Chemical Ingredients Research Articles

Study on the Screening of Anti-Osteoporosis Components in Processed Epimedium-Based on Spectrum-Effect Analysis.

Epimedium (EP) is a traditional Chinese medicine that has been used to treat osteoporosis for several years, but its mechanism of action is unclear. We used ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography coupled with triple-quadrupole mass spectrometry (UPLC-QQQ-MS/MS) to detect the components of raw and processed EP samples. The antioxidant activities of the various tested compounds were evaluated using 1,1-diphenyl-2-trinitrophenylhydrazine (DPPH), and their antiosteoporosis effects were assessed in H2O2-stimulated MC3T3 cells and zebrafish embryos. The correlation between the chemical ingredients and efficacy indicators was determined using Pearson correlation analysis. Furthermore, the efficacy of the active ingredients in treating osteoporosis was verified through the implementation of network pharmacology and the application of molecular docking techniques, providing a more comprehensive understanding of their therapeutic potential. The pharmacologically active ingredients were quercetin, Epimedium B, Baohuoside I, and anhydroicaritin-7-O-glucoside. Moreover, network pharmacology and molecular docking studies demonstrated that the four active components could have antiosteoporosis effects by influencing AKT1 and PTGS2. This study provides a basis for future research on the pharmacokinetics of EP and serves as a useful guide for further exploration of EP.

FRESH CLOTHES, HARD BREATHS: Laundry washing habits, Detergents, Softeners, and Impaired Respiratory Functions in Wheezy Children.

Early childhood wheezing may indicate asthma risk, making assessment of environmental triggers crucial. Recent research has identified potential effects of laundry product chemicals on airway epithelial barriers. To evaluate the relationship between the chemical contents and usage habits of household laundry products and pulmonary function in preschool children with recurrent wheezing and the effect of using soap-based detergent without additives on respiratory parameters measured by impulse oscillometry. This prospective case-control study enrolled 80 recently diagnosed wheezy children (CW) and 80 healthy children (HC) between August 2023-February 2024. Laundry habits and product chemical ingredients were recorded. Respiratory function was measured by impulse oscillometry (IOS), assessing airway resistance (zR5, zR20, R5-20) and reactance (zX5, zX20, Fres, AX). Softener use was higher in the CW group (p=0.011). Chemical analysis revealed significantly higher frequency of sodium laurylsulphate (SLS), nonionic active substances, cocoglicoside, methylsotilozlolinone, butylphenylmethylpropional, linolol, coumarin, and oxygen-based bleaching agents in detergents used by the CW group compared to HCs (p<0.05). Similarly, cationic active substances, coumarin, linolol, and benzisotizolinone were more prevalent in softeners used by CW families (p<0.05). The CW group exhibited higher resistance values (zR5, zR20, R5-20, Fres, AX) and lower zX5 compared to HC (p<0.05). Children using additive-free detergents showed lower airway resistance (zR5, zR20) (p<0.05), while those using soap-free products had higher resistance measurements (p<0.05). Wheezy children have greater exposure to laundry softener chemicals than healthy counterparts. Additive-containing products were associated with increased airway resistance, while soap-based detergents showed no detectable impact on respiratory function. These findings suggest a potential link between chemical laundry products and impaired respiratory function in preschool wheezy children.

Identification of chemical components and metabolites in rats after oral administration of Epimedium-Astragalus granule pair by liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry combined with diagnostic fragment ions and mass defect filtering.

Identification of chemical components and metabolites in rats after oral administration of Epimedium-Astragalus granule pair by liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry combined with diagnostic fragment ions and mass defect filtering.

The interplay of triphala and its constituents with respect to metabolic disorders and gut-microbiome.

The interplay of triphala and its constituents with respect to metabolic disorders and gut-microbiome.

Termicidal activities of Jatropha curcas and J. gossypiifolia (Physic nut) seeds against termites, workers and soldiers of Macrotermes subhyalinus L. (Blattodea: Termitidae)

The anti-termite potential of Jatropha curcas and J. gossypiifolia seed powders and extracts against termite (workers and soldiers) Macrotermes subhyalinus L. (Blattodea: Termitidae) was investigated under ambient laboratory conditions. Powders were tested at the rate of 2.5, 5, 7.5, 10, 12.5 and 15g and extracts were applied at a concentration of 2.5, 5, 7.5, 10, 12.5 and 15% v/v in n-hexane to samples of wood shavings. For each treatment including the control, there were four replications and twenty termites were released into each replicate in a completely randomised design. The results showed that the powders at the tested rates showed termite mortality ranging from 32.5 to 100%. J. curcas seed powder was the most potent against workers and soldiers of M. subhyalinus attaining a greater percentage mortality at 12.5g than J. gossypiifolia, comparable to the positive control (Chlorpyrifos granules), which caused 100% mortality of both soldiers and workers of M. subhyalinus. At 5g application, J. curcas caused 42.5 and 37.5% mortality of worker and soldier termites after 24h of exposure respectively, while J. gossypiifolia evoked 37.5 and 32.5% mortality of worker and soldier termites after 24h of exposure respectively. The n-hexane seed extract of both J. curcas and J. gossypiifolia at 7.5 and 15% concentration, caused 100% mortality of worker and soldier termites after 72h of exposure comparable to the positive control (synthetic chemical insecticide), Chlorpyrifos granules. The results of the J. curcas and J. gossypiifolia seed powders and extracts showed that the plants were effective in preventing termite infestation. Further study is recommended for the characterization and isolation of the chemical ingredients responsible for the insecticidal activity of the seed powders and extracts.

Potential of Analgesic and Anti Inflammatory Activity of Withania somnifera Linn. Leaves

Medicinal plants to prevent and treat illnesses have been a part of herbal medicine for thousands of years. This study aimed to test the pain-relieving and inflammation-reducing effects of Withania somnifera (genus: Withania, family: Solanaceae) leaf extract using well-known rat models. Research on Withania somnifera has demonstrated that its active ingredients confer analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties. Withanolide, one of the plant's primary active chemical ingredients, drives its vast spectrum of biological activities. Numerous formulations for various illnesses, including cancer, neurological diseases, cardiovascular diseases, asthma, arthritis, dementia, hypertension, anxiety, and more, contain withanoides as a component. Significant polyphenolic chemicals found in the plant helped lessen the paw edema caused by carrageenan. The anti-inflammatory effect was assessed using the carrageenan-induced paw edema model.On the other hand, we determined the analgesic efficacy using the tail-flick method and the acetic acid-induced writhing test. The 600 mg/kg and 900 mg/kg dosages had statistically significant anti-inflammatory effects (p &lt; 0.05). In pain relief studies, a dose of 900 mg/kg showed a significant reduction in pain (p&lt;0.05) based on the writhing test, meaning it reduced pain by 10.66%. However, the analgesic effects of the 900 mg/kg dosage were statistically significant (p&lt;0.05). The primary bioactive chemicals found in the plant are withanolides A, withaferin A, withasomniferin A, withasomnidienone, withasomnierose A-C, and withanone, among others. The results support the traditional use of Withania somnifera in pain and inflammation treatment and are consistent with previous studies.

Integrating thermal proteome profiling and virtual screening to reveal the mechanism of Bletilla striata against osteoclast-driven osteoporosis.

Integrating thermal proteome profiling and virtual screening to reveal the mechanism of Bletilla striata against osteoclast-driven osteoporosis.

BAOXIN granules reverse ferroptosis through the solute carrier family 7 member -glutathione-glutathione peroxidase 4 axis in ischemia-induced heart failure in rats.

BAOXIN granules reverse ferroptosis through the solute carrier family 7 member -glutathione-glutathione peroxidase 4 axis in ischemia-induced heart failure in rats.

Pickering emulsions. Prospects of use in mayonnaise production

Mayonnaise and mayonnaise sauces are food water-fat emulsions of the direct "oil-in-water" type. To create a stable structure in such an emulsion system, consisting of two immiscible liquids, emulsifiers are used - surface-active substances with an amphiphilic structure, which form a kind of barrier layer between water and droplets of the fat phase, preventing coalescence and stratification. The trend towards reducing the use of chemical ingredients in mayonnaise products that pose a potential risk to consumer health, replacing them with natural analogues and the growing demand for egg-free mayonnaise sauces require the integration of advanced technologies into mayonnaise production. The latter should contribute to the production of high quality and safe mayonnaise products characterised by physical and chemical stability. The analysis of recent publications showed that the issue of creating stable mayonnaise products has received considerable attention. A large number of egg substitutes and egg products have been proposed in the formulation of mayonnaise sauces, and recipes with natural antioxidants have been developed. However, the production of innovative mayonnaise products is based on traditional processes to form stable emulsions using surfactants. The study of the processes of manufacturing Pickering mayonnaise emulsions using solid emulsifiers is relevant; the study of the properties and methods of modifying emulsifiers, as well as the features of their use and safety of application in food production. The material presented in the article is a review. They provide an analysis of current approaches to the production of new types of mayonnaise products, details on aspects of the formation of Pickering mayonnaise emulsions with emulsifiers of different types, as well as the properties, modification methods and conditions for their use. Pickering emulsifiers can be natural biopolymers: modified starch granules, microcrystalline cellulose, chitin nanocrystals, etc. In the production of Pickering mayonnaise emulsions, environmental friendliness and resource-saving technologies are implemented by using waste and by-products from the production of vegetable raw materials (apple, olive pomace, etc.). The latter contain beneficial nutrients, dietary fibre and antioxidants (polyphenols, flavonoids) which provide clear health benefits to consumers.

AN OVERVIEW OF THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION, BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES AND TRADITIONAL USES OF GENUS ALKANNA TAUSCH

Objective: This study summarizes some scientific studies conducted on the chemical contents and biological activities of the Alkanna genus, which is thought to be medically important and has various traditional uses among the public. Result and Discussion: Alkanna spp. have been used among the public since ancient times for the treatment of dermatological disorders, jaundice, kidney stones and for its wound healing, antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antiseptic and astringent effects. It has been observed that there are important biological activity studies on the chemical contents and active ingredients of Alkanna spp. and effective results have been obtained. According to the literatüre data, the Alkanna spp. may be an important candidate for drug development potential in the future.

Identification of Phytochemicals and RNA-Seq Combined in Silico Analysis of Active Compounds and Lung Cancer Related Targets of Cuscuta chinensis Lam

Objectives Cuscuta chinensis Lam.(C. chinensis) is a common medicinal plant, rich in bioactive compounds. However, the anti-lung cancer active compounds of C. chinensis, and related molecular mechanisms are not clear yet. Methods The peaks of CLW in the fingerprinting were analyzed using LC/MS/QTOF. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents of CLW were evaluated utilizing Foline-Ciocalteu colorimetric and aluminum chloride assay. Cytotoxicity assay was performed for cell viability in vitro. Gene expression profiles were determined using RNA-seq analysis. The active compounds and potential targets were screened in silico. A herb-comound-target-disease network was constructed to prediction of key targets. Docking analysis of the active compounds with key targets were analyzed using Autodock Vina 1.1.2. Toxicity assessment was conducted using ToxTree v3.1.0. Results 32 peaks in fingerprinting of CLW were tentatively identified, and the main chemical ingredients of CLW were predicted as flavonoids, glycosidic acids, lignans, phenylpropanoids, phenolic acids and resin glycosides, and further quantified its phenolics and flavonoids. CLW inhibited viability of LLC cells in a time and dose dependent manner. Moreover, RNA-seq analysis revealed 79 genes expression were significantly altered in LLC cells under CLW treatment. In addition, Gene Ontology biological processes (GOBP) analysis suggested that these genes are significantly associated with regulation of protein function and cell proliferation. Furthermore, in silico screening results identified 33 active compounds in C. chinensis. Besides, a RNA-seq analysis combined with network pharmacology effectively identified 8 chemical compounds highly related to Bone morphogenetic protein 1 (BMP1), Cyclin C (CCNC) and Heat shock protein 90β1 (HSP90B1) in lung cancer. Finally, molecular docking results and toxicity assessment demonstrated that medioresinol, (-)-pinoresinol, gitoxigenin and n-trans-feruloyltyramine shows a strong binding affinity with BMP1B, CCNC and HSP90B1, and were potential non-toxic. Conclusions This results suggesting that C. chinensis may provides a new promising lead compounds for lung cancer treatment.

Exploring the Active Ingredients and Core Targets of Erxia Decoction in the Treatment of Sleep Disorder by Integration of Network Pharmacology and Proteomics.

For clarifying the "multi genes and multi targets" characteristic of the treatment of Erxia Decoction (EXD), the aim of this study was to employ network pharmacology technology to perform cluster analysis on selected EXD targets. EXD, a famous Chinese herbal prescription, consisting of Pinelliae Rhizoma (PR) and Prunellae Spica (PS), was mainly used to treat sleep disorder (SLD). Using network pharmacology combined with proteomics to find out the main active components and core targets of EXD in the treatment of SLD. By constructing the network of drug-component-target, the key protein targets of EXD for the treatment of SLD were screened. Then the interaction of the main active components of EXD and predicted candidate targets were verified. Then the proteomic analysis was used to screen the core targets in BV2 cells treated with EXD or the chemical ingredients, and the expression level was validated by Western blotting. Finally, molecular docking was used to further evaluate the mechanism of the action of the main ingredients and the core targets. The 24 components of EXD mainly participate in the SLD treatment process by acting on 15 important key genes, and the core signal pathways were identified in the process of the action of EXD in treating SLD. Four key ingredients and five core targets were revealed from the results of network pharmacological analysis combination with proteomics, and then the AKT1 protein as a key target was validated by PCR and Western blotting. This study preliminarily revealed EXD, morin (MOR) and quercetin (QUE) mainly inhibited the AKT1 core targets for the treatment of SLD using the network pharmacological analysis, proteomics, Western blotting, and molecular docking. The results elucidated partly the molecular mechanism and provided clues and a basis for further research.

Fabricating Natural Polymeric Encapsules for Pest Control Uploaded with 1,8-Cineole Extracted from Eucalypt Ecotypes' Leaves Using Innovative Microwave Tool.

This research explores the potential of green encapsules uploaded with eucalypt essential oil (EEOs) in enhancing their functionality and application in pest control, focusing on suitable ecotype selection from King Abdulaziz University (KAU) campus, Hada Al-Sham (HAS) village, and Briman district as well as optimizing extraction processes. Eucalypt hybrids' leaves were collected from three different sites, and the EEOs were extracted using microwave-assisted steam distillation (MASD) and electric steam distillation (ESD) techniques. The physical and chemical properties of the EEO were determined. The identification of volatile chemical ingredients in the resulting EEOs was conducted using GC/MS after saponification and methylation procedures, and the ingredients were compared to those obtained from Eucalyptus globulus Labill, the ideal species containing the 1,8-cineol, the principal compound in its essential oil. The 1,8-cineole was found to be the major chemical constituent of the EEOs all over the two extraction methods, regardless of the ecotypes examined, and was interfered with other minor components such as 3-carene, α-pinene, α-myrcene, D-limonene, and α-terpinene. Eucalypt ecotypes grown at Hada Al-Sham village had the highest cineole content (59.29%) among the other sites studied. Compared to the ESD technique, MASD showed much promise because it is simple, facile, more ecofriendly and cost-effective, it kept oils true to their original form, and it allows to warm larger machines and spaces. The polymeric encapsules of either guar gum crosslinked by borax or sodium alginate crosslinked by calcium chloride were fabricated. Moreover, a bioassay screening of the encapsules uploaded with 1,8-cineole was evaluated against termite infection. The encapsules were found to be versatile tools with a wide range of applications; in particular, the alginate encapsules displayed superior characteristics. Furthermore, regardless of the encapsule type and the exposure duration, the mortality (%) of the insects was exceeded significantly for the high cineol concentrations compared to the lower ones for both alginate-based encapsules (ABEs) and guar gum-based encapsules (GGBEs). The higher the cineol concentrations, the higher the mortality percent of the termites. This finding can be attributed to the rapid toxic effect of the cineol compound at higher concentrations.

Evaluation of antibacterial activity and chemical analysis of clove aqueous extract (Syzygium aromaticum)

Clove (Syzgium aromaticum) is an aromatic historic spice from the Myrtaceae family. The clove’s major chemical ingredients are essential oils.Cloves have long been utilized in both traditional and modern medicine. The Myrtaceae family’s clove bud (Syzygium aromaticum) is regarded as one of the most efficient and important antibacterial natural herbs.The aim of the present study was to evaluate the antibacterial properties of clove aqueous extracts (Syzygium aromaticum) and its chemical characterization. To verify the nature of the antibacterial agent (s) of clove.Clove aqueous extract was evaluated for antibacterial activity in vitro against 10 Gram-positive and Gram-negative standard organisms using well diffusion method, Campylobacter coli (C. coli): ATCC:43478, ATCC: Enterobacter aerogenes (E. aerogenes): ATCC: 13048, Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis): ATCC: 29212, Escherichia coli (E. coli): ATCC: 25922. Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae): ATCC: 700603, Listeria monocytogenes (L. monocytogenes): ATCC 35152, Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa): ATCC: 27853, Shigella sonnei (S. sonnei): ATCC12022, Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus): ATCC: 29213, and Staphylococcus Methicillin Resistant MRSA: ATCC: 2359.Clove ethyl acetate extract was subjected to Gas chromatography-Mass spectrometer GC–MS for chemical characterization.Clove aqueous extract exerted a potent antimicrobial activity against the 10 standard organisms.Substantial broad spectrum antibacterial activity was reported in clove aqueous extract against 10 common Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. E. coli and K. pneumoniae were found to be the most sensitive bacteria to the clove aqueous extract. Clove’s chemical makeup was identified using GC–MS. 58 different chemicals in total were found. Eugenol has the highest concentration (53.24).

Current Review on Ethnopharmacological Approach on Medicinal Value of Cordia macleodii as a Traditional Herb of Importance

Background The medicinal properties of plants and plant derivatives have led to their long-term use in medicine. Objectives The present review article was drafted to discuss the traditional importance of Cordia macleodii and its different therapeutic uses. Methodology The following keywords were used to search the online databases: C. macleodii , ethnopharmacological approach, traditional applications, medicinal herb; Scopus, Web of Science, and PubMed. Consequently, this review set out to compile a narrative review on phytochemistry and the recent advancement of the targeted plant species. Results This article covers the following topics: toxicity, ethnobotanical and medicinal uses, potential biological activity and applications, phytochemical components, and geographical sources. There are several bioactive components in C. macleodii , and different parts make it a powerful herbal medicinal plant. These include terpenoids, glycosides, phenols, tannins, saponins, steroids, volatile oils, amino acids, alkaloids, and resins. The botanical description of the plant was discussed, including macroscopic and microscopic characters. Although little is known, C. macleodii may offer health and therapeutic benefits. It has several beneficial effects, including reducing inflammation and pain, protecting the liver, speeding wound healing, lowering blood pressure, and protecting against oxidative stress. Conclusion This comprehensive review screens all valuable parts’ primary chemical ingredients and their pharmacological activity to help pharma companies develop new medicine formulations.

New rubber in seismic and vibration systems for insulating building structures against natural and technogeneous dynamic impact

Abstract In the article, the important aspects of improving the rubber, developed previously by M.S. Poliakov Institute of Geotechnical Mechanics, by using new chemical ingredients are considered. Of our rubber, rubber-metal elements were made and used under static and dynamic loads for over fifty years. Owing to the obtained experimental information, new optimal variant was chosen for the rubber formulation, which provides sufficient stability of the rubber and its resistance to aging. This composition of the rubber was patented in Ukraine. Further, the results of long-term tests of rubber elements in the radiation field of hard γ-radiation are presented in the paper. It is for the first time, when an important regularity is stated: aging-resistant rubber is also resistant to the action of γ-radiation, which indicates the similarity of the mechanisms of structural changes in the material.

Matairesinol discovered as a key active ingredient in Chinese dark tea protects against high-fat induced endothelial injury via activating AMPK phosphorylation.

Matairesinol discovered as a key active ingredient in Chinese dark tea protects against high-fat induced endothelial injury via activating AMPK phosphorylation.

ANALYSIS PARACETAMOL IN "JAMU PEGAL LINU" POWDER

The addition of BKO (Chemical Drug Ingredients) to traditional medicines is no longer commonplace. This condition is raises serious health concerns if it is allowed to continue because it can cause damage to body organs, especially liver damage. The purpose of this study was to test whether traditional medicines (“jamu pegal linu”) sold at Pasar Tingkat Lamongan contain paracetamol or not. This is because this type of traditional medicine is widely sold in this market and has never been tested for the presence of BKO. The traditional medicine samples studied have criteria that are not listed the composition of the ingredients. The test for the presence of BKO (paracetamol) uses two methods, namely the color test by reacting with iron (III) chloride reagent and the TLC test. The results of the study showed that 1 out of 4 samples studied contained paracetamol. For further research related to the TLC test for the presence of paracetamol in traditional medicines, it is better not to use only one type of eluent comparison

In Vitro Evaluation of the Antimicrobial Properties of Natural Toothpastes Containing Silver, Citrus, and Cranberry Extracts Against Oral Pathogenic Microorganisms

Natural toothpastes were introduced to limit the use of chemical ingredients commonly found in conventional toothpastes. The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the antimicrobial properties of three developed natural toothpastes containing different antimicrobial agents: (a) Biosecur Organic Oral Care (BOOC), (b) Microsilver BG, and (c) Cranberry LG. These toothpastes were compared with a natural toothpaste of the same composition but without any added natural antimicrobial agent (negative control), as well as with a commercial synthetic toothpaste (positive control). The antimicrobial properties of the toothpastes were assessed using the disc diffusion test against three oral pathogens: Candida albicans, Streptococcus mutans, and Prevotella intermedia. Each tested toothpaste sample was placed in Petri dishes, where specific microorganisms selected for the study were cultivated. After incubation, the circular area formed around the discs (diameter), known as the inhibition zone, was measured demonstrating the inhibitory effect of the product on the microorganisms used in the efficacy test. All the experimental toothpastes exhibited higher antimicrobial properties compared to the negative control group, except for Streptococcus mutans, where only BOOC-containing toothpaste presented significant higher inhibition zones (p &lt; 0.001). Considering the outcomes of the antimicrobial property test, the most effective natural experimental toothpaste was the BOOC-containing one, which showed better antimicrobial behavior even from the commercially available synthetic toothpaste (positive control). The tested natural antimicrobial agents were effective for enhancing the antimicrobial properties of the experimental toothpastes that were included, especially Biosecur Organic Oral Care agent.

Activity of Ethanol Extract and Fraction Products Leaves Manilkara kauki as Inhibitors Tyrosinase Enzyme

Currently, cosmetics made from chemical (synthetic) ingredients are in demand by the public because they can whiten the skin by inhibiting the formation of melanin, but the lack of public knowledge about the impact of excessive use has encouraged the need for natural ingredients as tyrosinase inhibitors that are safer than synthetic ingredients. This study aims to test the potential of secondary metabolite compounds in M. kauki leaves as inhibitors of tyrosinase enzyme activity by determining the IC50 value. This assay utilizes L-tyrosine and arbutin as positive control substrates, with UV-Vis spectrophotometric absorption measurements taken at a wavelength of 470 nm. The findings revealed that the buthanol fraction exhibited the highest tyrosinase enzyme inhibition, with an IC50 of 189,72 μg/mL. This was followed by the ethanol extract with an IC50 of 191,97 μg/mL, the hexane fraction at 381.50 μg/mL, and the ethyl acetate extract with an IC50 of 448.986 μg/mL. All samples displayed strong inhibitory activity, outperforming arbutin as a positive control, which had an IC50 value of 831.51 μg/mL.