Chemical Stability Research Articles

DFT insights into the role of A elements on the phase stability, crystal structure and properties of recently discovered M3AC2 and Sc2AC.

Density functional theory (DFT) was utilized to obtain theoretical insights into the recently discovered M3AC2 (M = Zr, Hf; A = In, Pb, Cd, Sb) and Sc2AC (A = Al, Ga, In), with calculations and comparisons of phase stabilities, crystal structures, electronic structures, chemical bonding, elastic and thermal properties, static exfoliation energy, as well as cleavage energy and theoretical tensile strength. After verifying the intrinsic, mechanical, and thermodynamic stability, their crystal structures were accurately predicted by DFT. According to the calculated "bond stiffness" and associated criteria, it is predicted that Zr3SbC2 and Sc2AC (A = Al, Ga, In) are intrinsically brittle, in contrast to the other and typical MAX phases with high damage tolerance and fracture toughness. Furthermore, the valence electron concentration (VEC) of A elements significantly affects the stiffness of M-A bonds by modulating electron transfer between M and A, which impacts the electronic structure, compressibility, and elastic and thermal properties of the MAX phases. Considering contributions from phonons and electrons, the linear thermal expansion coefficients [(5-15) × 10-6 K-1, 300-1100 K] and heat capacities as functions of temperature were predicted. Finally, the influence of the VEC of component A on the mechanical properties and specific functionalities of MAX phases, in the form of nanostructures, was discussed, and the feasibility of exfoliating the researched MAX phases to form two-dimensional systems was evaluated.

Multidimensional Nanostructures Design of Poly-Imidazolium Salts Derived N-Doped Carbon Materials for Electromagnetic Microwave Absorption.

Poly-imidazolium salt (PIS) combines the merits of abundant nitrogen sources, excellent chemical and thermal stability and adjustable morphology, making it a promising precursor for Nitrogen-doped (N-doped) carbon material. Herein, multidimensional PIS are synthesized via a facile solvent-induced strategy. Then, PIS are converted into nanofibers, nanoribbons and microspheres composed of N-doped carbon. The effects of microstructure, N-doping degree and defects on microwave absorption properties are investigated in depth. As a result, the 2D nanoribbon CN-2-700 features a high specific surface area, significant N-doping and moderate conductivity, thereby allowing it to sustain perfect conductive networks and the optimal impedance matching at a low filler content (8 wt.%). CN-2-700 demonstrates a minimum reflection loss (RLmin) of -50.15dB and an effective absorption bandwidth (EAB) of 7.06GHz (10.44-17.50GHz). Overall, this work offers a novel path for developing multi-dimensional electromagnetic microwave absorbing materials with a simple process and remarkable performance.

Surface Halide Manipulation for Stable Inorganic Perovskite Solar Cells and Modules.

Iodine-rich inorganic perovskites possessing desirable bandgaps as well as high thermal and chemical stability are facing serious issues of low polymorphic stability, while chlorine-rich inorganic perovskites hold outstanding thermodynamic stability but suffer from low efficiency. Here, we develop function-gradient inorganic perovskites adopting a surface halide substitution strategy, where a stable chlorine-rich skin protects efficient iodine-rich layers, incorporating high stability of chlorine-rich perovskites with high efficiency of iodine-rich perovskites. This strategy simultaneously passivates surface defects and stabilizes the photoactive polymorphs of perovskite, leading to a power conversion efficiency of 21.2% for unit cells (0.16 cm2) and 19.2% for solar modules (23.9 cm2). Notably, the compositional gradient mitigates light-induced ion migration and enhances resistance to environmental erosion. Thus, our devices exhibit negligible efficiency loss after 1000-hour storage in air and 3200-hour operation under continuous 1-sun illumination at 40 °C, representing the most stable wide-bandgap perovskite solar cells reported to date.

Deciphering the Impact of Graphene Oxide Incorporation on Structural, Chemical, and Electrochemical Properties of Na2Fe(SO4)2 Cathode Materials.

The performance of polyanionic Na2Fe(SO4)2 (NFS) cathode materials is hindered by their low electronic conductivity and is correlated to their structural and chemical instability. Herein, we incorporated graphene oxide (GO) to modify NFS materials, which can build a carbon layer on the surface and alleviate Na6Fe(SO4)4 phase formation and Fe2+ oxidation in the lattice. Meanwhile, the performance of NFS materials has been significantly improved, such as the capacity retention showing an increase from 56% to 87% after 200 cycles at 0.5 C with GO incorporation. Soft X-ray absorption spectra (sXAS) reveals that the bulk has higher reversibility of the reaction between Fe2+ and Fe3+ than the surface during cycling, which indicates the origin of cycling instability of NFS materials. These findings provide new insights into surface modification for the development of high performance NFS cathodes.

Enhanced Hydrogen-Ion Storage Performance of Molybdenum Trioxide Nanoribbons Doped by Oxygen Vacancies.

Hydrogen ion has been extensively studied as a charge carrier in electrochemical energy storage devices due to its minimal ionic radius and abundant reserves. Among various candidate materials, molybdenum trioxide (MoO3) stands out as a promising electrode material owing to its excellent chemical stability and ultrahigh theoretical storage capacity. However, its practical application is hindered by a narrow potential window as a hydrogen-ion electrode and a low operating voltage caused by aqueous electrolyte decomposition. In this study, MoO3 nanoribbons with significant number of oxygen vacancies were synthesized via a simple hydrothermal method, which exhibit notable backward shift in the hydrogen evolution potential, three-proton intercalation/deintercalation process, and then a very noticeable enhancement in hydrogen-ion storage capacity during electrochemical testing in the aqueous electrolyte. It was also found that tungsten(W) doping in a specific amount can enrich the oxygen vacancies in MoO3 nanoribbons and then further enhance their hydrogen-ion storage performance. Remarkably, the W-doped MoO3 nanoribbons with a nominal molar ratio of 3% demonstrate an exceptional specific capacity of 390.8 mA h/g at a current density of 100 C (40 A/g). This study might highlight the significant impact of oxygen vacancy and tungsten(W) doping on the microstructures and electrochemical properties of MoO3 nanoribbons and provide valuable insights for the design and development of high-performance electrode materials for hydrogen-ion batteries.

Enhancing the Performances of Lithium Batteries through Functionalization of Porous Polyolefin Separators with Cross-Linked Single-Ion Polymer Electrolytes.

Lithium-ion batteries (LiBs) require advanced separators to meet the growing demands of high energy density, safety, and durability. However, conventional polyolefin separators often suffer from poor electrolyte wettability and limited ionic conductivity, hindering the overall battery performance. This study presents a scalable approach for the surface functionalization of porous polyolefin separators using single-ion statistical copolymers bearing lithium sulfonate or lithium trifluoromethanesulfonamidosulfonyl groups. These copolymers are deposited via a wet coating process followed by UV cross-linking, achieving durable and uniform functionalization without compromising the separator's porous structure. The functionalized separators exhibit significantly enhanced wettability, electrolyte uptake, and effective ionic conductivity. Electrochemical performance tests of LiBs reveal stable interfacial resistance, improved cycle life, and better rate capabilities owing to the effectiveness of the covalently bonded ionic groups in promoting selective lithium-ion transport. This approach combines simplicity, scalability, and robust chemical stability, offering a promising solution for next-generation LiBs by addressing the key limitations of commercial separators.

Charge-driven stability and aromaticity of C2N2B2H4 isomers: insights from a combined DFT and machine learning study.

Recent research has sparked significant interest in exploring the effects of BN unit doping on the electronic structure of isoelectronic and isostructural benzene analogs, driven by their promising applications in pharmaceuticals and material sciences. In this study, we provide the first comprehensive investigation of BN/CC isosterism in 2,5-dihydro-1,4,2,5-diazadiborinine and its isomers (1-13) through density functional theory (DFT) calculations and machine learning analysis. Our findings reveal that isomers featuring jointed N-B-N-B linkages (1-4) exhibit the highest thermodynamic stability, attributed to alternatively distributed charge across the ring, facilitating enhanced electron delocalization. In contrast, isomers with disjointed B and N atoms, or those containing B-B and N-N bonds, exhibit greater charge separation, leading to reduced stability (5-12). Notably, 13 is the least stable due to its non-planarity and disrupted conjugation. Natural Resonance Theory (NRT) analysis confirms that the most stable isomers from three distinct categories (1, 5, and 11) form benzyne-like structures, characterized by triple bonding between N and B. Aromaticity evaluation using NICS(1)zz, HOMA, EDDBπ, and MCI indexes confirms that 1-12 exhibit moderate to high aromaticity in the singlet state (S0), whereas 13 is nonaromatic. To evaluate the relative contributions of different aromaticity descriptors, Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was performed, revealing that NICS(1)zz is the most reliable predictor of aromaticity. Additionally, iterative linear regression modeling and PCA were used to determine the primary factors governing thermodynamic stability. Our results conclusively identify NPA charge distribution as the most significant predictor of stability, while bond order and aromaticity are less important. These insights provide a quantitative framework for understanding BN-heterocycle stability, offering valuable design strategies for tailoring the electronic properties of novel heterocyclic compounds for targeted applications in materials science and drug discovery.

A comprehensive approach to characterize flexural behaviour and fatigue life in aggregates stabilized with different cementitious stabilizers

ABSTRACT Flexural fatigue characterisation entails evaluating the material's response to repeated bending to dynamic loads and measuring its resilience to cyclic stresses. It is the ability to resist damage and deformation over time, thus being a crucial factor in advancing understanding of stabilised layer design and performance. Traditional methods often lack sensitivity to factors such as variations in cementitious stabilisers, curing period and stress ratio when it comes to flexural characterisation, be it stiffness or fatigue damage. The present study highlights the development of flexural stiffness characterisation with respect to flexural strength, curing period and stress ratio by investigating five distinct stabiliser combinations involving cement, fly ash, ground granulated blast furnace steel slag (GGBS), and two chemical stabilisers on aggregates. Stress-dependent flexural modulus models were developed, which predicted close to the actual data determined in the laboratory setup. The study also demonstrated the development of stress-dependent flexural fatigue models with different stabiliser combinations with a high degree of accuracy (R2 – 0.89–0.93). The findings from the study are expected to enhance the understanding of the flexural behaviour of stabilised layers within the composite pavement systems and the influence of different cementitious stabiliser combinations in improving its performance.

Assessment of Flurbiprofen Suspension and Composite Gel Pre- and Post Skin Perforation: Effectiveness in Managing Inflammatory Responses in Ear Tags and Periocular Piercings

(1) Background: Controlled skin perforations, such as ear tags, piercings, and microdermal implants, induce inflammation and stress in individuals undergoing these procedures. This localized trauma requires care to optimize healing, reduce inflammation, and prevent infections. (2) Methods: Two formulations were developed: an FB-suspension and an FB-gel. Their in vivo efficacy was evaluated, along with drug retention in porcine and human skin after 30 min of administration, chemical stability at different temperatures, cytotoxicity, histological changes induced via transdermal application, and irritative potential, assessed using the HET-CAM assay. (3) Results: Both formulations reduced inflammation when applied 30 min before perforation compared to the positive control. The FB-suspension demonstrated no cytotoxicity and exhibited greater efficacy than the free flurbiprofen solution, highlighting the advantages of using nanoparticle-mediated drug delivery. Moreover, the FB-gel maintained chemical stability for up to 3 months across a temperature range of 4 to 40 °C. Histologically, no significant changes in skin composition were observed. (4) Conclusions: The FB-suspension is viable for both pre- and post-perforation application, as it is a sterile formulation. In contrast, the FB-gel is a convenient and easy application, making it a practical alternative for use in both clinical and veterinary settings.

Exploring the anti-diabetic potential of the Vigna sesquipedalis using in vitro, in vivo and computational models.

Vigna sesquipedalis is traditionally used for the treatment of various disorders including diabetes but without scientific rational. Therefore, the current study was designed to evaluate its anti-diabetic potential. Antioxidant activity was assessed through DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging assays, while α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibitory activities for anti-diabetic potential. Based on in vitro results, acute toxicity tests were performed, followed by in vivo studies using streptozotocin-induced diabetic model in mice. The ethyl acetate fraction exhibited the highest antioxidant potential, followed by crude extract. The methanolic crude extract showed the strongest in vitro antidiabetic activity. It was also found to be non-toxic up to 2000mg/kg body weight. In vivo, the crude extract significantly (P < 0.05) improved body weight and displayed significant anti-diabetic effects. Further analysis of liver glycogen, serum insulin, glycosylated hemoglobin, and histopathology supported the extract overall performance. The virtual screening results showed highest binding energy of the Cyanidin-3-0-G (Cyanidin) with the amylase, Daucosterol with the GLP1, and Psoralidin with the Glucosidase. Similarly, MD simulation of the top hits was performed to investigate the dynamic stability and results showed that the ligand-protein system remains stable for during the simulation. The thermodynamic stability of the system was assessed by performing the binding free energy calculation using MM-PBSA/GBSA. The results of the binding free energy calculations showed favorable binding energies ligand-protein system. In short, the results illustrated potential as a pharmaceutical drug for insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.

Tuning the dimensionality of semiconducting nanostructures by self-assembled tetraphenylethylene substituted corroles.

Controlling the dimensionality of nanostructures made from self-assembled macrocyclic systems is tedious because they attain thermodynamic stability through the extended π-conjugated structure. Mainly, corrole-based macrocycles are challenging as they form structures that make it difficult to grow hierarchical assemblies. Herein, three tetraphenylethylene (TPE) appended corroles (1-TPE-Cor, 2-TPE-Cor and 3-TPE-Cor) were developed by substituting one, two or three TPEs at the meso phenyl positions of corroles. Detailed investigations revealed that each TPE substituent influences the molecule's planarity, resulting in significant variations in optical, self-assembly, and electronic properties in the three derivatives. One-dimensional (1D) nanotubes were observed through π-π stacking for 1-TPE-Cor, while 2D nanosheets and nanospheres were seen for 2-TPE-Cor and 3-TPE-Cor. Consequently, the electrical conductivity of 1D nanotubes is 10 times higher than for the 2D and 0D nanostructures. Each TPE substituent on corroles affects their aggregation dynamics and electronic properties, and this study promotes novel corrole-based macrocyclic groups, apart from porphyrin and phthalocyanine, utilizing supramolecular interactions, paving the way to diversification in the field of electronics.

Cobalt ferrite nanoparticles: The physics, synthesis, properties, and applications

Spinel cobalt ferrite (CoFe2O4, CFO) nanoparticles (NPs) are a major focus of fundamental science and technological innovation due to their distinctive mix of magnetic, electrical, and chemical characteristics. CFO NPs have outstanding chemical stability, modest saturation magnetism (∼80 emu/g), a high Curie temperature (∼793 K), and significant magnetocrystalline anisotropy. These characteristics, further improved by cation substitution and surface functionalization, enable a wide range of applications. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of CFO NPs, covering their synthesis methods, physicochemical characterization, surface modifications, and diverse applications. We compare the environmental impact, scalability, yield, and particle size control of a variety of synthesis techniques, including co-precipitation, hydrothermal, sol-gel route, combustion method, microemulsion, thermal decomposition, electrochemical synthesis, polyol method, and green synthesis methods. The sustainable alternative of green synthesis, which employs plant- and microbe-mediated biosynthesis, is becoming increasingly important in the biomedical and environmental sectors. Furthermore, we explore advanced surface functionalization techniques that employ monomeric, inorganic, and polymeric stabilizers to improve the biocompatibility and stability of CFO NPs. The effects of cation substitution (such as transition metals and rare-earth dopants) on the physicochemical and magnetic properties of CFO NPs are examined in detail, addressing challenges like cost and stability in real-world applications. Moreover, the present review provides a detailed discussion correlating structural, morphological, magnetic, dielectric, optical, and electrical properties of CFO with synthesis methods and modifications. The traditional energy storage and conversion applications of CFO are comprehensively discussed. Additionally, the review highlights magnetic applications, biomedical applications (e.g., MRI contrast agents, magnetic hyperthermia, and biosensors), the role of CFO in electronics and optoelectronics, purification and catalysis applications, as well as advances in electromagnetic technologies. Emerging applications, including their roles in quantum computing, nanorobotics, tissue engineering, and bioimaging, are also discussed, emphasizing the cutting-edge potential of CFO NPs in multifunctional technologies. The objective of this review is to critically evaluate recent advancements, challenges, and future research directions to bridge the divide in understanding CFO NPs. This systematic evaluation establishes a strong foundation for researchers, allowing them to investigate novel applications of CFO NPs in both current and emerging technological domains.

Pathway Complexity of Kinetically Trapped Dipeptide-Based Metastable State: Supramolecular Structural Transformation and Helicity Tuning.

Understanding the complexity of nanostructures involved during the supramolecular polymerization process can be achieved by kinetic control rather than thermodynamic stability. Study on supramolecular pathway complexity and associated nanostructures will provide precise control over the materials' properties. This work illustrates the pathway complexity and structural transformation of a naphthalimide-(NMI)-conjugated dipeptide from monomer to thermodynamically stable aggregated state in a binary mixed solvent system (DMSO and water). The self-assembly propensity can be modulated by changing the ratio of water, which offers an effective approach to provide kinetic stability to the on-pathway gel state before reaching its thermodynamically stable crystalline precipitate state. An in-depth spectroscopic and microscopic investigation suggested that the self-assembly process initiated the formation of tiny particles, which further nucleated to form a helical nanofibrilar assembly. At higher water percentages, the supramolecular gel state showed a transient behavior and proceeded toward its thermodynamic stability. However, at lower water percentage, the self-assembly process is kinetically trapped in its gel state. Here, the helicity of nanofibers can be modulated by altering the percentage of water in the mixed solvent. The self-assembled system is completely thermoreversible and can retain its chiral memory even after complete dissolution in the respective solvent composition.

Electrolyte Chemistry Development for Sodium-Based Batteries: A Blueprint from Lithium or a Step Toward Originality?

Currently, electrolyte design for sodium-based batteries is largely inherited from their lithium-based counterparts, which often present critical challenges that hinder forging new perspectives and thus further improvements. This work delves into the key properties of representative sodium- and lithium-based electrolytes, encompassing prevailing salt anions. It aims to evaluate the impact of cation chemistry, including their nature and the degree of interactions with counter anions, thereby bridging the gap in effectively transferring the know-how accumulated in lithium batteries to sodium-based batteries. The results demonstrate that the unique impact of salt anions on the properties of metal-ion conducting electrolytes is tightly correlated with the nature of metal cations. By synchronizing the anionic structures with the critical features of sodium cations, the solvating dynamics and transport properties, chemical stability, aluminum corrosion behavior, and other key properties of the electrolytes could be finely tuned to fit the specific requirements of advanced sodium-based batteries. This work gives an in-depth insight into the chemical and physical features of sodium-based electrolytes, with a potential avenue to accelerate the deployment of high-performance sodium batteries and simultaneously inspire and guide the design of other electrolytes for emerging mono- and multivalent cation-based rechargeable batteries.

FABRICATION AND PERFORMANCE OF DIAMOND-LIKE CARBON (DLC) FILMS DOPED WITH VARIOUS ELEMENT ON DIFFERENT SUBSTRATES: A BRIEF REVIEW

This review presents an overview of the fabrication and performance of diamond-like carbon (DLC) films doped with various elements on different substrates. By incorporating metal and nonmetal elements, the mechanical and tribological properties of DLC films, as well as the density and thermal stability of the coating, are enhanced. The amorphous carbon film exhibits a metastable state characterized by a combination of sp2 and sp3 hybridization, which endows it with excellent properties resembling both diamond and graphite. These properties include high hardness, chemical stability, biocompatibility, infrared transmittance, ultra-low friction, and exceptional wear resistance. The application prospects of DLC films in the fields of machinery, biomedicine, microelectronics and optics were analyzed from the aspects of preparation method, doping element, transition layer, surface additive, and friction environment. Furthermore, this paper provides insights into the structure, factors influencing performance, application domains, existing technical challenges, and future development directions of diamond-like films. To study the tribological behavior of DLC films doped with different elements is a necessary condition to ensure its application in various fields. This is important because it ensures that DLC films can be used correctly and safely to the maximum extent possible. In summary, the properties of DLC films doped with different elements on different substrates are summarized in this paper, and some references are provided for their applications in machinery, aerospace, marine, and biomedicine.

Electrolyte Chemistry Development for Sodium‐Based Batteries: A Blueprint from Lithium or a Step Toward Originality?

AbstractCurrently, electrolyte design for sodium‐based batteries is largely inherited from their lithium‐based counterparts, which often present critical challenges that hinder forging new perspectives and thus further improvements. This work delves into the key properties of representative sodium‐ and lithium‐based electrolytes, encompassing prevailing salt anions. It aims to evaluate the impact of cation chemistry, including their nature and the degree of interactions with counter anions, thereby bridging the gap in effectively transferring the know‐how accumulated in lithium batteries to sodium‐based batteries. The results demonstrate that the unique impact of salt anions on the properties of metal‐ion conducting electrolytes is tightly correlated with the nature of metal cations. By synchronizing the anionic structures with the critical features of sodium cations, the solvating dynamics and transport properties, chemical stability, aluminum corrosion behavior, and other key properties of the electrolytes could be finely tuned to fit the specific requirements of advanced sodium‐based batteries. This work gives an in‐depth insight into the chemical and physical features of sodium‐based electrolytes, with a potential avenue to accelerate the deployment of high‐performance sodium batteries and simultaneously inspire and guide the design of other electrolytes for emerging mono‐ and multivalent cation‐based rechargeable batteries.

Staphylococcus Aureus AgrA Modulators from South African Antimicrobial Plants.

South African plants are an underutilized metabolites source for novel antimicrobials targeting key quorum sensing (QS) systems like the Staphylococcus aureus AgrA. AgrA modulating metabolites constitute a new approach to reducing resistance development. This study created a library of 1211 metabolites from 266 South African plants with antimicrobial action. Metabolites' anti-QS activities were assessed using advanced computational methods. Molecular docking showed 5 top metabolites (hinokiflavone, asphodelin, elliptinone, mamegakinone, robustaflavone). Most leads conformed to the Lipinski's rule of 5. Dynamics simulation revealed closest ∆Gbind for robustaflavone (-25.50 kcal/mol), and hinokiflavone (-20.94 kcal/mol) compared to the standard (-26.59 kcal/mol). Leads interacted with key residues (Asn62/201, Asp75/214, Arg94/233, Asn95/234) and high number of interactions that ensured thermodynamic stability and compactness. The identified leads could be key mechanistic contributors to the antimicrobial activity of their inherent plants. Both the plants and metabolites (robustaflavone, hinokiflavone) could be further explored following structural modification as QS inhibitors.

Ramsdellite-MnO2 Regeneration via Acid-Mediated Redox Tuning toward Rechargeable Aqueous Zinc-Ion Batteries.

The mounting accumulation of spent alkaline batteries (SABs) elicits concerns over both environmental threats and the recycling industry's profitability, closely tied to the chemical reactions in manganese-based waste treatment. Herein, we design an acid-modulated phase-reconstruction strategy for sustainable recovery of manganese oxides from SABs, where moderate proton participation facilitates the preformation of MnOOH intermediates before the initial transformation to ramsdellite-MnO2 (RM-R, orthorhombic) and the final conversion to pyrolusite-MnO2 (RM-β, tetragonal) nanomaterials. This rarely reported metastable RM-R phase features a unique tunneled framework (1 × 2 edge-shared MnO6 octahedra) enabling reversible H+/Zn2+ (de)intercalation, though its traditional synthesis remains challenging due to thermodynamic instability. First-principles calculations reveal that RM-R possesses lower Zn2+ diffusion barriers (0.44 eV) than RM-β (0.99 eV), consistent with its superior Zn2+ storage performance. Moreover, the higher specific surface area enables the RM-R cathode with a battery-supercapacitor hybrid storage behavior, which delivers remarkable capacity (214.9 mA h g-1 at 0.1 A g-1) and long cycling stability (98% retention after 1000 cycles), outperforming most reported MnO2-based cathodes. This low-acid regeneration protocol (4 mL of HCl/1.85 g of waste) paves a sustainable way for closed-loop battery recycling and clarifies the structure-property relationships in metastable manganese oxides.

Metallized hollow-COF nanobowls with dual-mode ROS generation for cancer sonodynamic therapy.

Sonodynamic therapy (SDT) has emerged as an encouraging route in tumor treatment, due to its exceptional tissue penetration depth and favorable safety profile. Nevertheless, the clinical translation of conventional organic sonosensitizers is hindered by intrinsic limitations, including pronounced hydrophobicity, insufficient chemical stability, and low reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. In contrast, hollow covalent organic frameworks (HCOFs) exhibit exceptional cargo-loading capabilities, structural robustness, and biocompatibility, positioning them as ideal nanoplatforms for advanced therapeutic applications. Herein, we engineered a bowl-shaped HCOF architecture designed to amplify ultrasonic cavitation effects. This nanostructure was subsequently functionalized with the sonosensitizer (Hemin) and subjected to strategic metallization via metal ion incorporation, culminating in the development of a high-efficiency antitumor nanosystem (FeHHCA). FeHHCA can achieve dual-mode ROS generation, namely, sonodynamic synergistically generating 1O2 and being specifically activated by a tumor microenvironment (TME) to generate ˙OH through a Fenton-like reaction, achieving an 78.7% tumor inhibition rate in vivo. These findings offer innovative approaches and strategies for the design of hollow COFs and offer great potential for the application of SDT in cancer treatment.

High-energy and long-life O3-type layered cathode material for sodium-ion batteries

O3-type layered oxide for sodium-ion batteries have attracted significant attention owing to their low cost and high energy density. However, their applications are restricted by rapid capacity decay during long-term cycling, with uneven Na+ distribution and microcrack formation being key contributing factors. In this study, a customized reconstruction layer integrating a fast ion conductor NaCaPO4 coating with gradient Ca2+ doping is developed to enhance the surface chemical and mechanical stability of the layered cathodes. The gradient Ca2+ doped interphase facilitates uniform phase transformation within the particles, minimizes lattice mismatch, ensures even Na+ distribution, and mitigates microcrack formation through a pinning effect. Consequently, the optimized sample exhibits improved electrochemical performance and robust reliability under high-voltage conditions and a broad temperature range (−10 to 50 °C). The practical feasibility of a pouch-type full cell paired with a hard carbon anode is demonstrated by a high capacity retention of 82.9% after 300 cycles at 0.5 C. This scalable interface modification strategy provides valuable insights into the development of advanced oxide cathode materials for sodium-ion batteries.