Chemical Compounds In Plants Research Articles

PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING OF HALOPHYTIC PLANT SUAEDA NUDIFLORA (WILLD.)

The world is blessed with a great variety of natural vegetation, some of which are used as traditional medicine to cure various sicknesses and diseases. Phytochemicals are naturally occuring, biologically active chemical compounds in plants. Phytochemicals like carotenoids, flavanoids and polyphenols, they posses antioxidant activity and protect our cells against oxidative damage and reduce the risk of developing certain types of cancer. The majority of the active compounds are phenolic, vitamin C, vitamin E, tannins and carotenes. Coastal medicinal plants also engage in recreation to treat diabetes, particularly where most people have limited resources and do not have access to modern treatment. Halophytes are salt tolerant plant. Halophyte species which grow in a wide variety of saline habitats, from coastal sand dunes, salt marshes and mudflat to inland deserts, salt flats and steppes. Salt tolerance plants have more phytochemical and more antioxidant effect indicated that lot of literature. So in this way in my present study I have done phytochemical screening or preliminary phytochemical screening of halophyte Suaeda nudiflora.

Wastewater as a resource for pest control: An overview

Pests have a negative impact on the economy and the environment. There is an increased urgency for adequate pest control because many pests show high adaptation and climate change has created favorable circumstances for pests. For pest control, synthetic chemicals are used that are lethal to non-target organisms and are toxic to pollinators and aquatic invertebrates. Chemical compounds in plants and derivatives from lignocellulosic materials act against pests. The wastewater from lignocellulosic biomass is a potential source of new compounds with bactericidal, fungicidal, and pesticidal effects that have demonstrated inhibitory activity against plant pathogens. Fungicidal, nematicidal, insecticidal, larvicidal, and bactericidal activities have been proven. Inorganic and organic compounds, such as phenols, aldehydes, esters, and furanics, are the main ones identified. Due to the antimicrobial activity of wastewater, applying it to the soil can modify the composition and structure of key microbial communities. Deep research about richness, biodiversity, functionality, and microbials is needed. This review provides a comprehensive overview of wastewater types that have been applied and possible sources to obtain potential compounds for pest control. Moreover, associated active compounds, recovery techniques, and environmental impacts are reviewed.

Bioactive compounds in functional food and their role as therapeutics

Bioactive food ingredients are non-essential substances found in foods that can modulate one or more metabolic processes, resulting in enhanced health. Functional diets have attracted more critical than ever as an alternative to conventional treatments of many diseases. The medicinal potential of functional foods and nutraceuticals is due to some unique functional groups produced due to food metabolism and their molecular variants. Phytochemicals are biologically active, naturally occurring chemical compounds in plants with various biological properties and therapeutic benefits. While functional foods and natural bioactive compounds have been used as conventional medicines to treat chronic diseases for decades, recent scientific findings identify functional foods' health advantages and present their behavior's basic mechanisms. Phytochemicals have essential bioactive roles in the prevention and treatment of oxidative and inflammatory diseases. Plant-derived bioactive compounds can help suppress inflammation by inhibiting oxidative damage and communicating with the immune system. Many bioactive components are capable of binding to intestinal tract toxins or carcinogens. These bioactive peptides control Diet-related medical conditions such as obesity, cardiovascular diseases, and other metabolic diseases. Various bioactive compounds in common food and their therapeutic role is discussed in this review.Keywords: Functional food, phytochemicals, bioactive peptides, therapeutic effects.

Recording the Electrochemical Profile of Pueraria Leaves for Polyphyly Analysis

AbstractElectrochemical profiles of Pueraria bouffordii, P. montana var. lobata, P. montana var. montana, P. montana var. thomsonii, Haymondia wallichii, Teyleria stricta and Toxicopueraria yunnanensis were recorded from leaf tissue after different solvent extractions. The voltammetric data recorded after different solvent extractions can be derived as patterns for species identification. The electrochemical behavior of plant tissue contains its electrochemical active compounds profile. As the distribution of chemical compounds in plants is controlled by genes, these profiles can reflect differences at the genetic level between species. The dendrogram deduced from the electrochemical profile has been used for polyphyly analysis. The result suggests the Teyleria stricta showed very distant relationships with other species. P. montana var. lobata, P. montana var. montana and P. montana var. thomsonii showed a close relationship because they were varietas. Interestingly, H. wallichii showed a close infrageneric relationship within these species, which disagrees with other morphological studies. In addition, the result also provides insight into phylogenetic status of the regionally Toxicopueraria yunnanensis.

Characterization of the Electrochemical Profiles of Lycoris Seeds for Species Identification and Infrageneric Relationships

Electrochemical profiles of Lycors radiata, L. aurea, L. sprengeri, L. longituba and L. chinensis were recorded from the embryo tissue of seeds. Differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) measurements recorded after water/ethanol extraction using phosphate buffer/acetic buffer may be used to develop patterns for species identification. The voltammetric measurements of the embryo tissue contain the electrochemical active compound profile belong to the species. As the distribution of chemical compounds in plants is controlled by genes, these profiles may reflect differences at the genetic level between the species. The dendrogram deduced from the electrochemical profile has been used as evidence for infrageneric relationship investigation.

Using hairy roots for production of secondary metabolites in Artemisia

Secondary metabolites are a group of chemical compounds in plants which have various functions and applications in different industries such as leather and pharmaceutical products. Artemisia is a genus of important vascular plants which contains many species. There are many chemical compounds in Artemisia which are still unknown. Additionally, hairy root culture in plants is considered to be one of the new techniques applied to production of secondary metabolites which denotes the vast application of this technique. Hairy root culture as a differentiated tissue has been under consideration for many researchers which is because of its genetic stabilization; its rapid growth in a hormone-free medium is also very important. The current study is conducted with the objective of hairy root induction in explant parts of some Artemisia species with various strains of Agrobacterium rhizogenes. The results show that total protein content and enzyme activity during hairy root induction has an ascending procedure. Phenol and flavonoid content have shown considerable increase. The sterol and essential oil have also shown interesting consistency towards each other. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of production secondary metabolites and antioxidant activities by hairy root-derived Artemisia. This study may open possibilities for production of the pharmaceutically high-value secondary metabolites.

VIRTUAL SCREENING OF INDONESIAN HERBAL DATABASE TO FIND SIRTUIN 1 ACTIVATORS USING THE DOCKING METHOD

Objective: Chemical compounds in plants often have benefits and efficacy that can be useful for medicine. Biochemistry and biomedicine research aims to develop new drugs for degenerative human diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and diabetes mellitus. Humans have a protein that is the key for metabolic sensors in a variety of metabolic pathways, Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1). Currently, only resveratrol, fisetin, and quercetin, which are compounds from natural ingredients, have been tested as activators of SIRT1 even though there are many chemical compounds in plants that could potentially be SIRT1 activators. Four crystal forms act as SIRT1 activators: 4ZZH, 4ZZI, 4ZZJ, and 5BTR.Methods: In this study, we employed the docking of new molecular compounds from an Indonesian herbal database as SIRT1 activators. Virtual screening was done using AutoDock Vina. AutoDock Vina was validated beforehand to obtain the best grid box; based on this research, the best grid box for AutoDock Vina is 60 × 60 × 60.Results: The top 10 ranked compounds were obtained for each crystal form and for the same compounds of the four crystal forms, which are alpha-carotene, Cassiamin C, casuarinin, and lutein.

Proven Activities of Entada phaseoloides (L.) Merr.

Medicinal plants have been identified and used throughout human history. Plants have the ability to synthesize a wide variety of chemical compounds that are used to perform important biological functions. Chemical compounds in plants mediate their effect: on the human body through processes identical to those already well understood for the chemical compounds in conventional drugs; thus herbal medicines do not differ greatly from conventional drugs in terms of how they work. Entada phaseoloides, a well-known liana widely used therapeutically and has become increasingly popular as an important medicinal plant. Entada phaseoloides and its bioactive compounds possess various pharmacological properties. The plant has been traditionally used in Ayurvedic medicine for centuries as an anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antipyretic, antiarthritis, antidiabetic, antioxidant, cytotoxic, hepatoprotective, antimicrobial and molluscidal agent. The present review summarizes current knowledge on reported medicinal properties, pharmacological actions. Despite this, further investigations are required to explore Entada phaseoloides and to evaluate the different biological activities of either its extracts or the isolated compounds with probable modes of action.

GC-MS and NMR analysis of the bioactive compounds from the crude extracts of Waltheria indica and the histopathological changes induced in albino rats challenged with Naja nigricollis venom

Objective: To develop a characteristic fingerprint of the different chemical compounds of plant by gas chromatography-mass spectrometer (GC-MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analysis and assess the effect of the crude extract on histological changes induced in Naja nigricollis (N. nigricollis) envenomed albino rats. Methods: The coarsely powdered Waltheria indica (W. indica) whole plant material was extracted using 70% methanol. GC-MS analysis was carried out using a Shimadzu GC-MS QP 2010 plus system of gas chromatography interfaced to a mass spectrometer. The identification of components was based on National Institute of Standard and Technology-08 and Willey-8 libraries. Hydrogen-NMR spectra of the extracts was performed using Bruker Biospin Avance 400-MHz NMR spectrophotometer with a 5 mm broad inverse probe head, equipped with shielded z-gradient accessories and C-13 NMR hetero-nuclear single quantum correction was carried out using the Brucker's standard pulse library. The efficacy of the crude extract of W. indica whole plant was tested and the lesions induced in the liver, brain and kidney of albino rats challenged with N. nigricollis were analyzed by light microscopy. Results: The identification of the bioactive compounds from W. indica by GC-MS analysis revealed 41 peaks. A total of 38 compounds were identified with majority having important pharmacological activities that included anti-microbial, anti-cancer, anti-oxidant anti- inflammatory, anti-allergenic, anti-ageing, anti-arthritic, larvicidal, anti-convulsant and herbicidal activities. C-13 and hydrogen-NMR analysis of W. indica elucidated key bioactive compounds in the whole plant that were consistent with the classes of bioactive compounds detected by GC-MS analysis. The efficacy of the crude extract of W. indica whole plant in ameliorating histopathological lesions induced in the liver, brain and kidney of albino rats challenged with N. nigricollis venom revealed the abrogation of tissue degeneration when compared with the experimental control group. Conclusions: The present study identified an array of bioactive compounds present in W. indica and reported their ethno-botanical uses in the treatment of a wide range of medical exigencies and showed scientific evidence of the detoxification of N. nigricollis venom by W. indica.

Activity of Several Plant Extracts Against Drug-sensitive and Drug-resistant Microbes

The misused antimicrobial agents can lead to the emergence of antibiotic-resistant pathogens, fueling an ever-increasing need for new drugs. Chemical compounds in plants can act as a source of new antimicrobial. The activity of six plants had been studied on ten microbes by broth microdillution method. Time-kill test of ethanolic extract of Anredera cordifolia was performed against Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, MRCNS, dan Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Time-kill test of ethanolic extract of Tinospora tuberculata was performed against MRCNS. The results showed that the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of ethanolic extracts were different for each microbe. Killing curve determination showed that ethanolic extract of A. cordifolia leaves and T. tuberculata stem could inhibit the growth of tested bacteria. The greatest inhibitory action was produced by Tinospora tuberculata and Zingiber officinale against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Killing curve determination showed that ethanolic extract of A. cordifolia leaves and T. tuberculata stem had bacteriostatic effect against tested bacteria. T. tuberculata and A. cordifolia are potential to be developed as an antibacterial drug.

Study of the Volatile Compounds in Artemisia Sagebrush from Iran using HS/SPME/GC/MS

The aerial parts of Artemisia Sagebrush were collected in August 2010 from Damavand ( Tehran Province of Iran ). It is air dried in a shadow place. A headspace solid-phase micro-extraction (HS-SPME) method followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) was used for the analysis of volatile compounds in the leaves of Artemisia Sagebrush. The dried plant was powdered and the aroma compounds of a 0.05g were isolated by HS-SPME fiber in 15 min. The chemical compounds of plant were investigated by gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The oven temperature of GC was programmed between 60-250°C using DB-5 column. A total of 51 constituents, representing more than 96% of the volatiles were identified. The main compounds, were isobornyl acetate (19.56%) , eucalyptol (14.81%), (+) trans- chrysanthenyl acetate (12.76%), α- cubene (9.70%), borneol (9.06%), caryophyllene (7.03%), camphor (6.83%), γ-elemene (2.16%), umbellul one (1.73%) and copaene (1.37%). This herbal medicine traditionally uses as anti- infectious, anti- bacterial, gastric tonic, digestive and stomachic in Iran. Consequently, this fast and simple method can be used for the analysis of the volatile compounds emitted from Artemisia Sagebrush.

Induction of quinone reductase activity by psoralidin isolated from Psoralea corylifolia in mouse hepa 1c1c7 cells

Quinone reductase (QR) is a protective phase II enzyme against mutagens and carcinogens which is inducible by a number of chemical compounds in plants. This study was carried out to investigate effects of the fractions from the seeds of Psoralea corylifolia on the induction of QR with Hepa 1c1c7 murine hepatoma cell line. The ethyl acetate-soluble fraction of the methanolic extract from the seeds was found to induce QR and the concentration of 1.5 fold QR induction (1.5 FIC) was 1.2 mug/mL. We obtained as an active compound, psoralidin, isolated from the ethyl acetate-soluble fraction after further sequential fractionation with column chromatography and 1.5 FIC of psoralidin was 0.5 mug/mL. The seeds of Psoralea corylifolia and psoralidin might be a candidate for developing QR inducers.

Chemodiversity of Saponins and their Taxonomic Importance in Clematis Genus (Ranunculaceae)

Distribution patterns of chemical compounds in plants have been used for biosystematic and phylogenetic studies. Saponin profile of twelve major taxa of Clematis genus, belonging to sections, Rectae, Clematis, Meclatis, Tubulosae and Viorna were analyzed by HPLC coupled with diode array detector and ESI-MS. The chemodiversity profile of saponins has unambiguously delimited the taxa of Clematis at subgenus, section and subsection level. The distribution of saponins in Clematis genus provides useful taxonomic markers and results are presented in phenograms. The compound Huzhangoside D was common and the most abundant in analyzed species of the genus. The morphological analysis was also conducted of the same taxa and presented as cluster tree. The distribution and chemotaxonomic importance of saponins profile within the genus is discussed.

The Effect of Blanching, Freezing and Freeze-Storage on Changes of Some Chemical Compounds Content in New Zealand Spinach

The Effect of Blanching, Freezing and Freeze-Storage on Changes of Some Chemical Compounds Content in New Zealand Spinach The aim of the work conducted in 2003-2004 was the estimation of the effect of blanching, freezing and freeze-storage on the content of chosen chemical compounds in plants of New Zealand spinach grown from seedlings. The determinations included dry matter, total protein, L-ascorbic acid, titrable acidity, total sugars, crude fibre, total ash, pH, nitrates, nitrites and chlorophyll content in the experimental material (fresh, blanched, frozen and stored shoots with leaves of New Zealand spinach). Used in the experiment procedures had a significant effect on changes of dry matter, total protein, L-ascorbic acid, titrable acidity, total sugars, crude fibre, total ash content and pH. After blanching their losses reached respectively: 34.9, 6.7, 70.2, 45.0, 56.3, 19.3, 52.9%, in relation to the raw material. However, the value of pH increased to 6.75. After freezing the losses, in relation to the blanched material, were: 21.7% for total protein, 21.4% - L-ascorbic acid, 27.3% - titrable acidity, 42.9% - total sugars, 4.5% - crude fibre, 2.5% - total ash, and pH decreased to 6.45. Frozen material was stored for 3, 6 and 9 months in a freezing chamber at -25 ÷ -27°C. The period of storage did not have statistically significant effect on the preservation of determined chemical components.