Charitable Activities Research Articles

TOOLS FOR ENSURING SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC INCLUSION OF FORCED MIGRANTS IN THE CONDITIONS OF RUSSIAN AGGRESSION AGAINST UKRAINE

The article proves that the formation of an inclusive environment for persons who have found themselves in difficult life circumstances due to Russia's war of aggression against Ukraine is carried out through the provision of humanitarian assistance, creation of favourable conditions for employment and earning labour income, provision of legal assistance and protection, access to education and training, socio-cultural integration, etc. It is determined that the main responsibility for providing assistance to the population affected by the humanitarian crisis in the context of war lies with the government, local authorities, the private sector, faith communities, local civil society, NGOs, volunteers, international humanitarian organisations, donor and partner countries, etc. The author emphasises the important role of various international and national organisations and associations in the implementation of humanitarian initiatives since the beginning of the full-scale war in Ukraine. It is substantiated that humanitarian aid and other charitable activities from various organisations have become a vital source of support for both forced users of temporary protection outside Ukraine and internally displaced persons. The author notes the role of grant funding and modern digital technologies in ensuring social and economic inclusion of vulnerable categories of forced migrants. The article examines Ukrainian and foreign experience in organising and conducting various events and activities for the socialisation and integration of war refugees. The author assesses the quantitative and qualitative indicators of forced resettlement, as well as the current state of funding for measures aimed at effectively addressing the migration challenges caused by the Russian-Ukrainian war.

PATRONS IN THE EDUCATION SYSTEM: THE CONTRIBUTION OF THE TALANTSEV BROTHERS TO ITS DEVELOPMENT

The article analyzes the contribution of famous entrepreneurs of the Chuvash region, the Talantsev brothers – Nikolai Mikhailovich, Mikhail Mikhailovich and Zinovy Mikhailovich – to the development of the education system in the late XIX – early XX century.
 
 In pre-revolutionary Russia at the beginning of the XX century, charitable activities are expanding in the business environment. A considerable part of the country’s educated business elite considered it inhumane and undignified to do business only for the sake of making a profit and tried to direct part of their funds to charity. Alms-houses, shelters for the elderly and children, hospitals and night shelters were opened at their expense. Sponsorship of educational institutions of various levels occupied a significant place in the patronage of such entrepreneurs. Such entrepreneurs included well-known merchants and production workers, the Talantsev brothers. Studying the experience of their charitable activities in the education system makes it possible to assess the contribution of the Talantsev brothers to the development of education in the region, to understand the spirit of entrepreneurs of pre-revolutionary Russia.
 
 The main purpose of the research is to study the contribution of the Talantsev brothers, well-known entrepreneurs and patrons in the Volga region, to the development of education in the Chuvash Region and beyond.
 
 Materials and methods. The main methods for the analysis were historical-genetic, problem-chronological and retrospective methods, which made it possible, based on the methodological principles of historicism, consistency and objectivity, to analyze source materials – archival documents and special scientific literature on the subject, to comprehensively consider the problems posed.
 
 Study results. Based on a systematic analysis of source materials, the article discusses the first steps in the charitable activities of Yadrin entrepreneurs, known far beyond the Chuvash Region – the Talantsev brothers – Nikolai Mikhailovich, Mikhail Mikhailovich, Zinovy Mikhailovich – at the end of the late XIX – early XX century XIX century. The contribution of the Talantsev brothers to the development of primary and primary vocational education at the beginning of the late XIX – early XX century XX century is studied. Their role in opening a non-classical secondary school and a girls’ gymnasium in Yadrin aimed at forming needful vocational and gymnasium education in the region is analyzed. The main forms and directions of sponsor support in the field of education by patrons of the Talantsevs were studied. The role of the youngest of the brothers, Z.M. Talantsev, in opening Nizhny Novgorod People’s University, in the evolvement of its chemical faculty is considered.
 
 Conclusion. The conclusion is made about a worthy contribution of well-known large entrepreneurs in the Volga region, patrons the Talantsev brothers to the development of primary school, vocational, gymnasium and higher education.

Factors Influencing Philanthropic Behavior among Youths in Malaysia

Philanthropy is the desire to promote the well-being of others. It is about looking for and helping the welfare of others, particularly by giving them money for good reasons. Philanthropy is not only confined to the contribution of money, but it involves making efforts for religious purposes and self-satisfaction towards others. The level of charity among Malaysian citizens is alarming in 2015, Malaysia ranked 10th in the World Giving Index but in 2021 the ranking has dropped tremendously to 29th place. This has shown that Malaysians are getting less interested in participating in charitable activities and doing general good deeds. Therefore, there is an urgent need to look broadly at the philanthropic behavior of Malaysians. This research aims to determine the factors influencing philanthropic behavior among youth in Malaysia. For this study, a survey was conducted to the target population which is youth. Data was collected by distributing questionnaires via emails and WhatsApp groups and data was analyzed using SPSS and PLS-SEM. Findings show that religion and altruism are significant to the philanthropic behavior of Malaysian youth. This study has provided valuable insights into youth philanthropy by identifying solutions to further create awareness of philanthropy.

To the Issue of the Charitable Activities of Orthodox Monasteries in the Initial Period of the First World War

To the Issue of the Charitable Activities of Orthodox Monasteries in the Initial Period of the First World War

Благотворительная деятельность мусульманского купечества Казахстана в XIX – начале XX в.

Introduction. The 19th century witnessed the emergence of a powerful Muslim merchant class in the steppe zone of Imperial Russia. Those were ethnic Tatars, Kazakhs, Sarts, Bukharans, Uighurs, and Shala Kazakhs based in Petropavlovsk and Semipalatinsk. Goals. The work aims to identify outcomes of charitable activities undertaken by Muslim merchants. Another objective is to distinguish the specifics of charity efforts and the latter’s main directions. Material and methods. The paper investigates documents housed at the Central State Archive of Kazakhstan, Historical Archive of Omsk Oblast, National Archive (former Central State Historical Archive) of Bashkortostan, Russian State Historical Archive, Archive of North Kazakhstan Region, and pre-revolutionary periodicals, reports of Muslim charitable societies, reference and encyclopedic materials. The study employs both general scientific (analysis, synthesis, generalization) and special historical research methods (comparative-historical and retrospective ones). Results. The paper outlines key directions of Muslim charities in the steppe, namely: social support, enlightening and educational endeavors. Muslim merchant benefactors tended to meet not only intra-confessional needs but also nationwide ones too. And while the imperial administration did welcome the assistance from entrepreneurs in solving country-wide problems, Muslim philanthropy would still face a number of obstacles. Officials were reluctant enough to grant permits for mosque constructions, inclined to limit the functioning of madrassas and charitable organizations, banned waqfs. However, despite all the bureaucratic and administrative barriers Muslims did manage to create a coherent system of funding their needs.

The Effects of Listed Company Charitable Foundation on Business Relationship of Supply Chain: Based on the Empirical Research of Corporate Social Responsibility

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">The Public Welfare Foundation of a listed company is a non-profit organization with independent legal personality. It is established and funded by a listed company. The purpose of establishing a foundation for a listed company is generally to carry out charitable activities and make important contributions to charitable causes. However, due to the special power separation model, the autonomy of the foundation is poor, and there may be serious agency conflicts, ultimately leading to listed companies becoming beneficiaries of the foundation's charitable activities. We have found from the perspectives of commercial credit, sales, and cooperative relationships that social responsibility initiating organizations (listed companies) can obtain potential benefits from social responsibility fulfilling organizations (listed company public welfare foundations) in supply chain commercial relationships, that is, listed companies that establish public welfare foundations have good supply chain commercial relationships. When a listed company and a public welfare foundation have a close relationship in terms of fund donation, decision-making, business, and naming, the public welfare foundation has a strategic preference in selecting project names, project service areas, project beneficiaries, and project service areas. It prioritizes the interests of the listed company, enabling the listed company to obtain better supply chain business relationships.</p>

Indications for a Franciscan Role in the Philanthropic Activities of the Early Florentine Misericordia

Abstract Scholarship on Saint Francis of Assisi and the Franciscan movement, established in the thirteenth century, surprisingly tends to ignore his response to a central message of the Church: that we must love and care for the needy among our human brethren. Jesus himself said so, nowhere more explicitly than in Matthew, chapter twenty-five. Yet Francis’s writings repeatedly manifest his familiarity with Matthew, including that chapter. Conditions in rapidly urbanizing parts of Europe during the late-medieval period such as Northern and Central Italy rendered Christ’s mandate to “love one another” especially pertinent. Charitable confraternities played a major role in mitigating human suffering during that transitional era, providing various types of assistance community-wide to disadvantaged neighbors. Archival documents confirm that such actions performed by members of the Misericordia Confraternity of Florence followed Christ’s declaration in Matthew 25 setting forth the Corporal Works of Mercy. Inscriptions and pictorial details in the Misericordia’s frescoed Allegory of Mercy of 1342 underscore this point. Other details within that painting signal a Franciscan influence upon, and presence within, the Misericordia Company, reflecting the existence of a robust Franciscan community in Florence comprising not only members of the First and Second Orders—the Friars Minor and Poor Clares, respectively—but also laypersons of the Third Order. Passages in the writings of Saint Francis and his early biographers indicate the importance that works of mercy had for the Poverello, the six named in Matthew and a seventh commonly added to that list. In particular, Francis’s experiences, pronouncements, and efforts in regard to the fourth and sixth works of mercy, clothing the naked and aiding prisoners, exemplify the charitable activities both encouraged by the saint and, almost certainly with his background, words, and deeds in mind, actually implemented by members of the Misericordia Confraternity, as articulated in their inspirational centerpiece, the Allegory of Mercy.

The Roman Catholic Parish in the Face of the Ukrainian Refugee Crisis: A Case Study of St. Joseph Parish in Chorzów, Poland and Holy Spirit Parish in Kátlovce, Slovakia

Russia’s war against Ukraine as a result of the Kremlin’s aggressive policy has caused a number of catastrophic material consequences, but most dramatically, the suffering of the Ukrainian people. Millions of people at risk of death were forced to leave their previous places of residence. In a short space of time, they had to make the crucial decision to leave the war-stricken country without the prospect of an exact return date. They were accompanied not only by the uncertainty of finding a safe and friendly place to survive but also by the fear of whether they would have anything to return to in the future. From the first days of the war, huge migrations began inside and outside Ukraine. This dramatic situation of an unprecedented wave of refugees in 21st-century Europe has mobilized societies and governments in many countries to provide unprecedented assistance to the citizens of Ukraine. The largest number of refugees reached Poland. In addition, a significant number went to Slovakia. This article, the result of a collaboration between Polish and Slovakian researchers, attempts to illustrate the response of Catholic Church parishioners to the influx of refugees from Ukraine using the example of the St. Joseph parish in Chorzów and the Holy Spirit parish in Kátlovce, Slovakia. The parishioners communities undertook charitable activities, and an informal aid group was immediately organized in the Polish parish. The aim of the research process carried out was, on the one hand, to identify the forms of aid implemented, its scope, and the difficulties encountered, and, on the other hand, to try to grasp the motives for involvement in helping refugees. An important aspect of the research was to verify the reactions of the parishioners in the context of the guidelines of the social teaching of the Church, especially the teaching of Pope Francis on helping migrants and refugees.

Church charity during the first world war

The article presents the charitable activities of the Orthodox clergy and laity during the First World War. Based on a wide range of sources and studies, various practices of providing assistance to wounded and maimed soldiers, prisoners of war, refugees, and members of soldiers' families are shown. At the same time, various public reactions to the role of the Orthodox Church in mobilizing the rear and consolidating the population for the successful conduct of the war are emphasized.

Contribution of doctor Stepan Rudansky to the organization of medical aid to the population of Crimea: to the 190th anniversary of the birthday of S.V. Rudansky (1834-1873)

The purpose of the research is scientific coverage of his professional and charitable activities in Yalta in the second half of the 19th century on the basis of a representative set of historical documents and the epistolary legacy of the Ukrainian doctor and poet Stepan Rudanskyi. Materials and methods. The article uses a complex of published, but little known to the medical community, scientific historical and medical publications. Historical-comparative, bibliographic and systematic analysis were chosen as research methods. The results. It is proven that Stepan Rudanskyi was the first licensed doctor on the Crimean Peninsula in 1861-1873, who provided qualified medical assistance to the local population. During the cholera pandemic that swept the European continent in the 1860s and 1870s, doctor Rudansky performed the duties of the only quarantine doctor in this region and led the fight against this disease. Conclusions. The intellectual and poetic heritage of the doctor and poet Stepan Rudanskyi continues to attract the attention of art critics, writers, historians of medicine and other scientists. In addition to wonderful poetry, folklore collections and translated works, the figure of Rudansky attracts people with his high spiritual imperative, which was the core of his professional medical activity, which took place on the Crimean peninsula. The memory of the conscientious doctor-poet will undoubtedly be immortalized in this Ukrainian land.

Kişilik İnşasında Din Faktörünün Etkisinin Bir Kadın Üzerinden İncelenmesi: Bezmialem Valide Sultan

Personality is the whole of attitudes and behaviors that people reveal from the moment they interact with the outside world with their innate characteristics. The consistency of these attitudes and behaviors is the possible with will of men, which they strengthen with their minds. Although men’s mental ability contains innate features, the way they use it from the moment they interact with the environment reveals whether their behavior is voluntary or not. Religion, which is both an internal and an external phenomenon, is one of the factors affecting the will of human behavior due to this feature. For this reason, religion also helps in the construction of a person’s personality. This auxiliary role of religion is especially effective during childhood and adolescence. In the following periods, its effectiveness emerges in times of crisis. The crises of sexes differ in their management with the help of the religion factor. The effectiveness of women’s use of religion in self-construction and in times of crisis is an issue that needs to be investigated. In the literature studies on self-construction, in the research made on gender, the evaluation of women through a private person was not encountered. In order to contribute to the missing area in this regard, the effects of religion as a positive controlling power on self-construction were evaluated through women. Religious factors are more effective in the spiritual world of women. The fact that the female temperament is softer than the male temperament is a factor in this situation. Although this soft temperament may seem like a disadvantage, it breeds sincere surrender. This surrender is the sourdough of holistic self-construction. Bezmialem Valide Sultan, whose life was influenced by different religions, was analyzed in this context. The self-construction process was investigated. Different beliefs and different cultural structures affecting childhood and adolescence were evaluated. It was focused on bringing her personality to a holistic structure with the identities she acquired throughout her life. In particular, an examination was made of the charitable activities she carried out under the influence of religion. Examples of these activities of Bezmialem Valide Sultan were selected. Some of these sample activities are Waqf Gureba Hospital, Darülmaarif, Dolmabahçe Mosque, Galata Bridge, and Terkos Lake. Her personality was evaluated scientifically on reaching every part of society with the waqf institution, a religious phenomenon, with her religious philanthropy emotion. In this study, the technique of examining documents, which is a qualitative research method, was used. A review of primary and secondary sources on the subject was made. It was seen that the effect of religion was positive in the construction of Bezmialem Valide Sultan’s personality. When religion is the center of self-construction, it has been determined that the result is consistent and permanent with the charitable waqfs constructed by Bezmialem Valide Sultan. It has been concluded that the effect of religion is positive in self-construction in women.

DIAGNOSTICS OF OLDER PRESCHOOL CHILDREN’S SENSITIVITY FORMATION LEVELS

The article covers the general issues of the organization and content of the ascertainment experiment and analyzed the results of diagnostics of the state of older preschoolers’ sensitivity formation. The criteria for choosing the diagnostic toolkit for determining the level of preschoolers’ sensitivity formation were age and individual characteristics, as well as the possibility to identify and characterize the indicators of sensitivity formation proposed by us. The toolkit included the development of a questionnaire in the form of a conversation, and the diagnostic game “Who is sensitive?” based on plot diagnostic cards; plots were developed for the organization of role-playing games “Hospital” and “Veterinary Clinic”. Characterization of the levels of older preschool children’s sensitivity formation has been carried out according to the specified criteria and indicators. We have found that, according to the cognitive criterion children of older preschool age have an average and low level of sensitivity formation. We got the highest score for the emotional-motivational criterion because children are prone to showing moral feelings. Yet, they often need additional incentives for charitable activities. And unfortunately, the results of diagnostics according to the activity-behavioral criterion also turned out to be low due to the lack of preschool children’s skills in showing sensitive attitudes toward others. The confirmatory section has proved the necessity of carrying out systematic, planned work in preschool educational institutions on preschoolers’ sensitivity formation. A confirmatory experiment to determine the initial levels of older preschool children’s sensitivity formation in the conditions of the traditional educational process in a preschool education institution according to cognitive, emotional-motivational, and activity-behavioral criteria revealed that the average and low levels of sensitivity education prevailed among children, which caused the need for the search for ways to solve this problem, in the justification and practical approbation of pedagogical conditions for the preschoolers’ sensitivity formation in the conditions of preschool educational institutions.

Empowerment of Sharia-Based Village Owned Enterprises (BUMDes)

Lawela Selatan Village, located in South Buton Regency, is a predominantly Muslim community that also receives government funding. To sustain the village's economy, the establishment of Village Owned Enterprises (BUMDes) has been crucial. Given the growing prominence of Islamic economics in Indonesia's business landscape, it is vital to explore its application within BUMDes. This endeavor aims to equip all participants, especially BUMDes management, with fundamental knowledge and comprehension of Islamic economics. The implementation of charitable activities proceeded smoothly without any notable obstacles. The BUMDes in South Lawela Village, Batauga Subdistrict, South Buton Regency, is known as BUMDes Cahaya Baru and encompasses service-oriented enterprises such as equipment rental, wedding decoration, building materials, trading companies, and the tourism sector. Furthermore, there are untapped regional potentials that present promising development opportunities. Prioritizing the development of local potentials is of utmost importance, particularly in reinforcing BUMDes based on the Sharia system due to the predominantly Muslim population. The objective of the service team is to impart knowledge to BUMDes management, specifically focusing on the advancement of Sharia-based BUMDes.

How Businesses Can Assess the Impacts of Their Charitable Activities on the Rights of Children and Youth

There has been increasing attention given to the relationship between children’s rights and business due to a greater understanding of the direct and indirect impacts that businesses have on children and youth. Concomitantly, many businesses are involved in charitable work. Do charitable activities performed by businesses provide an entry point for considering children’s rights? Further, do these charitable activities facilitate an opportunity for the amalgamation of corporate social responsibility (CSR) and business and human rights? It is hypothesised that charitable contributions can facilitate a greater understanding of children’s rights and subsequently advance implementation. Accordingly, businesses can recognise their capacity to do more than mitigate their negative impacts, and positively influence the realisation of children’s rights. This can be facilitated through the improved assessment of charitable contributions using a child-rights-based approach. This research paper is informed by qualitative individual interviews with 15 stakeholders from pertinent professional sectors, five focus groups with 38 children and youth, and academic and grey literature reviews. It is concluded that attention to impact assessment offers a valuable avenue forward by which to knit the threads of activity regarding both human rights and corporate social responsibility through accountability. A proposed checklist may stimulate future actions and developments in children’s rights within and outside of businesses.

Illegal use of humanitarian aid, charitable donations or free aid for the purpose of obtaining profit (Article 201-2 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine): problems of systematic interpretation and practical application and their solution

The article discusses the main problematic issues related to Article 201-2 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine, which entered into force on April 3, 2022 and provides for criminal liability for the sale of humanitarian aid items or the use of charitable donations, free aid, or the conclusion of other transactions related to the disposal of such property . Such actions are taken in violation of the requirements stipulated in the laws of Ukraine dated October 22, 1999 "On humanitarian aid" and dated July 5, 2012 "On charitable activities and charitable organizations."
 It is recognized that the statement, which is widespread in the scientific literature, that Article 201-2 provides for responsibility for the theft of humanitarian aid items is incorrect. The correlation of this criminal offense with offenses against property is shown.
 It has been proven that the analysis of the content of Article 201-2 based on its place in the system of the Special Part of the Criminal Code of Ukraine as a criminal offense in the field of economic activity is of primary importance for solving most problematic issues.
 It was established that Article 201-2 applies to persons who carry out economic activities with items of humanitarian aid and ensure the receipt of such items from donors to their recipients. It does not apply to the actions of donors and recipients of humanitarian aid.
 It is justified that the public danger of the actions provided for in Art. 201-2, is that the use of items of humanitarian aid for the purpose of making a profit may lead to the non-receipt or late arrival of humanitarian aid to its recipients.
 It is proposed to supplement Art. 201-2 of the Criminal Code, part 4, in which to establish increased criminal liability for actions that led to the death of people or other serious consequences. Such responsibility should arise regardless of the total value of the items of humanitarian aid.
 The difference between the ban on the use of humanitarian aid for profit and the use of humanitarian aid for non-intended purposes is shown. This difference must be taken into account in the legislative improvement of Article 201-2.

TOWNS OF VOLYN DURING THE GREAT WAR: GENERAL STATE AND LOCAL CIVIC CHARITABLE PRACTICES (1914–1916)

During the Great War, Volyn became one of the arenas of confrontation between the troops of the Entente and the Triple Alliance. The First World War on the territory of Volyn was affected not only by the battles of Russian and Austro-Hungarian troops, but also by the active activities of a number of civic organizations, mainly of a charitable nature, who wanted to help military and civilian victims of the conflict. The aim of the research is to present the activities of general state and local charitable civic organizations in sub-Russian urban centers of the Volyn province in 1914–1916. Considering the scope and nature of the article, we bypass with our attention the analysis of the activities of ethnic public structures, the Russian Red Cross Society, as well as charitable organizations of associated with members of the Romanov dynasty. The research methodology is based on the use of general scientific and specially historical research methods, including problem-chronological, synchronous, diachronic, comparative-historical and others. The scientific novelty is that the author tried, on the basis of unpublished archival materials, to highlight the activities of general state and local civic charitable initiatives in the sub-Russian urban centers of the Volyn province in 1914–1916. Conclusions. It was established that during the Great War, the towns of Volyn were important centers of civic charitable practices. Not only the general state structural units of the All-Russian Union of Cities, but also local civic initiatives, such as the Lutsk Town Committee for Aid to War Victims or the Municipal Committee for Assistance to the Poor Residents of Kremenets, carried out charitable activities here. Some wealthy townspeople were also involved in charitable activities. In general, during the Great War in Volyn, as well as in other Ukrainian provinces of the Russian Empire, we can observe the phenomenon of public activism as a substitute for the ineffectiveness of state institutions and a compensator for the limitations of self-governing bodies in solving urgent social problems caused by the war.

19th Century Armenian Public Companies in the Villages Adjacent to Tevrik

Key words: reforms, public, educational organizations, donation, craftsmen, porters, family, schools In the 50-60s of the 19th century, social and political life was developing both in Western and Eastern Armenia. In the socio-political life there was a struggle – the stratification of public consciousness. Along with a lively economic life, the Armenians of Tevrik were also active in the social, cultural and educational life of the empire. It was conditioned with the opportunities provided by the Tanzimat, announced by Sultan Abdul Mecid under pressure from the great European powers with the aim of “Europeanizing” the Ottoman Empire. Since the beginning of the last century, the newcomers from Tevrik, who settled in Constantinople, in the 50s of the XIX century, were able to acquire the means not only for a decent existence but also for the solution of some issues related to the enlightenment and education of the population of their hometown and surrounding villages. In this patriotic initiative, the well-known Armenian families settled earlier in Constantinople, such as the Tuzyants family, did not stand aside. A number of organizations were established not only in Tevrik, but also in the surrounding villages of Qirason, Khurnavil, Zimara and Kasma. In 19th century the organizations in Tevrik and the surrounding villages acted mainly in directions: they were engaged in educational and charitable activities. In the 19th century, Armenian non-governmental organizations based in Tevrik and neighboring villages largely ceased to exist as a result of the Armenian pogroms in the Ottoman Empire in 1895, which did not bypass Tevrik and neigbouring villages.

Благотворительная деятельность женщин в Нижегородской губерниии в 1870-1890-е гг.

The article considers women's charitable activities in the Nizhny Novgorod region in the 1870-1890s. In the XIX century women were especially social active in the field of charity. The involvement of women in the social life of the province affected mainly upper and wealthy groups of the urban population (in the peasant group the features of traditional society were preserved for a long time). The article presents new facts (found both in archival and published sources) about the philanthropy of Nizhny Novgorod merchantry and nobility. The facts demonstrate that charitable initiatives of charity activists manifested themselves mainly in their social and cultural projects. In article all donations of women are systematized by type of assistance (assistance to the poor and the church, maintenance of almshouses, donations for the construction of hospitals and maternity hospitals, charity in the field of education, donations to orphanages, registration of wills for the needs of philanthropy). It is concluded that the largest amount of donations in monetary terms in the last third of the XIX century was ordered for the construction of new hospitals. For the first time, the article presents a detailed history of the hospital institution, created with a large donation from the merchant G.N. Ryabinina for a building of surgical department of the Nizhny Novgorod Provincial Zemstvo Hospital in 1899.

Files of the Polish Welfare CommitteeKraków-Miasto as a source for studyingwomen’s history in 1939–1945

Files of the Polish Welfare Committee Kraków–Miasto (Polish name: Polski Komitet Opiekuńczy Kraków-Miasto, acronym PolKO) are stored in the National Archives in Kraków and have been open to research for years. These files are a highly valuable source for researching the reality of life under occupation, and one of the archival collection whose potential is not being fully exploited by researchers. The purpose of this review is therefore an attempt to show the potential that the PolKO files contribute to the study of women’s history and its interdisciplinary potential. The Polish Welfare Committee Kraków–Miasto was a local branch of the Central Welfare Council (Rada Główna Opiekuńcza, RGO) that remained the only Polish welfare organisation in the General Government whose operation was permitted by the Germans. The records produced by the committee, albeit incomplete, reflect the main courses of activities these institutions undertook. Why can they useful as a source for researching women’s history? During the German occupation, official charitable activities became the domain of women. They were the majority among PolKO Kraków–Miasto personnel and cooperating individuals. The wartime circumstances also made women a majority among the committee’s beneficiaries. Analysing the PolKO records, you find information concerning both individual women’s motivation for embarking on charitable activity, the nature of work they performed, and the degree of involvement on the one hand, and reasons for poverty, and the types of support expected and delivered on the other.

Religion and Belief Discrimination at Work: Legal Challenges in the UK

The importance of corporate social responsibility (CSR) activities has increased in recent years. More undertakings active on different markets are becoming aware of the importance of improving labour policies, investing in safety training of employees, environmental protection, local community-related projects, volunteering, and charitable activities. At issue is whether higher degrees of competition associated with periods of economic crisis will affect the degree of competition on the market in a favourable or a non-favourable manner. Based on statistical data currently available, this paper will analyse whether higher levels of competition will increase investments in CSR activities to create trustworthy firms that will survive even in economically harsh periods, or will otherwise reduce the aforementioned types of investments and thereby facilitate the flourishing of anticompetitive practices on the market. This paper will first start with a short presentation of the concept, importance and meaning of corporate social responsibility, followed by considerations related to the importance of ethics in competition law. Finally, the author will analyse the impact of competition on CSR-related activities and the ways in which the pressure of competition can impact on CSR investments. Keywords: Corporate social responsibility; Competition; Anticompetitive practices; CSR activities; CSR investments