Chemical Activation Research Articles

Chemical Composition, Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities of Essential Oil Extracted from waste of Juniperus communis L. Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Industry in Albania

Chemical Composition, Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities of Essential Oil Extracted from waste of Juniperus communis L. Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Industry in Albania

Unlocking the Potential of Hydrosols: Transforming Essential Oil Byproducts into Valuable Resources

The global demand for sustainable and non-toxic alternatives across various industries is driving the exploration of naturally derived solutions. Hydrosols, also known as hydrolates, represent a promising yet underutilised byproduct of the extraction process of essential oils (EOs). These aqueous solutions contain a complex mixture of EO traces and water-soluble compounds and exhibit significant biological activity. To fully use these new solutions, it is necessary to understand how factors, such as distillation time and plant-to-water ratio, affect their chemical composition and biological activity. Such insights are crucial for the standardisation and quality control of hydrosols. Hydrosols have demonstrated noteworthy properties as natural antimicrobials, capable of preventing biofilm formation, and as antioxidants, mitigating oxidative stress. These characteristics position hydrosols as versatile ingredients for various applications, including biopesticides, preservatives, food additives, anti-browning agents, pharmaceutical antibiotics, cosmetic bioactives, and even anti-tumour agents in medical treatments. Understanding the underlying mechanisms of these activities is also essential for advancing their use. In this context, this review compiles and analyses the current literature on hydrosols’ chemical and biological properties, highlighting their potential applications and envisioning future research directions. These developments are consistent with a circular bio-based economy, where an industrial byproduct derived from biological sources is repurposed for new applications.

NMR Metabolite Profiling and Antioxidant Properties of Spartan, Jewels, Misty, and Camelia Blueberries.

The health-promoting properties of blueberries are widely recognized and are mainly attributed to anthocyanins. However, fruit's chemical composition includes also other components and strongly depends on varieties and climatic conditions. Here, 1H NMR metabolite profiling and biological activity of four blueberry cultivars (Spartan, Jewels, Misty, Camelia) grown in Central Italy over two years were reported. Untargeted and targeted NMR analyses allowed the quantification of sugars, organic acids, amino acids, anthocyanins, lipids, and other compounds. Spectrophotometric assays evaluated total phenolic and flavonoid content, antioxidant activity, and enzyme inhibitory activity toward cholinesterase, α-amylase, α-glucosidase, and tyrosinase. Statistical analysis showed a correlation between chemical composition and biological activity, revealing markers specific to blueberry cultivars (quinic acid, quercitrin, myo-inositol, myrtillin, and petunidin-3-O-glucoside). Almost all antioxidant assays were correlated with the chlorogenic acid levels. A strong effect of harvesting on chemical composition and biological activities was observed, with Misty cultivar having the highest antioxidant activity.

Chemical composition, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of Lepechinia rufocampii Epling & Mathias essential oil from the highlands of Ecuador

The chemical composition, antioxidant andantimicrobial activities of the essential oil from leaves and flowers of Lepechinia rufocampii Epling & Mathias were studied. GC-FID and GC-MS analyses allowed the identification and quantification of 122 constituents, representing 98.7% of the essential oil. Aliphatic compounds, mainly methyl ketones (62.4%) and sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (19.5%) were found to be the most abundant compounds, while oxygenated monoterpenes were the minor. The most abundant compounds were undecan-2-one (34.6%), nonan-2-one (21.1%), and (E)-caryophyllene (8.3%). Antioxidant activity was examined using DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP assays. The essential oil had a low scavenging effect and it showed ferric reducing activity. Antimicrobial activity of the essential oil was observed against pathogenic bacteria and a pathogenic yeast. The essential oil showed very good activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica serovar, but low activities against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Candida albicans. The MIC value of the essential oil varied from 1.04-33.05 μL/mL, with the lowest for Salmonella enterica serovar.

INFLUENCE OF MECHANICAL ACTIVATION ON THE PROPERTIES OF CEMENT-WATER COMPOSITIONS WITH THE ADDITION OF GROUND LIMESTONE

The paper considers the issue related to determining the effect of mechanical activation of a mineral binder on the properties of both hardening and hardened cement-water compositions. The mechanical activation of cement in combination with the consumption of ground limestone, the amount of which was adjusted in the range from 0 to 40 % of the cement mass, is relevant for this study. The effect of mechanical chemical activation of Portland cement only and Portland cement with the addition of 20 and 40 % ground limestone on changing the water-solid ratio of equiviscous compositions was studied. It was shown that mechanical and chemical activation of a cement-water composition has a positive effect on reducing the W/S ratio of equiviscous compositions from 0.42 (no activation) to 0.38 (activation period 180 sec). The obtained experimental results indicate the presence of an induction period of heating of the cement paste both on Portland cement not subject to mechanical activation (this period is approximately 6 hours from the moment of interaction of cement with water) and on Portland cement subject to mechanical activation. In this case, the induction period was no more than 2 hours. Joint mechanical activation of an aqueous mixture of Portland cement and ground limestone ensures acceleration of the hydration processes of the binder, which is confirmed by the intensification of the exothermic heating of the filled cement-mixing compositions. The positive role of mechanical activation is also reflected in the acceleration of the thickening rate of the compositions, which was recorded by the kinetics of the decrease in the diameter of their spread over time. The positive role of mechanical activation in reducing the effective viscosity of cement-containing compositions is confirmed, which ensures a decrease in their water-solid ratio by an average of ‒ 8 ... 10 %. A positive effect of mechanochemical activation of Portland cement with the addition of ground limestone on the strength of cement stone at the age of 3 days has been revealed. Experimental studies indicate that only due to mechanical activation the strength of samples made of cement stone with the addition of ground limestone can be increased by almost 25...30 %.

Unraveling the Nanosheet Zeolite-Catalyzed Combustion of Aluminum Nanoparticles-Doped exo-Tetrahydrodicyclopentadiene (JP-10) Energetic Fuel.

Nanosheet MFI zeolites (Zeolite Socony Mobil, five) have grown in popularity in cracking catalysis considering their tunability in porous topologies, acidic sites, and sheet thickness, thus allowing them to selectively adsorb molecules of specific sizes, shapes, and polarities, resulting in improved cracking performance for a specific fuel. Five different MFI zeolites in the form of a mesoporous nanosheet structure with a controlled concentration of acidic sites denoted as NSMFI(y), where y is Si/Al ratio, have been synthesized. The effects of the relative acidity content of these NSMFI(y) samples on the zeolite-catalyzed combustion of aluminum nanoparticles (AlNPs)-aided exo-tetrahydrodicyclopentadiene (JP-10) mixed energetic fuel droplets levitated in an oxygen-argon atmosphere were investigated using time-resolved imaging (optical and thermal infrared) and spectroscopic techniques (UV-vis and FTIR). The addition of 1.0 wt % of NSMFI(y) zeolites to AlNPs-JP-10 fluid fuel results in critically reduced ignition delays (9 ± 2 ms), elevated ignition temperatures (2800 ± 170 K), and prolonged burning times (60 ± 10 ms) with an enhanced combustion efficiency. The NSMFI(y) zeolites, which possess high acidity and significant mesoporosity, play a crucial role in improving the combustion efficiency by effectively catalyzing the chemical activation of JP-10 and prolonging the burning of the igniting droplet. The NSMFI (60) variant with the highest acidic site content achieved a maximum combustion efficiency of 80 ± 6%. A comprehensive catalytic combustion mechanism has been elucidated based on the detected reactive intermediates such as hydroxyl radical (OH) and aluminum monoxide (AlO). These findings will help to critically advance the development of next-generation, sustainable, and innovative mixed nanofluid fuels.

Chemical Composition and Antioxidant Activity of Six Allium Extracts Using Protein-Based Biomimetic Methods.

Medicinal plants are a valuable reservoir of novel pharmacologically active compounds. ROS and free radicals are primary contributors to oxidative stress, a condition associated with the onset of degenerative diseases such as cancer, coronary heart disease, and vascular disease. In this study, we used different spectrophotometry methods to demonstrate the antioxidant properties of 6 Allium extracts: Allium fistulosum; Allium ursinum; Allium cepa: Arieș red cultivar of A. cepa, and white variety of A. cepa; Allium sativum; and Allium senescens subsp. montanum. HPLC-MS determined the chemical composition of the extracts. Among the tested extracts, the Arieș red cultivar of A. cepa stands out as having the best antioxidant activity, probably due to the high content of polyphenols and alliin (12.67 µg/mL and 3565 ng/mL, respectively). The results obtained in this study show that Allium extracts have antioxidant activity, but also free radical scavenging capabilities. Also, their interactions with cytochrome c and hemoglobin can be the basis of future studies to create treatments for oxidative stress-related diseases.

Construction of Ru/MnO–Mn7C3/N-doped carbon sheets for boosting electrocatalytic hydrogen generation

Suffering from their low conductivity, Mn-base oxides are commonly inactive in H–OH activation. Generally, tailoring the coordinate environment of materials could induce variation in the atomic arrangement and further influence their chemical activity. Herein, we propose a feasible strategy to mediate the electronic structure of Mn-based oxides by facile hydrothermal method and thermal reduction route. Compared with MnO2 sheets, the as-synthesized Ru/MnO–Mn7C3/N-doped carbon sheets (Ru/MnO–Mn7C3/NC) exhibit the higher activity for both acidic (73 mV) and alkaline water reduction reaction (44 mV@10 mA/cm2). Benefitting from unique structures, Ru/MnO–Mn7C3/NC sheets show the better freshwater/seawater oxidation reactivity, exceeding RuO2. The strong interaction of MnO–Mn7C3 heterostructures, Ru, and N-doped carbon endows Ru/MnO–Mn7C3/NC with the good freshwater and seawater dissociation performance, outperforming most of the reported Mn-based oxides.

Chemical Composition, Anti-Microbial, and Cytotoxic Activities of Essential Oils from Blumea densiflora var. hookeri (C.B. Clarke ex Hook.f.) C.C. Chang & Y.Q. Tseng Leaves from Vietnam.

The essential oil from the leaves of Blumea densiflora var. hookeri was analyzed using GC-MS, and bioassays were performed. GC-MS identified thirty-four constituents, representing 79.1 % of the oil composition. The major compounds identified in the oil were (E)-caryophyllene (15.3 %), viridiflorol (5.5 %), trans-dauca-4(11),7-diene (4.6 %), spathulenol (4.4 %), and isolongifolan-7-α-ol (4.3 %). The antimicrobial activity of the oil was assessed to determine its efficacy against six bacterial strains and one fungal strain using minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) methods. The essential oil demonstrated antimicrobial activity against all tested microorganisms. A cytotoxicity assay was performed on KB and A549 cancer cell lines using the MTT method. The essential oil displayed strong cytotoxic effects on both cell lines, with IC50 values of 1.40±0.05 μg/mL for KB and 1.72±0.04 μg/mL for A549.

Pengaruh Waktu Iradiasi Ultrasonik dengan Aktivasi Kalium Hidroksida terhadap Sifat Fisis Karbon Aktif dari Serbuk Karet End Life Tire

Processing End Life Tire (ELT) rubber powder into activated carbon is an alternative for handling tire waste. One way to improve physical properties such as proximate characteristics, surface area and pore diameter of activated carbon is through chemical activation assisted by ultrasonic irradiation. This research aims to determine the effect of ultrasonic irradiation time with potassium hydroxide (KOH) activation on the quality of ELT rubber activated carbon. Activated carbon was synthesized and activated using 30% KOH at various ultrasonic irradiation times, namely 0 minutes, 15 minutes, 30 minutes, 45 minutes and 60 minutes. Based on the characterization results, activated carbon with an ultrasonic irradiation time of 30 minutes is the active carbon that has the most superior properties. The proximate characteristics of activated carbon meet the active carbon quality requirements of SNI 06–3730–1995 and have the highest surface area, namely 401.11 m2/g and pore diameter of 2.1652 nm, which is included in the mesoporous structure category so that it has the potential to be applied as an adsorbent for heavy metals from contaminated fluid.

Chemical Activation Boosted Interface Interaction between Poly(tetrafluoroethylene-co-hexafluoropropylene) Film and Silver Coating.

To enhance the interfacial adhesion between poly(tetrafluoroethylene-co-hexafluoropropylene) (FEP) film and functional coatings, such as silver (Ag) coating, among others, the surface activation of FEP film has to be performed. Among various activation strategies, chemical activation, such as using naphthalene sodium system, is one of the most efficient methods. However, the effect of chemical activation on the interface interaction between the activated FEP and functional coating is rarely investigated. Herein, the FEP film was activated by naphthalene sodium solution under different conditions, and then the Ag layer was coated onto its surface by vacuum Ag deposition. Based on experimental results and density function theory (DFT) calculation, it is indicated that oxygen-containing functional groups (such as C=O and C-OH groups), introduced onto the surface of FEP by the chemical activation, play a key role in boosting the interface interaction, which is due to the strong interaction between the oxygen-containing functional groups and Ag atoms. In addition, the concentration of naphthalene sodium solution, activation time, and winding speed of Ag- deposition can have a significant impact on the microstructures of Ag coating and the interfacial adhesion between the activated FEP and Ag coating. Under the conditions of high concentration (0.9 M), medium activation time (15 min), and high winding speed (0.8 m min-1), there is the best interface adhesion.

Vegetable oil-derived polyether-polyester thermosets: Solvent-free synthesis and mechanical properties

Vegetable oils differing in the number and kind of reactive chemical sites were investigated as potential feedstock in reactions involving epoxy rings to produce sustainable polymeric thermosets. Sustainable polyether-polyester matrices were synthesized through the mixing of three different vegetable oils (castor, tung and sunflower oil) with maleic anhydride to promote their chemical activation, and subsequently induce the reaction with polyethylene glycol diglycidyl ether (PEGDGE). The interactions between double bonds and/or hydroxyl groups present in vegetable oils, anhydrides and epoxy rings within a solvent-free medium promote the expected chemical crosslinking, yielding polymeric thermosets that encompass the Green Chemistry tenets. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and differential scanning calorimetry tests were employed to validate the chemical reactions taken place during the synthesis, as well as to monitor the kinetics of curing. Moreover, a rheological characterization was conducted to assess the influence of both the vegetable oil and the ratio of reactive components on the ultimate mechanical properties. Although chemical crosslinking was suitably attained in all the systems studied, a more reinforced network with values of the storage modulus (G’) of 54·105 Pa was obtained in those based on tung oil possessing the higher quantity of reactive functional sites; meanwhile, the presence of hydroxyl groups within the vegetable oil structure led to the production of more flexible thermosets (G’ of 6.2·105 Pa).

Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of Plinia rivularis essential oil against multidrug-resistant bacteria

IntroductionThe increasingly common occurrences of multidrug-resistant bacteria represent a global health threat and the discovery of new alternative remedies is necessary. The use of essential oils (EOs) in the treatment of many pathogenic bacteria is promising and several examples have already been highlighted regarding their inhibitory action. Among the botanical families, Myrtaceae stands out for presenting important species that supply bioactive products. MethodsIn this work we investigate the chemical composition of Plinia rivularis (Myrtaceae) leaf EO and its antibacterial activity against resistant and non-resistant bacteria. The EO was obtained by two methods, hydrodistillation and steam distillation. Gas chromatography-flame ionization detector (GC-FID), gas chromatograph-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were the techniques used in the EO chemical characterization. ResultsThe EOs were obtained with yields of 0.37 and 0.16% by hydrodistillation and steam distillation methods, respectively. The analyzes revealed the EOs chemical profile showing the compounds 2H-benzocyclohepten-2-one,3,4,4a,5,6,7,8,9-octahydro-4a-methyl (synonym: 4a-methyl-3,4,4a,5,6,7,8,9-octahydro-2H-benzo[7]annulen-2-one), rosifoliol, β-eudesmol and the diterpene kaurene as main constituents. Through preparative thin-layer chromatography (PTLC), it was possible to obtain the diterpene kaurene with a content of 91%, which was also characterized by NMR. The minimum inhibitory concentrations of EO against bacteria ranged from 0.56 to 2.25 mg.ml−1 and 2.25–36 mg.ml−1 for sensitive and resistant bacteria, respectively. Also, EO showed synergistic activity with amikacin and cefotaxime against carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa (KPC). ConclusionsThis is the first report on the chemical composition of P. rivularis EO. Comparison of extraction methods showed variation in yields and small changes in component content. The EO demonstrated activity against resistant and non-resistant bacteria. In addition, the synergistic effect of EO against resistant bacteria may be explored in future studies.

S‐Scheme MnO2/Co3O4 Sugar‐Gourd Nanohybrids with Abundant Oxygen Vacancies for Efficient Visible‐Light‐Driven CO2 Reduction

AbstractConverting CO2 to carbon‐based fuels using solar energy via photocatalysis is a promising approach to boost carbon neutrality. However, the solar‐to‐chemical conversion efficiency is hampered by interconnected multiple factors including insufficient light absorption, low separation efficiency of photogenerated carriers as well as complex and sluggish surface reaction kinetics. Herein, we incorporate MnO2 nanowires and Co3O4 hollow polyhedrons with abundant oxygen vacancies (VO) into MnO2/Co3O4 sugar‐gourd nanohybrids for boosting CO2 photoreduction. The MnO2/Co3O4 nanohybrids not only display strong absorption in the visible–near infrared region, but also facilitate the separation of photogenerated carriers in terms of S‐scheme transfer pathway, supplying abundant electrons for CO2 reduction reaction. Furthermore, the presence of VO enhances the separation efficiency of photogenerated carriers and promotes the chemical adsorption to CO2 molecules. In addition, the interfacial electronic interaction between MnO2 and Co3O4 also contributes to the chemical adsorption and activation to CO2. Owing to the synergy of S‐scheme transfer pathway and VO, the MnO2/Co3O4 hybrids exhibit greatly enhanced photocatalytic activity towards CO2 reduction under the irradiation of visible light in comparison with bare MnO2 and Co3O4, delivering a CO evolution rate of 15.9 umol g−1 h−1 with a 100 % selectivity.

Chemical Profiling and Cytotoxicity Activity of Essential Oil from Artemisia Maritima Collected through Four Different Wild Locations of Lahaul Valley in Indian Western Himalaya

AbstractThis research leads to the analysis of quality parameters and chemical profiles of Artemisia maritima essential oils (EOs) extracted from four different wild areas viz: Darcha, Jispa, Gemur and Tandi of Lahaul valley of Indian western Himalaya in comparison to a market sample. The EOs content was found higher in Darcha (0.54 %) and Jispa (0.48 %). The quality parameters such as color, odor, density, refractive index and optical rotations were found comparable with the market sample. Further, volatile chemo‐profile of EOs was generated using GC/GC‐MS. A total of 34 metabolites were identified in five samples (n=3) that account around 87.3–95.1 % of the total oils. These EOs majorly contained monoterpene hydrocarbons (3.0–68.5 %) and oxygenated monoterpenes (26.6–85.0 %) with β‐myrcene (9.8–20.6 %), α‐terpinene (0.7–17.3 %), β‐phellandrene (1.5–22.4 %), 1,8‐cineole (3.0–50.8 %), terpinen‐4‐ol (2.5–7.2 %), ascaridole (11.5 %), bornyl acetate (5.1–14.2 %), trans‐sabinyl acetate (0.8–49.6) and trans‐ascaridole (7.9 %). Moreover, cytotoxicity study of EOs against CaCo2 and HT‐29 human colon carcinoma cell lines unveiled significant anticancer potential of A. maritima. AMD (82.87±0.39 %) AMG (61.17±1.45 %) and AMM (73.37±2.1 %) showed comparable activity at 600 μg/ml (72 hr) in comparisons to vinblastine (20 μM). A. maritima is less explored as compared to other species and could be a new potential source for EOs and anticancer candidate.

Analysis of Chemical Components and Antioxidant Activity in Nutmeg Shell Liquid Smoke Processed through Rotary Evaporator Purification

Analysis of Chemical Components and Antioxidant Activity in Nutmeg Shell Liquid Smoke Processed through Rotary Evaporator Purification

Comparative Evaluation of Chemical Compositions and Antioxidant Activity in Fruiting Bodies and Mycelia of Volvariella volvacea and Pleurotus sajor-caju Extracts.

Mushrooms, recognized for their rich medicinal and nutritional content, have garnered significant interest due to their potent antioxidant properties. This study investigates the fruiting bodies and mycelia of straw mushrooms (Volvariella volvacea) and grey oyster mushrooms (Pleurotus sajor-caju). The mushrooms were extracted using distilled water at ratios of 1:25, 1:30, and 1:35 g/mL by soaking in a temperature-regulated shaking bath set at 50°C. The aqueous extracts were analyzed for their bioactive components, including polysaccharides, proteins, GABA, total phenolic content (TPC), and total flavonoid content (TFC), along with their antioxidant capacities using DPPH and ABTS assays. The results indicated that the straw mushroom exhibited higher levels of polysaccharides, GABA, TPC, and TFC compared to the grey oyster mushroom, which contained higher protein levels. Specifically, the fruiting bodies extract of the straw mushroom demonstrated the highest levels of polysaccharides (416.94 mg/g extract), GABA (12.86 mg/g extract), TPC (33.27 mg GAE/g extract), and TFC (9.39 mg CE/g extract). Furthermore, the fruiting bodies extract showed a greater capacity to scavenge free radicals than the mycelia extract of both straw mushroom and grey oyster mushroom, with DPPH assay values of 0.65 and 0.47 mg TE/g extract and ABTS assay values of 2.26 and 1.74 mg TE/g extract, respectively. These results suggest that the fruiting bodies possess higher free radical scavenging potential as an outcome of their high levels of bioactive compounds. Consequently, these extracts indicate promise as natural antioxidative agents and could be effectively utilized as ingredients in the culinary industry.

ПЕРСПЕКТИВЫ РАЦИОНАЛЬНОГО ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЯ ЛУКА МЕДВЕЖЬЕГО, ДИКОРАСТУЩЕГО В РСО-АЛАНИЯ

Nowadays research aimed at finding new natural sources of biologically active substances is becoming increasingly relevant, which is consistent with government policy in the field of healthy nutrition, preserving and strengthening public health. Plants containing valuable nutritional and biologically active substances that have antimicrobial activity and have a fungicidal effect (antifungal) are widely used in many industries and medicine. In this regard, determining the age characteristics of bear’s onion, the biochemical composition of the above-ground and underground parts and antimicrobial activity is a relevant area. The location of the research was the botanical garden and the research laboratory of the Research Institute of Biotechnology of the Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education «Mountain State Agrarian University». It has been established that under cultural conditions, samples of bear’s onion go through all stages or periods of development 8-10 days earlier than in natural conditions. A. ursinum L. is an ephemeroid, early-flowering species and belongs to the group of short-vegetating plants. Young shoots contain carbohydrates, proteins, organic acids, beneficial fiber, as well as biologically active substances: carotenoids - 0.31 ± 0.01 mg/g, total flavonoids - 1.79 ± 0.26 mg/g, ascorbic acid - 150 ± 5.11 mg%. Biologically active substances included in the composition of the above-ground and underground parts of bear onions can have an inhibitory effect on the growth of test microbes. Moreover, the bulbs have a large zone of inhibition of the growth of test microbes: Pr. vulgaris and Staph. aureus relative to the aerial part and is 26-30 mm, respectively. The antimicrobial activity of the aerial part of Allium ursinum relative to the test microbes is: E. coli - 22 mm, Pr. vulgaris - 25 mm; Staph. aureus - 20 mm. The results obtained provide a scientific basis for the possibility of introducing and cultivating Allium ursinum , as well as using it as a food product with a rich chemical composition and antimicrobial activity.

Alkali surface modification of titanium for biomedical implants

AbstractNanostructures were successfully created on titanium (Ti) substrates through alkali treatment. By varying the concentration, temperature, and duration of the alkali treatment, different nanostructure surfaces were achieved on Ti. FE‐SEM analysis revealed a transition from a smooth to a nanoporous surface structure. The alkali treatment notably decreased the contact angle of Ti from 64° to 48°. Raman spectroscopy of Ti treated with 5 M NaOH at 80 °C for 24 h showed distinct titanate peaks at 188, 190, and 270 cm−1, confirming the formation of titanate compounds on the Ti surface. EIS measurements further demonstrated that the treated Ti exhibited reduced chemical activity, increased surface roughness, and porosity of approximately 40–50% compared to untreated Ti. In vitro biocompatibility tests using baby hamster kidney cells indicated positive cell attachment and proliferation after 72 h of culturing on the alkali‐treated Ti. These modifications enhance the surface properties and expand the potential applications of titanium in biomedical, industrial, and environmental technologies.

Harnessing biomass derived carbon material with heteroatoms for sensitive and selective detection of mercury (II) ions in waste water

A wide range of raw materials can be converted into carbon materialsprimarily through chemical and physical activation, or a combination of both. The characteristics of resultant carbon material depend significantly on activation method and the specific raw materials used. This work processes date seed biomass using a chemical activation and thermal annealing method to derive a low-cost and porous carbon material DS-AC@400. The material was then used as a fluorescent sensing probe for selective and precise detection of Hg2+ ions in wastewater. There was a linear correlation between Hg2+ concentration and fluorescence intensity of DS-AC@400 with a limit of detection of 8.69 nM. It was found that the DS-AC@400-based fluorescent sensor has a high selectivity for Hg2+ detection against other interferingmetal ions. The sensor workedeffectively in real water samplesfor practical applications with little interference from interfering ions.