Chemical Co-precipitation Method Research Articles

Formation of Chemically Complex Intergranular Glass Film: An Effective Strategy to Hinder Grain Coarsening

Thermally driven grain coarsening is a commonly encountered issue in nanocrystalline ceramics, particularly in high‐temperature environments. The intergranular glass film (IGF) constitutes a crucial component of most ceramics and plays a pivotal role in the process of grain coarsening. In this study, it is proposed to impede grain coarsening by constructing a chemically complex IGF comprising multiple dopants with distinct ionic radii. Ternary dopants encompassing Al3+, Y3+, and La3+ ions are simultaneously incorporated into a ZrO2–SiO2 nanocomposite. To fabricate the nanocomposite, an amorphous precursor powder with uniformly dispersed dopants is prepared using a chemical coprecipitation method, followed by rapid hot pressing to obtain a dense bulk sample. The distribution behavior of ternary dopants at IGFs between adjacent ZrO2 nanocrystallites (NCs) is carefully examined. It is revealed that the ternary dopants coexist at the IGFs. Moreover, Si4+ ions exhibit preferential enrichment at the IGFs. Remarkably, the presence of chemically complex IGFs significantly enhances the resistance to grain coarsening in ZrO2 NCs up to 1000 °C. In these findings, valuable insights are offered for designing and fabricating nanocomposites with exceptional resistance against grain coarsening.

Calcium Sulfide Based Nanophosphors-A Review on Synthesis Techniques, Characterization and Applications.

Calcium sulfide (CaS) is a widely investigated alkaline earth sulfide nanophosphor with promising applications in optoelectronics and biomedical fields due to its excellent photoluminescence properties. The selection of the synthesis method is a crucial factor in determining the efficacy of nanophosphors for various applications. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the various synthesis techniques employed to develop CaS nanophosphors, including solvothermal, alkoxide, sol-gel, microwave, wet chemical co-precipitation, solid-state diffusion, and single-source precursor methods. The structural and optical properties of CaS nanophosphors are discussed in detail, highlighting the influence of different dopants on the emission color, which can be tuned from blue to red. The review also explores the potential applications of CaS nanophosphors in optoelectronics and biomedicine. This review serves as a valuable resource for researchers interested in developing CaS nanophosphors for various optoelectronic and biomedical applications, providing insights into the latest advancements and future prospects in this field.

The effect of synthesis techniques on the gas sensing properties of TiO2/SiC/CoFe2O4 nanocomposites as gas sensor

This study investigates the impact of two distinct methodologies on the structural, morphological, and gas sensing properties of TiO2/SiC/CoFe2O4 (TSC) nanocomposites determined using x-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), LCR meter, and gas sensing unit respectively. The TiO2/SiC/CoFe2O4 nanocomposites were synthesized using chemical co-precipitation method (C-TSC) and the solid state method (G-TSC). The Scherrer formula was used to calculate the average grain size of C-TSC and G-TSC, which was estimated to be 8 ± 2 nm and 10 ± 2 nm, respectively. The formation of TSC nanocomposites was confirmed by XRD, SEM, and EDX analysis. The response (%) toward ethanol and NH3 gas was tested as a function of flow rate (ppm) and temperature from room temperature (28 °C) to 300 °C. The response (%) was observed to be increasing with increasing temperature and three intermediate temperatures were found. The response and recovery time were also measured with varying gas concentrations. The long-term stability of devices was tested up to 30 days and less variation in result was found, which confirms stability of sensor. The material synthesized using chemical co-precipitation method (C-TSC) shows better properties than G-TSC.

Novel magnetic adsorbents based on oyster and clam shells for the removal of cadmium in soil

Magnetic adsorbents can effectively remove heavy metals from soil. However, the magnetization process may reduce availability of adsorption sites, making it challenging to balance magnetic and adsorption properties. In this study, oyster shell (OS) and clam shell (CS) material was magnetized by an improved chemical co-precipitation method. The organic matter in the shells was destroyed by calcination modification to expose new active sites, and calcinated ferro-magnetic adsorbent was produced with either ferrosodium EDTA (giving CEOS and CECS) or with iron citrate (for CCOS and CCCS). All four modified adsorbents reached adsorption equilibrium for Cd2+ in solution within 120 min, with maximum adsorption capacities ranging from 115.5 to 266.5 mg/g, giving high removal efficiencies for Cd2+. Adsorption by precipitation and cation exchange mechanisms was dominant, together contributing >60 % of all adsorption capacity, followed by complexation. When used for remediation of Cd-contaminated soil, CEOS demonstrated the best Cd removal efficiency, achieving removal rates of 46 % and 58 % for total and available Cd, respectively. This was mainly because CEOS had the highest magnetic recovery rate, of 98 %. CEOS maintained removal rates of 34 % for total Cd after regeneration and reuse three cycles, with recovery rates remaining above 90 %. Contaminated soil was treated with the novel adsorbents and in pot experiments with water spinach cultivation it was shown that both CEOS and CECS treatment significantly reduced Cd content (by up to 56 %). The magnetic adsorbents presented here demonstrate excellent performance to remove Cd from water and soil, and have promising application prospects.

An investigation on the structural, morphological, optical, and antibacterial activity of Sr:CuS nanostructures

The aim of the present study is to synthesize Cu1−xSrxS (x = 0.00, 0.025, 0.05, 0.075, and 0.1) nanoparticles (NPs) using an easy chemical co-precipitation method in an efficient, inexpensive, and simple technique. The structural, morphological, and optical properties of the prepared samples were investigated using XRD, TEM, XRF, UV–Vis DRS, and PL characterization techniques. XRD spectra confirmed the Sr-doped copper sulfide nanoparticles have a hexagonal structure with crystallite sizes ranging from 15.15 to 16.04 nm, and, by XRF, the presence of the dopant was detected. TEM analysis confirmed that strontium ions had an effect on the shape of the CuS nanostructure, and the particle size increased from 16.27 to 17.32 nm after doping. A study using UV-Vis showed the presence of Sr doping increased the optical energy band gap (1.38 eV to 1.59 eV). At room temperature, one photoluminescence (PL) band was found at 826 nm. The antibacterial activity of CuS nanostructures against E. coli, P. aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumonia, and S. aureus was evaluated by zone of inhibition. Sr doped CuS NPs exhibited the highest antibacterial activity against S. aureus (17 to 29 mm). Also, the results demonstrated that samples doped with 5, 7.5, and 10% Sr exhibited inhibitory effects against all the tested microbial strains higher than the antibiotic.

Optical and sign-flipping nonlinear optical properties of NiO/PMMA/PANI nanocomposite films

In this study, we introduce an efficient nanocomposite system to enhance optical properties of Nickel oxide (NiO) integrated with two polymers matrix. NiO nanoparticles is prepared using chemical co-precipitation method and its nanocomposite films (NCFs) were prepared with poly methyl methacrylate (PMMA) and polyaniline (PANI) using drop-casting method on glass substrate and was optimized by changing the concentration of NiO. The prepared NCFs were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), ultraviolet (UV)-visible absorption spectroscopy, photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron (XPS) spectroscopy. The open-aperture z-scan method is employed for nonlinear optical investigations, utilizing a nanosecond pulsed laser with a wavelength of 532 nm for excitation. The findings indicate that the NCFs exhibit sign-flipping nonlinear behavior, indicating a transition from saturable absorption to reverse saturable absorption. This suggests that our NCFs exhibit optical limiting properties and potential for applications in photonic devices, such as optical switches and laser protection systems.

Efficient α–Fe2O3@NiO nanocomposites as a photocatalyst for the treatment of hazardous Rose Bengal dye

This work aims to determine the structural, optical, and magnetic characteristics of α-Fe2O3/NiO nanocomposites and their application in the treatment of water contaminated by RB dyes. Utilizing the cost-effective chemical co-precipitation method, nanocomposites with weight ratios of α-Fe2O3: NiO (1:1, 2:1, and 1:2) were produced. The XRD pattern was used to identify the synthesized materials that contained NiO and α-Fe2O3 phases. Lattice flaws and oxygen vacancies were found using XPS spectra. Magnetic experiments reveal that α-Fe2O3@NiO (1:2) has strongest magnetic character among all synthesized materials, with a maximum magnetization of 35.56 emu/g. The improved photocatalytic activity of α-Fe2O3/NiO (2:1) nanocomposites achieved a maximum of approximately 94 % degradation of Rose Bengal dye in 90 min. The increased photocatalytic activity can be attributed to synergistic contribution of α-Fe2O3 and NiO, which inhibits photo-generated charge carrier recombination and formation of highly active radical species (OH• radicals, and O2• radicals).

Synthesis of magnetic zirconium oxide-iron oxide nanoparticles composite using chemical precipitation process for Pb (II) adsorption

The exploration and utilization of natural raw zircon minerals in Indonesia, particularly in Central Kalimantan, remain largely untapped in their potential as high-tech and commercially valuable substances with eco-friendly properties, particularly in water and industrial wastewater treatment. The primary objective of this research is to enhance the development and synthesis of natural raw zircon minerals by converting them into zirconium oxide and integrating them with magnetic nanoparticles. The magnetic nanoparticle composite material for zirconium oxide (MNP@ZrO2) was synthesized using the chemical co-precipitation method. Zirconium and its oxides have gained significant application in water and wastewater treatment in recent years. Through chemical co-precipitation processes (MNP@ZrO2), the natural raw zircon minerals were transformed into zirconium oxides and combined with magnetic nanoparticles due to their exceptional potential as effective adsorbents for anions and cations in water and industrial treatment processes. In the utilization of Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), magnetic nanoparticles with a diameter of less than 50 nm emerged on the surface of the zirconium crystals within the magnetic nanoparticle composites. X-ray diffraction (X-RD) analysis indicated that the treatment of zirconium minerals resulted in 11.19% decrease in the Crystallinity Index and a significant reduction of 98% in silica content. By maintaining a pH level of approximately 7 ± 0.2 over 360 min with a stirring rate of 150 rpm, and at ambient temperature, the optimal conditions for Pb (II) adsorption were achieved with the adsorption capacity of 68.98 mg/g using MNP@ZrO2 as adsorbent. The successful synthesis of magnetic zirconium oxide-iron oxide nanoparticles at various pH levels using the chemical co-precipitation process has facilitated a comprehensive assessment of their performance in Pb (II) adsorption.

Magnetic structure and colossal dielectric properties in Ga3+ substituted Zn2Y hexaferrites by chemical co-precipitation method

Y-type Ba0.5Sr1.5Zn2Fe12-xGaxO22 (x = 0.0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 and 1.0) hexaferrites are prepared through modified chemical co-precipitation method. X-ray diffraction (XRD) results reveal that these samples are single-phase and the space group is R3‾m. The field-emission scanning electronic microscope (FE-SEM) measurements indicate that the grains are hexagonal-plate with a diameter of 2–5 μm. In the M-T diagrams, various magnetic structures are modulated, including proper-screw, longitudinal conical (LC), mixed conical (MC), and collinear ferrimagnetic (collinear FIM). In this series of samples, the values of dielectric constant (ε′) achieve an order increase from 102 to 104. For the best x = 0.8 sample, the ε′ is as high as 1804.76 at 1 MHz and 300 K. In conclusion, Ba0.5Sr1.5Zn2Fe12-xGaxO22 with controllable magnetic structures and colossal dielectric constant are potential materials for miniaturization of modern electronic devices.

Effect of Cr3+ doping concentration on the microstructure, mechanical properties and optical properties of Cr3+: SrF2 transparent ceramics

Cr3+: SrF2 nanopowders were synthesized using a chemical co-precipitation method. The nanoparticles exhibited a structure consistent with the pure SrF2 phase. Cr3+: SrF2 transparent ceramics were fabricated by hot-pressed (HP) sintering technique. The transmittance of 1 at% Cr3+: SrF2 transparent ceramics reached up to 83 % at 1054 nm, which is superior to other SrF2 transparent ceramics with different Cr3+ doping concentration. Furthermore, the mechanical properties of Cr3+: SrF2 transparent ceramics improved with increasing Cr3+ doping levels. The 1 at% Cr3+: SrF2 transparent ceramics exhibited the best mechanical properties, with a microhardness of 2.573 GPa, fracture toughness of 0.70 MPa·m1/2, and compressive strength of 38.1 MPa. The luminescence spectra and fluorescence lifetimes of the SrF2 transparent ceramics as a function of Cr3+ doping concentration were also analyzed and discussed.

Effect of charge-discharge with higher capacitance performance of Ni-substituted CoFe2O4 magnetic nanoparticles for energy storage

In this work, we synthesized NixCo1-xFe2O4 (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.8) magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) by using ultrasonication-assisted reverse chemical co-precipitation method. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns confirm the single-phase with mixed spinel structure of the NixCo1-xFe2O4 (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.8) MNPs with the crystallite size range between 12 nm - 17 nm. The molecular dynamics and oleic acid coated Ni-substituted CoFe2O4 magnetic nanoparticles were confirmed by FTIR measurements. The surface composition of NixCo1-xFe2O4 (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.8) MNPs (Ni, Co, Fe and O) and their oxidation states were estimated using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The NixCo1-xFe2O4 (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.8) MNPs are spherical in shape and polycrystalline in nature, confirmed by FESEM and HRTEM measurements. The Ni-substituted CoFe2O4 MNPs with higher zeta potential (ζ) from −24 mV to -41 mV with an increase in Ni concentration, signifies the stable colloidal stability due to the electrostatic repulsion between MNPs. The DC magnetization (M-vs-H) measurements reveal the ferrimagnetic behavior of NixCo1-xFe2O4 (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.8) MNPs, which suppress the saturation magnetization (MS) from 48.6 emu/g to 5.3 emu/g with the enhanced coercivity (HC) from 335 Oe to 1700 Oe with the substitution of Ni2+ ions is in corroboration with electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) measurements. The enhanced EPR resonance field (Hres = 2335 Oe - 3261 Oe) with the substitution of Ni2+ ions is attributed to the generation of oxygen vacancies and defects, which are predominant in Ni0.8Co0.2Fe2O4, resulting in significantly enhanced electrochemical performance. Therefore, the three-electrode system was utilized to investigate the electrochemical properties of NixCo1-xFe2O4 (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.8) MNPs. The Ni-substituted CoFe2O4 MNPs have demonstrated significantly enhanced capacity retention of 77 % even after 5000 cycles in 1 M H2SO4 electrolyte solution. NixCo1-xFe2O4 (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.8) MNPs exhibit an excellent specific capacity (Cs) of 794.5 F/g at a current density of 1 A/g, signifies the rate of redox reaction at surface electrolyte interface (SEI) is greatly influenced by the surface to volume ratio. Thus, with the enhancement of Ni2+ ions, redox reaction kinetics might become more efficient resulting in the enhanced charge storage capacity.

Improved electrochemical performance of the iron-doped NiO nanoparticles at varying calcination temperatures and examination of their supercapacitor applications

The scientific community is interested in increasing oxide electrochemical characteristics for supercapacitor applications. The present research explores the development of supercapacitor electrodes using Fe-doped NiO nanoparticles synthesised via chemical co-precipitation method with varied calcination temperatures (350, 550, and 750 °C). The key innovation of the work lies in the systematic investigation of the effects of calcination temperature on the electrochemical properties and structural characteristics of the Fe-doped NiO nanoparticles. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis revealed a trend of increasing crystallite size with rising temperatures, and optical studies indicated a decreasing trend in the energy band gap from 3.67 eV to 3.23 eV. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy confirmed the metal-oxygen bond in the molecules. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and High-Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (HR-TEM) analysis showed the mesoporous spherical morphology of the nanoparticles. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) ensured the samples' elemental composition purity. Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) shows a specific surface area of around 180.8 m2/g was obtained for Fe-doped NiO nanoparticles at 350 °C. Electrochemical tests demonstrated that the Fe-doped NiO electrodes, especially calcined at 350 °C, exhibit superior specific capacitance values (635 F/g) and impressive cycle stability with 93.29 % capacitance retention after 5000 cycles. The present demonstrates the potential of optimizing calcination temperatures to enhance the electrochemical performance and stability of Fe-doped NiO supercapacitor electrodes, marking a significant advancement in supercapacitor technology.

Fluorescence and temperature sensitive properties of Tb and Eu co-doped 8YSZ thermosensitive ceramic

Incorporating a small amount of rare-earth luminescent elements into thermal barrier coatings is currently the most promising method for determining the temperature distribution of engine blade coatings. In this study, Tb and Eu co-doped 8YSZ ceramic powder (8YSZ:Tb3+&Eu3+) was synthesized using chemical co-precipitation method, and the optimal powder was sintered into ceramic sheet through dry pressing. The phase, morphology, fluorescence properties and temperature sensitivity of 8YSZ:Tb3+&Eu3+ ceramic were studied. Results indicated that 8YSZ:Tb3+&Eu3+ was tetragonal with average grain size ranging from 22 to 28 nm. The luminescence intensity and lifetime of 8YSZ:Tb3+&Eu3+ both reach their maximum when the doping amount of Tb3+ is 1.5 mol%, with the existence of energy transfer from Tb3+ to Eu3+. And the forming processes has little influence on fluorescence performance of 8YSZ:Tb3+&Eu3+ materials. Meanwhile, 8YSZ:1.5Tb&1Eu ceramic reveals excellent temperature sensitivity. At 500 K, the relative sensitivities are 0.519% K-1 and 0.369% K-1 respectively for 8YSZ:1.5Tb&1Eu powder and sheet, while absolute sensitivities are 0.731% K-1 and 0.751% K-1. Consequently, 8YSZ:Tb3+&Eu3+ ceramic is a potential temperature detection material for practical applications.

Optimization of Magnetite Nanoparticles for Magnetic Hyperthermia: Correlation with Physicochemical Properties and Cation Distribution

AbstractThe present study reveals the synthesis of Iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) by varying the molar ratio of ferric (Fe3+) to ferrous (Fe2+) ions via chemical coprecipitation method for the study of cationic distribution of Fe‐ions and its potential application for magnetic hyperthermia therapy (MHT). X‐ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), were used to characterize the physicochemical properties. Several structural parameters were estimated using the Rietveld refinement, resulting in structural modelling verified by magnetic characteristics. A vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) assessed the magnetic hysteresis loop at room temperature in a field range of ±15 kOe, revealing superparamagnetic behavior for the ratio Fe2+/Fe3+ 1:2. The saturation magnetization (Ms) of IONPs increased with the increasing Fe2+ concentration and attained a maximum value of 60.21 emu g−1 at a molar ratio of 2:1. The potential of the inductive heating capability of IONPs in an alternating current magnetic field (AMF) was studied to treat localized MHT. The changes in magnetic properties and inductive heating properties of IONPs are associated with the cationic distribution of Fe2+ at the tetrahedral (A) and octahedral (B) sites of crystal structure. The variation in cationic properties at the A and B sites may result in varying/tuneable magnetic properties, affecting the overall heating profiles of hyperthermia.

Enhancement of charge storage capacity in two-leg pseudo-spin ladder CaCu2O3 compound through Li-doping

Nanostructured 2-leg pseudo spin-ladder compound CaCu2O3 has been synthesized by chemical co-precipitation method and a significant improvement in its charge storage capacity has been realized through Li-doping. The fabricated electrode based on Li-doped CaCu2O3 exhibited higher specific capacitance of 321.26 F/g at 1.5 A g-1 when compared to that of 205.45 F/g for undoped CaCu2O3 system. Moreover, the electrode revealed an excellent cyclic stability (5000 cycles) with capacitance retention of 91.96 % of its initial value. An asymmetric supercapacitor fabricated using nano-flakes shaped Li-CaCu2O3 and activated carbon showed a notable energy density of 36.72 Wh/kg and power density of 1406 W/kg which maintains the energy density of 7.81 Wh/kg even at higher power density of 7031.25 W/kg. Among various Li-doped samples, 2.5 wt.% Li-CaCu2O3 exhibited the best storage capacity. This improvement has been attributed to the intrinsic off-stoichiometric (Ca0.86Cu2.14O2.93) and spin ladder structure of CaCu2O3 which allows Li to intercalate and improve the storage performance. Moreover, higher reactive surface area due to nano-flake morphology and porous structure of Li-CaCu2O3 may enhance the permeability of electrolytic ions, thereby improving the performance of the fabricated supercapacitor compared to undoped CaCu2O3 with rod-like morphology. These findings underscore the potential of Li-CaCu2O3 as a promising candidate material for fabricating supercapacitor devices.

Mentha spicata Mediated Formulation of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles Exhibit Superior Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, and Photodegradation Propensity Compared to Chemically Formulated Counterparts

Introduction: Iron oxide nanoparticles demonstrate tremendous potential in preserving the ecological balance of the environment since they act as antimicrobial agents and efficient photocatalysts. However, environmental sustainability has challenged the synthesis protocols of nanomaterials. Method: This study compares the green synthesis method with the scalable chemical synthesis method. In this work, Iron oxide nanoparticles were fabricated via the green chemistry technique utilizing the leaf extract of Mentha spicata (M-IONP) and also via the chemical co-precipitation method (C-IONP). The synthesized IONPs were analyzed by different characterization methods such as XRD, FTIR, SEM analysis, ZETA potential measurements, and DLS spectroscopy analysis. Results: The biosynthesized and chemically synthesized IONPs were analyzed for their mechanistic action against different applications like antimicrobial, antioxidant, and degradation of harmful dyes. Interestingly, the biosynthesized IONPs (M-IONP) exhibited more effective antimicrobial efficacy towards Gram-positive and Gram-negative organisms than chemically synthesized IONPs. Conclusion: The green synthesized M-IONP also showed significant antioxidant propensity similar to that of the standards taken. Additionally, green-synthesized M-IONP exhibited enhanced degradation efficacies against Methylene blue, chromium, and sulphamethoxazole in comparison to chemically synthesized IONP.

Tuning the Charge Transfer in MWCNTs via the Incorporation of ZnONPs and AgNPs: The Role of Carbon Binding with ZnO/Ag Heterostructures in Reactive Species Formation.

In this research, multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were decorated with two kinds of nanostructures, (1) silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and (2) zinc oxide-silver nano-heterostructures (ZnO/Ag-NHs), via an accessible chemical coprecipitation method assisted with ultrasonic radiation. The high-resolution transmission electron microscopy analysis demonstrated the successful decoration of MWCNTs with the nanostructures with a diameter size of 11 nm ± 2 nm and 46 nm ± 5 nm for the AgNPs and the ZnO/Ag-NHs, respectively. The reactive species were promoted in an aqueous medium assisted with UV irradiation on the functionalized MWCNT. UV-Vis spectroscopy demonstrated that production of the reactive species density increased 4.07 times, promoted by the single MWCNT after the functionalization. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy showed that Sp2 hybridization in carbon atoms of MWCNTs participates in the binding of AgNPs and ZnO/Ag-NH decoration and thus participates in the formation of reactive species in an aqueous medium, as is the case for cancer cells.

Explorations of physicochemical, photodegradation, phototoxicity, and kinetics of Bi2-2xCoxCdxO3/rGO nanocomposites for wastewater treatment applications

In recent times, there has been a pressing need to discover or manufacture a unique material that can serve as a photocatalyst for organic pollutants that are incapable of degradation. Pure Bi2O3 and Co, Cd co-doped Bi2-2xCoxCdxO3 (x = 0.8) nanoparticles were synthesized using the chemical co-precipitation method, but the new approach involves fabricating 10 % reduced graphene oxide Bi2-2xCoxCdxO3/rGO nanocomposites via the ultra-sonication route. This study investigated the effects of Co, Cd, and r-GO doping on the optical, electrochemical, structural, and photocatalytic properties of bismuth oxide. The synthesized nanomaterials were analyzed using X-ray diffraction (XRD), cyclic voltammetry, ultraviolet–visible (UV–Vis), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), photoluminescence (PL), and Raman spectroscopy. The XRD patterns showed the formation of a monophasic monoclinic structure belonging to space group P21/c, with an average crystallite size estimated around 22–41 nm. According to the UV–visible study, the bandgap energy of Bi2O3 NPs, Bi2-2xCoxCdxO3 NPs, and Bi2-2xCoxCdxO3/rGO nanocomposites were 2.64 eV, 2.37 eV and 2.06eV respectively. The cyclic voltammetry technique was used to evaluate the functioning electrodes. In contrast to un-doped Bi2O3, the synergistic effects of Co, Cd, and r-GO on the substituted material increased the specific capacitance. The pure Bi2O3, doped Bi2-2xCoxCdxO3, and Bi2-2xCoxCdxO3/rGO photocatalyst degraded 62 %, 85 %, and 95.4 % respectively of RB-5 dye after 105 min of sunlight. The phytotoxicity analysis examined the germination of Hordeum vulgare seeds in treated and untreated RB-5 dyes. Additionally, scavenging investigations using reactive species trapping to confirm the dominant reactive species were evaluated. Bi2-2xCoxCdxO3/rGO nanocomposites are better at photocatalysis and have a narrow bandgap, which makes them useful as solar-active photocatalysts for getting rid of dyes in wastewater. In future, their composites with conducting polymers may improve their electrochemical and photocatalytic behaviour as well.

Photocatalytic performance of CuO NPs: An experimental approach for process parameter optimization for Rh B dye

Optimization of process parameters for photocatalytic activity measurement of CuO nanoparticles (NPs) was the focus of this study. CuO NPs were prepared following chemical co-precipitation method and characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), ultraviolet visible (UV–vis) spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Subsequent studies concentrated on optimizing pH of Rhodamine B (Rh B) dye, catalyst doses, and concentration of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) for effective photocatalytic degradation. This optimization process was intended to properly investigate the photocatalytic activity of CuO NPs using Rh B dye (5 ppm), a frequently encountered organic pollutant. After 180 min of UV irradiation at optimized condition (pH 10, 0.3125 mg/mL NPs, 9000 ppm H2O2) a degradation rate of 60 percent was recorded. These findings maximized the degradation efficiency of CuO NPs to exploit as a potential photocatalyst.

Application of nano-urea in conventional flood-irrigated Boro rice in Bangladesh and nitrogen losses investigation

Bangladesh stands third in global rice production while complete modernization of rice production is not fully enforced. The boon of nano agriculture might circumvent the challenge of increasing the yield with minimal ecological damage. Nanofertilizer might be one of the solutions to address the problem of modern agriculture confronting environmental hazards owing to the excessive use of synthetic fertilizers by farmers in Bangladesh. We synthesized nanourea by chemical co-precipitation (CP) and hydrothermal (HT) methods in an attempt to develop environmentally friendly nanofertilizers. We characterized the nanourea and confirmed the functionalization of nanohydroxyapatite (nHAP) with urea by scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM)/EDS mapping. The CP method produced particle dimensions of 45.62 nm for length and 14.16 nm for width. In comparison, the readings obtained through the HT method were around 74.69 nm and 20.44 nm for length and width, respectively. The field application of nanourea demonstrated impressive results, indicating a significant relationship between the particle size of nanourea and its impact on several agricultural factors. The grain yield using traditional synthetic fertilizer (urea) ranged from 6.47 to 6.52 t ha−1 with a very low NUE of 35.8–36.34 %. Contrarily, the grain yield was found from 6.52 to 6.84 t ha−1 and the obtained NUE ranged from 57.58 to 71.0 % using nanourea of the same concentration calibrated with traditional urea by two methods. Additionally, nanourea treatments having 25 % less nitrogen (N) provided higher total N (TN) in grain suggesting possible nutritional enrichment while checking the yield penalty and substantial increase in N use efficiency (NUE). However, further upscaling of this research on a field scale is necessary to confirm the findings.