PTFE bioremoval via deflourination or adsorption on mycelial network. Further research is needed to enhance the deflourination process.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10532-025-10215-4.

This work presents a flexible, long-lived silicon carbide (SiC) electrode system for cell sensing and hyperthermia induction. Leveraging the superior chemical stability of SiC, mechanical robustness, and biocompatibility, the electrode demonstrates robust performance in both sensing and stimulation, while maintaining structural and functional integrity under physiological conditions. We assess the performance of the electrode system in the electrical measurements of breast cancer cells and its efficiency in eliminating the cells via in situ hyperthermia treatment at controlled temperatures. The longevity of our electrode system was examined via accelerated aging tests in phosphate-buffered saline (1× PBS) at elevated temperatures. Experimental results confirm the long-term stability of electrical signals, highly efficient heat generation and transfer, and sustained biocompatibility, indicating the potential for long-lived implanted bioelectronic interfaces.

The development of covalent organic frameworks (COFs) that integrate robust chemical stability with efficient charge carrier dynamics remains a critical challenge for photocatalytic applications. Herein, we present a self-locking strategy to synthesize amide-like isoquinolone-linked COFs (IQO-COFs). By leveraging ortho-vinyl aromatic aldehyde and aromatic amine precursors, a tandem process involving thermal 6π-electrocyclization of imine intermediates and Cu(OAc)₂-catalyzed aerobic oxidation enables the irreversible formation of rigid, conjugated isoquinolone linkages. Four crystalline IQO-COFs are constructed with high conversion efficiency and gram-scale feasibility. Locking amide into isoquinolone synergizes enhanced π-electron delocalization with structural rigidity, significantly suppressing exciton recombination and boosting photogenerated charge separation. As a result, IQO-COFs achieve high photocatalytic performance in single-electron transfer (SET)-driven reactions, including the dehalogenation of α-bromoacetophenone and the decarboxylative Minisci reaction under harsh conditions, outperforming amide-linked counterparts. This work establishes a versatile platform to engineer COFs with tailored stability and electronic properties, unlocking new potential for high-performance photocatalytic systems.

Quasi-two-dimensional (2D) Ruddlesden-Popper perovskites (general formula A2Bn-1PbnX3n+1) have received extensive attention in the field of photoelectric detection due to their tunable optical band gap and excellent stability. However, the prepared 2D perovskite films are generally composed of samples with different n values. With the increase of n, the photoelectric performance is improved due to the decreased binding energy, but the thermodynamic stability is decreased. Therefore, it is necessary to find a method that can simultaneously promote the formation of a large n-value perovskite and improve its stability. In this work, we fabricated a photodetector based on the typical quasi-2D perovskite BA2MAPb2I7 (n = 2) and promoted the formation of a large n-phase quasi-2D perovskite in BA2MAPb2I7 by slowing down its recrystallization rate of perovskite through adding a metal-organic framework (ZIF-8) solution on the top of the BA2MAPb2I7 layer. Concurrently, the organic ligands present in ZIF-8 effectively passivated the defects in BA2MAPb2I7 and enhanced its stability. The obtained photodetectors show a high detection rate of 1.03 × 1013 Jones, a high responsiveness of 0.925 A/W, a high switching ratio of 105, and excellent long-term operating stability, light stability, and environmental stability without packaging. This work provides a feasible way to further improve the photoelectric performance and stability of quasi-2D perovskites.

Oil contamination poses significant risks to human health and ecosystems, emphasizing the importance of studying alkane biodegradation. In this study, we found that Rhodococcus erythropolis XP can utilize various alkanes, including C16-C36 n-alkanes and iso-alkane (pristane). The degradation capacity was significant, with over 95% of C20 degraded (500-2,500 mg/L) within 72 h. The bioremediation capacity in oily sludge was determined by a novel Low Pressure Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry methodology especially for rapid analysis (within 12 min) of n-alkanes. Notable biodegradation of C14-C30 alkanes was observed in sludge treated with Rhodococcus erythropolis XP. In addition, metabolic intermediates of C16 and C20 were identified, indicating the presence of both terminal and subterminal pathways in Rhodococcus erythropolis XP. A new Baeyer-Villiger monooxygenase (BVMO_4041) was characterized, which catalyzes a key step in the subterminal pathway of alkane degradation. These results reflect the promise of Rhodococcus erythropolis XP in addressing the pressing need for efficient alkane degradation in contaminated environments.IMPORTANCEOil pollution posed a severe threat to human health and environmental safety due to its chemical stability and prolonged persistence. Although a lot of bacteria have been reported to degrade alkanes, the main components in oil pollution, it is urgent to identify strains that can degrade medium- and long-chain alkanes and to evaluate their performances during bioremediation. In this study, Rhodococcus erythropolis XP has been proved to obtain the almost strongest ability to degrade C16-C36 n-alkanes and branched alkanes (pristane), and to be a promising option for oily sludge bioremediation with newly developed rapid detection technology based on low pressure gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Meanwhile, the metabolic pathways and a new BVMO_4041 gene encoding Baeyer-Villiger monooxygenase were revealed. Our research provides a promising candidate for both practical bioremediation efforts and microbial research, and enriches the strain and gene resources for oil degradation.

Herein, biligand synergistic metal-organic frameworks were prepared. The optimized UiO-67-CF3-50 simultaneously exhibits excellent thermal and chemical stability. Benefiting from facilitated charge transfer, UiO-67-CF3-50 achieves a significantly enhanced CO yield of 907.0 µmol g-1 from CO2 photoreduction, 1.8 and 5.2 times higher than those of the single-ligand UiO-67-CF3-100 and UiO-67-CF3-0, respectively.

A novel J-aggregates configuration, termed π-π-coupled J-aggregates, was successfully constructed based on low-molecular-weight hemicyanine dyes (HCY-3). Unlike classical J-aggregates, the π-π-coupled J-aggregates are formed through synergistic π-π stacking and hydrogen bonding interactions between monomeric molecules, The rigidified- molecular planar architecture not only avoids fluorescence quenching of the photosensitizer but also significantly broadens the bathochromic absorption band owing to enhanced conjugation effects while preserving photodynamic activity. As a result, a broad bathochromic absorption from 600nm to an absorption tail over 1100nm was achieved, allowing the photosensitizer to be compatible with a variety of laser sources. The enhanced-receptor conjugation significantly boosts singlet oxygen generation efficiency while reinforcing π-π interactions, endowing the J-aggregates with exceptional thermal stability, chemical stability, and photothermal generation capability. Under 980nm laser excitation, the π-π-coupled J-aggregations based on HCY-3 J-NPs exhibited excellent ROS generation capacity and NIR-II fluorescence emission, successfully achieving multimodal photothermal/photodynamic antitumor therapy guided by NIR-II FL imaging. Such π-π-coupled J-aggregates may represent a new route for the design of NIR-II photosensitizers.