Chemical Content Research Articles

Impact of Sisal Fiber Reinforcement on the Mechanical and Physical Properties of One-Part Geopolymer Mortar with a Ternary Binder System

This study investigates the influence of chemical treatment and fiber content on the mechanical and durability properties of sisal fiber-reinforced one-part geopolymer mortar (OP-GPM) incorporating a ternary binder system of diatomite, feldspar, and ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS). Sisal fibers were treated with 0.5%, 5%, and 10% NaOH solutions for 2 and 24 h and incorporated at 0.5–2% by binder weight. The workability, compressive strength (CS), flexural strength (FS), split tensile strength (STS), ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV), water absorption, and chemical resistance were evaluated. Optimal performance was achieved with 1% fiber content and fibers treated with 5% NaOH for 2 h, leading to a 15% increase in CS (54 MPa) and notable improvements in FS (8.62 MPa) and STS (5.88 MPa). Alkali treatment significantly enhanced fiber crystallinity and tensile strength, with a 208% reduction in fiber water absorption. However, excessive fiber content (>1%) reduced workability and mechanical performance. Regression analysis showed strong correlations between the strength properties. The study confirms that properly treated sisal fibers improve the mechanical and durability performance of OP-GPM, offering a sustainable alternative to conventional reinforcement in geopolymer composites.

Light-triggered delivery enables brainwide mapping of intragastric glucose sensory dynamics.

Light-triggered delivery enables brainwide mapping of intragastric glucose sensory dynamics.

Linking basic principles of solution chemistry to kidney stone formation timelines

Kidney stone formation remains enigmatic, largely because of its multifactorial nature, and because assessment is by necessity based mostly on a posteriori analysis and/or on specific analyses (e.g., prescribed components found in urine) that focus on particular conditions. Here, we offer a different perspective to assess overall aspects of stone formation, delineating a method to calculate minimum times of stone formation as a function of stone type (calcium oxalate, calcium phosphate, and uric acid) and size (up to 10 mm), in the form of the pure mass of the stone, without consideration of actual formation or aggregation causes or processes. The calculations thus represent characteristic measures that delineate limits on times required to form specific stone volumes as a function of chemical content and mass. The times to form each stone type and specific size vary considerably, ranging from days to years. A key factor is the amount of the “building block” material in urine that actually contributes to stone formation, i.e., the % yield from solution to solid phase. In some cases, unrealistically high yields (e.g., 5–10%) are required to form a stone with a specified size, type, and time; this indicates that other factors – at least some of which can be deduced from the analysis – play key roles in stone formation. This information thus provides estimates that constrain assessments of stone formation mechanisms and interpretation of clinical findings.

Dual-Crosslinked Betaine-Based Amphiphilic Hydrogel as a Promising Vitreous Substitute: Anti-Adhesion, Anti-Fouling, and Anti-Cell Proliferation.

Developing an ideal vitreous substitute remains a significant challenge in ophthalmic surgery. This study introduces a novel dual-crosslinked betaine-based amphiphilic polymer hydrogel (BAPHs) synthesized via in situ free radical copolymerization. The resulting BAPHs exhibit tunable viscoelasticity, intrinsic self-healing property, injectability, stable micromorphology, and optical transparency, all modifiable by adjusting the chemical cross-linker content. When tested in a vitrectomized rabbit model, the BAPHs demonstrated optimal optical properties, mechanical stability, and promising biocompatibility. These results suggest that the BAPHs offer a transformative approach to vitreous substitution, with the potential to overcome the limitations of current clinical materials, offering both structural and functional benefits.

Groundwater Characteristics in Nickel Laterite Deposits in the Pomalaa Region, Kolaka Regency, Southeast Sulawesi Insights from Resistivity, Pumping Test, and Water Chemistry

This study describes the groundwater characteristics including aquifer layer identification, hydraulic parameters, and water chemistry in nickel laterite deposits. The research area is located in Pomalaa, Southeast Sulawesi that is covered by ultramafic rocks. Electrical Resistivity Tomography was used to interpret subsurface layers into schematic laterite profile and hydrostratigraphic unit, correlated with borehole drilling data. Electrical Resistivity Tomography uses resistivity value as a physical property response to differentiate rock types. Moreover, the direction of groundwater flow was determined through groundwater level mapping in 38 observed wells. Pumping test is conducted to obtain hydraulic conductivity and transmissivity of the identified aquifer, while groundwater sample is also taken to be tested for chemical content identification. The resistivity data processing identified that limonite zone has 144–604 ohm.m as aquitard, saprolite has 5–144 ohm.m as aquifer, and bedrock (ultramafic rock) has 144 – 1200 ohm.m as aquifuge. The saprolite layer is at a depth of 14,18–36 m and has good porosity and permeability. The groundwater flow direction is illustrated towards the north of the study area. The aquifer potential can indeed supply water needs locally based on the hydraulic conductivity and transmissivity value of the aquifer. However, the groundwater quality index calculation shows that the groundwater in the study area has poor quality (groundwater quality index value 63,7), thus requiring water treatment to be utilized by the community. In summary, Electrical Resistivity Tomography is an effective tool for categorizing aquifer and non-aquifer layers in nickel laterite deposits, combined with flow analysis, pumping tests, and chemical analysis for groundwater characterization.

Effect of Soaking Duration of Mucuna prurian Seeds on Chemical Composition Changes

This study is conducted to evaluate how different durations of soaking influence the levels of hydrogen cyanide (HCN), tannins, phenolic compounds, and soluble proteins present in fresh Mucuna pruriens seeds. The study was carried out on December 13, 2024 – December 27, 2024. This study involved four different treatment levels, each repeated four times: P0 (no immersion), P1 (submerged for 48 hours), P2 (submerged for 96 hours), and P3 (submerged for 144 hours).Then treated Mucuna prurian seeds were tested for the contents of cyanide, tannins, phenolics and soluble proteins. The data obtained were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and continued with Duncan’s Multiple Range Test if there was a significant effect. The results showed that soaking Mucuna prurian had a significant effect (P<0,05) on the content of cyanide, tannins, phenolics and soluble proteins. The conclusion of this research is soaking Mucuna prurian seed of 96 hours would reduce the chemical content recognized as antinutritional factors that inhibit digestibility of nutrients, so it might improve broiler if Mucuna prurian seed would be used as feed ingredient.

Research on interdisciplinary issues of artificial intelligence medical devices

In recent years, the research on artificial intelligence medical devices has risen markedly along with the expanding application scenarios, exhibiting prominent interdisciplinary characteristics. From 2000 to 2024, the variety of research in artificial intelligence medical devices has significantly increased, while the balance of disciplines has slightly declined, and Simpson's diversity index has continuously increased. Medicine and biology are the main research themes and supportive disciplines in this field. Knowledge from computer science, engineering technology, and mathematics is widely involved and shows an upward trend, while content from the humanities and social sciences is less involved in the research. Compared to the United States and the United Kingdom, China has relatively less biological and chemical knowledge content in the research of this field, but more content related to computer science, engineering technology and material science is involved. This study analyzes the current state and trends of interdisciplinary on artificial intelligence medical devices from the perspective of macro-categories of disciplines, aiming to provide references for research planning, talent training and interdisciplinary cooperation in the field.

Potential of baroma rice as anti-cancer food candidate via cell cycle arrest and apoptosis

Cancer is a condition where the body's cells continue to divide without control. Often, this cancer is detected when it has entered an advanced stage, making it difficult to treat. Rice is a staple food widely used by more than half of Indonesia's population. The position of rice, which is a staple food, can be used as a prospective treatment to overcome the increasing number of cancer cases, especially in cases of colon cancer. Rice is reported to have many beneficial chemical contents. In cytotoxicity testing using WiDr colon cancer cells, the IC50 of the ethanolic extract of baroma rice is 316.01µg/ml. Stovetop cooked baroma rice showed an IC50 value of 672 µg/ml, while magic com cooked rice showed an IC50 value of 1232 µg/ml. Raw and stove-cooked baroma rice extracts are not strong enough to trigger apoptosis in cancer cells and can arrest the cell cycle at the G1 stage. This research shows that baroma rice extract has cytotoxic properties against WiDr colon cancer cells and various other evidence regarding the advantages of baroma rice. It is hoped that this rice can become a food that can prevent colon cancer.

Comprehensive UHPLC-MS/MS and GC-MS Metabolite Profiling and Anti-Inflammatory Effect of the Ethanol Extract and Essential Oil of Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Staph Grown in Aceh, Indonesia.

In this study, a comprehensive chemical profiling of Cymbopogon citratus metabolites grown in Aceh, Indonesia, was performed by UHPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS on its 80% ethanol extract, and GC-MS on its hydrodistilled essential oil. The samples were also investigated for their anti-inflammatory activity through bovine serum albumin (BSA) protein denaturation inhibition and human red blood cell (HRBC) membrane stabilization techniques. LC-MS/MS analysis of the extract putatively identified 54 compounds, represented by 23 phenolic compounds (flavonoids, flavonoid glycosides, lignans, anthraquinone glycosides, coumarins, and a phenolic acid), 7 carboxylic acids and esters, 7 carbohydrates, 5 amino acids, 5 lipids, 2 steroids, 2 lactones, 2 alkaloids, and 1 monoterpenoid. GC-MS analysis of the essential oil indicated it was mainly made up of monoterpenoids with neral (25.89%) and geranial (49.97%) as the major compounds. The chemical contents identified in the extract and essential oil of the plant grown in Aceh were qualitatively and quantitatively different from samples reported elsewhere. Both extract and essential oil exhibited anti-inflammatory activity by stabilizing the HRBC membrane against hypotonicity-induced hemolysis and inhibited the BSA protein denaturation in a concentration-dependent manner. The anti-inflammatory activity of C. citratus was attributed mainly to the presence of bioactive compounds especially phenolic compounds and monoterpenoids.

MINERALOGICAL ANALYSIS AND PHYSICO-CHEMICAL CHARACTERISATION OF THE MIZAB BARYTE DEPOSIT, AIN MIMOUN–KHENCHELA (NE ALGERIA)

he Ain Mimoun baryte deposit is a vein complex located on the northern flank of the Khenchela anticline, the last link of the Aurès mountain chain to the east. It is sheltered in geological formations of Aptian-Albian age, with various lithological natures (limestones, dolomitic limestones, dolomites, sandstones, marly limestones and marls). The deposit contains important reserves, the majority of which are utilised for oil drilling. The valorisation of baryte offers a significant gain for the ENOF mining company by enabling a high-quality concentrate. This methodology makes it possible to diversify the uses of this substance as well as satisfy the company's customers. The main aim of this study is to characterise the ore from a mineralogical and physico-chemical point of view, highlighting the applications of different qualitative and quantitative analytical techniques (X-ray diffraction, X-ray fluorescence spectrometry, infrared spectrophotometry). The petro-mineralogical analysis reveals the presence of a baryte closely associated with a rich and diverse mineralogical assemblage. It is derived from a hydrothermal mineralising fluid deposited under well-defined geochemical conditions. This substance is expressed in two main aspects: one lamellar, prismatic, friable, and clearly pure; the other massively fibro-radiated, less preponderant, and less pure. The physicochemical analytical protocol highlights the relationships between the different mineralogical phases, particle size distributions, and the evolution of chemical contents, making it possible to identify a release mesh. This study enables us to propose flotation as the most appropriate treatment method for enriching the ore while eliminating individual chemicals and harmful products from both economic and environmental perspectives.

Theoretical Study on Impact of Chemical Composition and Water Content on Mechanical Properties of Stratlingite Mineral

Stratlingite is known as one of the hydration products of aluminum-rich cements. Its microstructure and, consequently, mechanical properties, depend on the Al/Si ratio and hydration conditions. The layered structure of stratlingite is characterized as defected, with vacancies in the aluminosilicate layer. This study uses density functional theory calculations on different stratlingite models to show how chemical composition, water content, and structural defects affect its mechanical properties. The developed models represent structures with full occupancy, with little or no content of structural water, and with vacancies in the aluminosilicate layer. It was shown that the full occupancy models have the highest toughness and are strongly anisotropic. The calculated bulk modulus (BH) of the models with full occupancy was about 40 GPa, being in the typical range for calcium aluminosilicate minerals. The water loss led to an increase in BH by approximately 40% compared to the models with full occupancy. In contrast, the models with vacancies exhibited a decrease in BH of about 30%. In models with the high silicon content (Al/Si ratio of 1/4), BH, Young’s (EH), and shear (GH) moduli decreased in a range 15%–30% compared to the models with an Al/Si ratio of 2/3 of Al/Si. Finally, according to Pugh’s ratio (BH/GH), which serves as a criterion for brittle–ductile transition (1.8), the models with full occupancy exhibit a brittle behavior, whereas the defected structures are closer to ductile. This could explain the elastic behavior of stratlingite binder in concretes. Generally, the calculations showed that all investigated parameters (chemical composition, water content, and structural defects) have a significant impact on the mechanical properties of stratlingite minerals.

Brunauer-Emmett-Teller, Fourier-transform infrared, and scanning-electron-microscope analysis of biochar from marine organic waste

Brunauer Emmet Teller (BET), Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) study are important methods for characterizing biochar produced from marine organic waste. Each technique provides insights into the physical and chemical structure of biochar, which are essential for understanding its properties and potential as a soil amendment. The purpose of characterizing biochar from marine organic waste by BET method is to specify the superficies point, pore size, and total pore volume of the biochar, FTIR to identify the characterization of organic compounds, and SEM to understand the microstructure of the biochar. BET test results indicate that biochar from marine organic waste has a superficies point of 6.213m²g<sup>-1</sup>, a pore size of 21.690Å, and Barrett–Joyner–Halenda (BJH) adsorption and desorption pore volumes of 0.040cc g<sup>-1</sup> and 0.035cc g<sup>-1</sup>, respectively. This biochar demonstrates a higher adsorption capacity. FTIR tests reveal that the functional groups and chemical content of the biochar from marine organic waste include six types of vibrations with different wavenumbers and % transmittance values. SEM analysis at various magnifications shows that the biochar from marine organic waste (MOW) has a complex pore structure. The characterization of biochar derived from MOW illustrates its potential as a cost-effective soil amendment and environmental remediation material. Its microstructure suggests long-term stability in soil, supporting carbon sequestration and improved soil health.

Study on chemical content and the antioxidant, antimicrobial and antibiofilm potential of Vincetoxicum hirundinaria seeds growing wild in Turkey

The genus Vincetoxicum belongs to the family Apocynaceae, known for its medicinal properties. This study focuses on fatty acid, amino acid, sterol, total phenolic, and total flavonoid contents; and antioxidant (by 2,-2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzthioazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS), Cupric ion reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC) tests), antimicrobial, and antibiofilm potential of Vincetoxicum hirundinaria seeds growing wild in Turkey. Chromatographic methods were used for chemical analyses. The most abundant fatty acids were linoleic, oleic, and palmitic acids (48.56%, 28.66%, and 10.15%, respectively). β-sitosterol was the major sterol (61.93%) and glutamic acid was the major amino acid (7463 mg/100 g) in seeds. The total phenolic and flavonoid contents were 12.7 ± 0.28 mg GAE/g seed and 2.55 ± 0.12 mg QE/g seed, respectively. The DPPH radical scavenging activity (0.83 ± 0.02 mM AAE/g seed), ABTS assay (3.61 ± 0.001 mM TE/g seed), and CUPRAC assay (23.8 ± 0.002 mM AAE/g seed) results were evaluated. The MIC values of the tested extract were ranging from 125 to 62.5 µg/mL. The results of the biofilm prevention study were determined as 40% and 37% at the concentrations of MIC/2 and MIC/4, respectively. The results of the biofilm eradication study were determined as 38%, 47%, and 52% at the concentrations of MIC/2, MIC, and 2XMIC, respectively. This is the first study on the seeds’ chemical content and antioxidant potential. The seeds can be viewed as a promising bio-resource for food, pharmaceutical, and biomedical industries due to their chemical, antioxidant, antimicrobial, and antibiofilm properties.

Identification of Chemical Components in Namo-Namo Fruit (Cynometra cauliflora L.) from Halmahera Island and its Potential as a Broiler Chicken Feed Addition

Background: To support the sustainability of the broiler industry, the presence of AGP alternatives is urgently needed. Several alternatives to AGP have been recommended, one of which is the use of plant extracts as feed additives. This study sought to ascertain the chemical content of the namo-namo fruit from Halmahera Island and its impact on the performance and carcass attributes of broiler chickens. Methods: The nutritional content, total phenol and flavonoid levels and antioxidant activity of the Namo-namo fruit extract were analyzed. The in vivo experiment involved 250 broiler chicks divided into five treatments: control (without namo-namo fruit extract); 0.25 ml, 0.50 ml, 0.75 ml and 1 ml/kg feed containing namo-namo fruit extract. Body weight and feed intake were measured every week and carcass and internal organ assessments were performed on day 35. Result: In comparison to the control group, the groups that received the namo-namo fruit extract showed significantly higher body weight gain, feed consumption and feed conversion (p less than 0.05). The broiler chickens’ internal organ weights and carcass percentages did not differ significantly (p greater than 0.05). Because it enhances performance without adversely impacting the features of the broiler carcass, it can be utilized as a feed additive for broiler chickens. The namo-namo fruit extract from Halmahera Island is found to contain phenols and flavonoids at 1.98 g/100 g and 2.01 g/100 g, respectively.

Development of Composite Materials by 3D Printing Method From Filaments Based on Polylactide and Modified Oat Husk

ABSTRACTThe rapid development of additive technologies facilitates rapid response to manufacturing needs, leading to dynamic new safe and sustainable materials. Eco‐friendly, rapidly renewable resources, with reinforcing properties, have attracted particular attention for study. Due to the high SiO2 content of plant wastes, the possibility of their chemical modification and their application as filler, the final composite material with filler can be characterized by high physical and mechanical properties. In this work, the possibility of printing a product on a 3D device by Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) method from a filament consisting of a composite material based on a biodegradable thermoplastic polymer (polylactide) and a filler (modified oat husk) was studied. The surface properties of the filler before and after modification, as well as the change of functional groups and percentage of chemical content, were studied. The filament was produced using the technological method of extrusion. Filaments (filament) were tensile tested, and from the samples with the best performance, laboratory samples were printed on a 3D printer for further bending and strength tests. The result of the work is the printing on a 3D device of filament products consisting of a highly filled PLA‐based composite material and a chemically modified filler with high physical and mechanical properties.

Measuring representational competence – analyses of dimensionality and the relationship to general content knowledge

ABSTRACT In chemistry, representational competence is crucial for effective problem-solving and learning. However, the relationship between representational competence and chemical content knowledge, continues to be a matter of discussion. To investigate the connection between representational competence and chemical content knowledge, we developed a new assessment tool known as the Chemical Representation Inventory: Translation, Interpretation, Construction (CRI:TIC), utilizing three lower-level representational skills identified by Kozma and Russell (1997, 2005). This article presents the evaluation of the CRI:TIC and discusses its implications for research in chemistry education and for educators. The instrument was administered to 185 first-year students in a preparatory university chemistry course. Utilizing multidimensional Rasch analysis, we examined the dimensionality of the lower-level representational skills. Based on the results, we suggest that, from a psychometric perspective, lower-level skills should be regarded as a unified construct. Nonetheless, from an educational standpoint, maintaining a conceptual distinction between these skills remains relevant. Further analysis linking the CRI:TIC data to results from a chemical content knowledge assessment indicates that representational competence and content knowledge should be treated as distinct constructs. Although we cannot draw causal conclusions regarding the relationship between these two constructs, our findings underscore the importance of developing students’ representational skills.

LITERATURE REVIEW: KAJIAN AKTIVITAS FARMAKOLOGI TUMBUHAN GALING (Cayratia trifolia L. Domin.) SEBAGAI AGEN IMUNOMODULATOR POTENSIAL

The existence of an optimal immune system for humans is very important to fight infectious diseases that enter the body, which is called body immunity. Weak immunity affects the ability to fight various disease pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, functions, protozoa, and parasites that cause immunodeficiency conditions. Weak immune system function can be improved by administering immunomodulatory agents with immunostimulatory action. One of the plants with potential as an immunomodulator is galing (Cayratia trifolia L.). based on empirical studies and scientific studies of its biology and chemical content. This review aims to provide information on scientific data on various pharmacological activities of galing plants that support development as potential immunomodulatory agents in immunodeficiency diseases. In this review, primary data was collected online, in the form of national and international journals. The results of studies obtained from several journals and other sources can reveal the immunomodulatory potential of galing with flavonoids that have the ability to improve the immune system and alkaloid compounds that are immunostimulating, so they have the potential to be developed as natural immunomodulatory agents.

TRIBOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF HVOF-SPRAYED COLMONOY 88 COATING ON SS 409

Surface deterioration at high temperatures shortens the engineering component’s life. Ni-based coatings are widely used for modifying surfaces due to their strong bonding and high-temperature wear resistance. SS 409 and HVOF-sprayed Colmonoy 88 coatings on substrate were tested for erosion wear utilizing a high-temperature air-jet erosion tester. The erosion tests were carried out at the striking velocity (110, 120, and 130[Formula: see text]m/s), incidence angle (30∘, 60∘, and 90∘), feed rate (2, 4, and 6[Formula: see text]g/min) and time duration (5, 10, 15, and 20[Formula: see text]min) at 400∘C. Fly ash with particle sizes ranging from 75[Formula: see text] [Formula: see text]m to 108[Formula: see text] [Formula: see text]m was used in the studies as the erodent. The erosion performance of coatings was found to be increased with an increase in the value of the velocity, feed rate, and time duration. The experimental results revealed that the maximum wear of SS 409 steel was observed at an impingement angle of 30∘ whereas 60∘ for Colmonoy 88 coatings in fly ash conditions. The erosion behavior of SS 409 and Colmonoy 88 coating exhibits ductile and mixed modes, respectively. Colmonoy 88 enhanced the microhardness of SS 409 about three times in respect to resistance to wear in fly ash particle erosion on SS 409. Coated samples were more erosion-resistant than bare steel, which might prevent component failure and extend life. The characterization of the surface morphology and chemical content was studied for both the coated and untreated samples using optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and EDX elemental analysis.

Meat quality of turkeys after reproductive period depending on genotype and sex.

With the increasing demand for animal protein, and poultry meat being the most consumed meat in the world, it was decided to perform a genotype- and gender-specific analysis of turkey meat quality. The study was conducted on 48 breast and 48 leg muscles of the two leading genotypes of reproductive turkeys B.U.T. 6 and Hybrid Converter (12 females and 12 males each) after reproductive period. Physicochemical analysis (acidity, electroconductivity, thermal leakage, color L*,a*,b*), basic chemical composition (protein, collagen, water, fat), and micro- and macronutrient content of pectoral muscle and leg muscle were performed. In addition, texture and structure analysis of the pectoralis major muscle was performed. Hybrid Converter's pectoral muscles had significantly (P < 0.05) higher fat, water, and iron content compared to B.U.T. 6 pectoral muscles. In comparison, the leg muscles of Hybrid Converter turkeys had a higher content of fat, collagen, sodium and phosphorus, and a lower content of protein, manganese and calcium compared to the analyzed features of the leg muscles of B.U.T. 6. Higher acidity (pH24) of pectoral and leg muscles and electro conductivity and horizontal fiber diameter of pectoral muscles were shown in B.U.T. 6 turkeys, while electrical conductivity and yellowness (b*) of leg muscles were higher in Hybrid Converter turkeys. In contrast, the pectoral muscles of males were characterized by significantly (P < 0.05) higher pH levels, protein and copper content, and lower water, collagen, potassium, phosphorus, sodium, calcium, thermal loss, and the parameter L*and a*. In contrast, the leg muscles of males were characterized by lower water, collagen, potassium, phosphorus, sodium, calcium, zinc, thermal leakage, and the color parameters a*, b*, and higher fat, chromium, copper, pH, and electrical conductivity. The sex of the birds also affected the texture (Warner-Bratzler shear force, chewiness, gumminess, cohesiveness, sum of elastic moduli) and structure (fiber cross-sectional area, fiber perimeter, vertical fiber diameter, horizontal fiber diameter) characteristics which were higher in males with the exception of sum of elastic moduli. Based on the above information, it can be concluded that the genotype of turkeys largely affects the basic chemical composition, acidity reaction, electrical conductivity, and content of some micro and macro elements of pectoral and leg muscles. The texture, texture, color, and thermal leakage characteristics of the above muscles were not affected by genotype except by the color b* leg muscles and horizontal fiber diameter. On the other hand, a greater effect of gender was observed, especially on the analyzed texture and structure characteristics of the pectoral muscle.

Is transparency a good business strategy? Consumer preferences and willingness to pay for information about the chemical content of reused and recycled clothing

Is transparency a good business strategy? Consumer preferences and willingness to pay for information about the chemical content of reused and recycled clothing