Generic Characters Research Articles

A new species of dendrochirotid holothuroid from deep water of southern Japan, with the erection of a new genus, Satsumaocnus (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Dendrochirotida: Cucumariidae: Colochirinae)

A new dendrochirotid sea cucumber, Satsumaocnus kaiyomarui gen. nov., sp. nov. from deep water of southern Japan is herein described. The new species displays the following unique characters : a cylindrical, soft body; mouth surrounded by five oral valves; 10 equal, dendritic tentacles arranged in a single circle, each composed of two tufts; a low, stout, compact, calcareous ring without posterior prolongations; body wall ossicles comprising an external layer of small, x-framed hourglass-shaped cups originally described as "double-faced x-framed cup ossicles" in a previous study reported by Yamana et al. (2019), and an inner layer of scarce dendriform/branched rods, sometimes taking the shape of delicate plate-like deposits. Although the general (external and internal) morphological characters of the new species correspond well with the characters of species within the cucumariid subfamily Colochirinae Panning, 1949, our material lacks any buttons or elaborate plate-like ossicles which characterize all extant genera within this subfamily. We, therefore, describe our material as a new species S. kaiyomarui sp. nov. within the new genus Satsumaocnus. The predominant body wall deposits of the new species strongly resemble the hourglass type ossicles of some species of the psolid genus Lissothuria (Verrill, 1867), but differ in their possession of a supporting x-shaped frame. In addition, it is noteworthy that these hourglass deposits also resemble the table ossicles of some holothuriids and stichopodids, when viewed from the side, especially the small tables of some Labidodemas and/or Stichopus species, while the dendriform rods resemble those of Thelenota.

The Replica Project: Co-Designing a Discovery Engine for Digital Art History

This article explains how the Replica project is a particular case of different professionals coming together to achieve the digitization of a historical photographic archive, intersecting complementary knowledge specific to normally unconnected communities. In particular the community of Art History researchers, brought together here in relation to their common methodologies in the practice of visual pattern research, became protagonists in the construction of a specific tool, the Morphograph, to navigate through the archive’s photos. A specific research problem, the recognition of visual patterns migrating from one work to another, became the key to developing a new technology initially intended for a specific community of users, but with such a generic character in its approach that it could easily be made available to other uninformed users as learning by doing tools. The Morphograph tool also made it possible to demonstrate how, within a community, the partial expertise of individuality needs to be related to each other and benefits enormously from the knowledge densification mechanism made possible by the sharing. The digital context easily makes it possible to create tools that are specific in terms of content but generic in form that can be communicated and shared with even diverse and uninformed communities.

Redescription of Pseudograpsus intermedius Chhapgar, 1955 (Decapoda, Brachyura, Varunidae) from India

The identity of Pseudograpsus intermedius Chhapgar, 1955 (Varunidae), a crab species found in mangrove habitats of India is clarified. The re-examination of the holotype male and examination of fresh specimens collected from Goa State, India, revealed that P. intermedius shows significant morphological differences from the generic characters of Pseudograpsus. As such, a new genus Chhapgarus n. gen. is established for the species.

A new genus and species of Polynoidae (Annelida: Polychaeta) from the Canary Islands, and update on taxa present in the Northeast Atlantic

A new polynoid, Webbnesia maculata gen. et sp. nov., was discovered during benthic surveys conducted around the Canary Islands. Its generic characters (absence of cephalic peaks, ventrally inserted lateral antennae, reduced notopodium and chaetae all stout) place it close to Antinoe Kinberg, 1856, Hermadion Kinberg, 1856 and Malmgrenia McIntosh, 1874, but the combination is unique and justifies the erection of a new genus. The new genus and species are described, figured and discussed in detail. An updated list of taxa and an identification key to all genera of Polynoinae Kinberg, 1856 sensu lato currently reported from the extended Northeast Atlantic are given.

Morphometric and molecular characterization of an unpigmented haemosporidian parasite in the Neotropical turnip-tailed gecko (Thecadactylus rapicauda).

Morphological traits from blood stages have been the gold standard for determining haemosporidian parasite species. However, the status of some taxa and the value of such traits in parasites from reptiles remain contentious. The scarce sampling of these species worsens the situation, and several taxa lack molecular data. A survey was performed in the Magdalena Department in Colombia, where 16 species of reptiles were captured. A peculiar haemosporidian parasite was found in the Turnip-tailed gecko Thecadactylus rapicauda. This haemosporidian does not show malarial pigment in blood stages under light microscopy; thus, it fits the Garnia genus's characters belonging to the Garniidae. However, the phylogenetic analyses using a partial sequence of cytochrome b and the mitochondrial DNA placed it within the Plasmodium clade. Our findings suggest that many putative Garnia species belong to the genus Plasmodium, like the one reported here. This study either shows that visible malarial pigment in blood stages is not a diagnostic trait of the genus Plasmodium or malarial pigment might be present in an undetectable form under a light microscope. In any case, the current taxonomy of haemosporidian parasites in reptiles requires revision. This study highlights the importance of using molecular and morphological traits to address taxonomic questions at the species and genus levels in haemosporidian parasites from reptiles.

A new genus and two new species of Tegonotini (Prostigmata: Eriophyoidea) from Guangxi, China with a redescription of Gongella carpini Kuang, 2005

A new genus and two new species of Tegonotini (Acari: Eriophyidae) from China are described and illustrated. They are Latuannulus engelhardiae gen. nov. and sp. nov. on Engelhardia roxburghiana Wall. (Juglandaceae) and Phyllocoptacus nepalensus sp. nov. on Alnus nepalensis D. Don (Betulaceae). Additionally, we provided more generic characters to Gongella Kuang, 2005 and redescribed Gongella carpini Kuang, 2005. All three species are vagrant on the lower leaf surface and no symptom to the host was observed.

Contributions to the taxonomy of the mugilid genus Chelon Artedi (Teleostei: Mugilidae), with a major review of the status of C. persicus Senou, Randall & Okiyama, 1995

New data based on multigene phylogenetic analyses using the COI, 16S, and cytb genes and subsequent molecular species delimitation revealed that the mugilid genus Chelon contains 11 species. Of these, two species, Chelon sp. A and Chelon sp. B, remained unidentified in previous studies. While Chelon sp. B seemingly is a close relative to C. dumerili (Steindachner, 1870), no more detailed information were provided for Chelon sp. A which is present along the east coast of South Africa. Genetic analyses performed in this study, revealed that specimens from the Arabian/Persian Gulf and the Red Sea are nested within one genetic lineage alongside Chelon sp. A. Morphological, morphometric, and meristic analyses of specimens from all three areas demonstrated that they belong to Chelon persicus Senou, Randall & Okyiama, 1995. Chelon persicus was originally described in the genus Chelon but was later placed either in the genus Liza or Planiliza. However, results presented herein confirm its placement in Chelon and its distribution range is extended in the Western Indian Ocean from the type locality (Arabian/Persian Gulf) west to the Red Sea and south to South Africa. Further, the uncertain validity of the recently described Chelon caeruleus Deef, 2018 from the Mediterranean Sea and a previously proposed generic character distinguishing Chelon from Planiliza and Parachelon, the shape of the paired postzygapophyses of the second vertebra, are briefly discussed.

TREMATODES INFECTING DUCKS OF GENUS AYTHYA BOIE, 1822 (ANSERIFORMES: ANATIDAE) IN SINDH, PAKISTAN

The present study covers a part of the trematode diversity in a variety of ducks migratory birds mainly including pochards found in the water bodies of Sindh, Pakistan. In the present study, the birds were collected from different water bodies using the mist nest with the help of local bird catchers. Birds were dissected for their helminthes. The treaded parasites were processed for permanent mounting in Canada balsam and for further microscopic examination. In total, 70 birds belonging to three species of pochards of Genus Aythya (Anatidae: Anseriformes), A. ferina, A. fuligula and A. nyroca were collected from different water bodies during 2019-2020. The results showed five species of digenean trematodes including Psilochasmus singhi Jaiswal and Humayun, 1971, Psilochasmus oxyurus (Creplin, 1825), Catatropis pakistanensis Shafi et al., 1982, Echinochasmus amphibolus Kotlan, 1922 and Notocotylus attenutus (Rudolphi, 1809). All species were identified on the basis of their generic and specific characters including, body shape and size, position of oral sucker, cirrus pouch, genital pore, cecca, number of uterine loops, shape position of testes and ovaries. This is the first parasitological study on trematodes infecting the genus Aythya from Sindh, Pakistan.

Generic instruments in a synchrotron radiation facility

Abstract This paper explores the concept and the levels of genericity of different instruments, or beamlines, at a synchrotron radiation facility. We use conceptual tools from the sociology of science, bibliometrics and data from the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF) publication database, enriched by data from Web of Science. The sample size is of 11,218 observations for the period 1996 to 2018. The combined data set includes the beamline name, available from the ESRF library database, which makes the instrument-level analysis possible. We operationalize instrument genericity as the disciplinary diversity in the corpus related to each instrument with a Herfindahl-based index theoretically supported by the concept of generic instruments. As a result, we gain a quantitative insight into the generic character of the instruments, as well as the way in which different scientific fields and the experimental use of instruments group and align.

Schottky vertex operator cluster algebras

Using recursion formulas for vertex operator algebra higher genus characters with formal parameters identified with local coordinates around marked points on a Riemann surface of arbitrary genus, we introduce the notion of a vertex operator cluster algebra structure. Cluster elements and mutation rules are explicitly defined, and the simplest example of a vertex operator cluster algebra is presented.

Hexatoma crane flies (Diptera, Limoniidae) of Korea.

Hexatoma Latreille, 1809 is a large genus of short-palped crane flies with a worldwide distribution. Accounting for more than 60 percent of global species, 362 extant species occur in Asia. Prior to our study, Hexatoma crane flies on the Korean Peninsula (both the Democratic People's Republic of Korea and the Republic of Korea) had been studied for 90 years starting in 1930, but only three species had been recorded, with one of them being a misidentification. This study adds six species to the fauna of the Korean Peninsula, all of which belong to the subgenus H. (Eriocera) Macquart, 1838. General information on genus and subgenus morphological characters is presented in this paper, with a redescription of each species based on Korean specimens, as well as illustrations of both sexes, the elevation range, the period of activity, habitat information, general distribution, and a distribution map for the Korean Peninsula. Three species H. (E.) ilwola Podenas, sp. nov., H. (E.) pianigra Podenas, sp. nov. and H. (E.) serenensis Podenas, sp. nov. are described as new to science. Hexatoma (E.) lygropis (Alexander, 1920) is deleted from the Korean species list as a misidentification. This publication is a continuation of our previous work on short-palped crane flies (Limoniidae) from Korea.

Morphology and Molecular Phylogeny of Two New Trachelophyllid Ciliates, Monolamellophrya terricola gen. nov., sp. nov. and Trachelophyllum parapiculatum sp. nov. (Litostomatea, Haptoria), From South Korea.

The morphology and molecular phylogeny of two new ciliates, Monolamellophrya terricola gen. nov., sp. nov. and Trachelophyllum parapiculatum sp. nov., discovered in South Korea, were investigated. The two species belong to the suborder Trachelophyllina, which is characterized by the presence of a mucilaginous layer containing lepidosomes covering the cortex. Monolamellophrya terricola gen. nov., sp. nov. is characterized by the presence of a single layer of type II lepidosomes, representing a new genus. Trachelophyllum parapiculatum sp. nov. has only type I lepidosomes covering the cortex, a generic character of the genus Trachelophyllum, and is distinguished from other congeners by a combination of morphological features, including the 15–24 μm long rod-shaped extrusomes, the 9–13 ciliary rows, the 7–11 and 17–25 dikinetids in brush rows 1 and 2, respectively, and the bipolar brush row 3. Furthermore, the 18S rRNA gene sequences of the two new species were provided. The phylogenetic analyses show that the sequence of M. terricola gen. nov., sp. nov. clusters with two other trachelophyllid sequences, and the sequence of T. parapiculatum sp. nov. is placed at the base of these three sequences with full support. Furthermore, the four trachelophyllid sequences that are available so far form a monophyletic clade.

Étude des références pronominales à soi dans les témoignages d’événements traumatiques de guerre et d’attentats

Étude des références pronominales à soi dans les témoignages d’événements traumatiques de guerre et d’attentats

An analysis of nutrient facts labels of pediatric multi-vitamin and mineral supplements: Is there a risk of overexposure?

Voluntary and mandatory fortification of pediatric foods, along with widespread consumption of dietary supplements have resulted in an increased proportion of children with excessive micronutrient intake. This study aimed to analyze the proportion of pediatric dietary supplements that exceed the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) and Tolerable Upper Limit for the individual micronutrients. We further identified the proportion of supplements with large amounts of micronutrients that were marketed through child-friendly and parent-geared promotional language and graphics on the packaging. The nutrient facts label on pediatric supplement packages sold by three large retail pharmacy chains was analyzed for micronutrient content. Labels were examined for the presence of trademarked or generic cartoon characters and parent-geared health promotional statements. More than a third and almost a fifth of the samples contained vitamin A and niacin respectively in amounts equivalent to or above the established tolerable upper limit for one- to three-year-old children. A major proportion of these supplements had child-friendly and parent-targeted promotional language on the package. The potential for pediatric supplements as a source for excessive micronutrient consumption underscores the need for parents and health care professionals to use nutrition labels as a valuable tool to prevent micronutrient toxicity.

Geometric effects in the infinite-layer nickelates

Geometric effects in the infinite-layer nickelates $R$NiO$_2$ associated with the relative size of the $R$-site atom are investigated via first-principles calculations. We consider, in particular, the prospective YNiO$_2$ material to illustrate the impact of these effects. Compared to LaNiO$_2$, we find that the La $\to$ Y substitution is equivalent to a pressure of 19 GPa and that the presence of topotactic hydrogen can be precluded. However, the electronic structure of YNiO$_2$ departs from the cuprate-like picture due to an increase in both self-doping effect and $e_g$ hybridization. Furthermore, we find that geometric effects introduce a quantum critical point in the $R$NiO$_2$ series. This implies a $P4/mmm \leftrightarrow I4/mcm$ structural transformation associated to a $A_3^+$ normal mode, according to which the oxygen squares undergo an in-plane rotation around Ni that alternates along $c$. We find that such a $A_3^+$-mode instability has a generic character in the infinite-layer nickelates and can be tuned via either the effective $R$-site atom size or epitaxial strain.

Updating the phylogeny and taxonomy of pleurostomatid ciliates (Protista: Ciliophora) with establishment of a new family, a new genus and two new species

AbstractThe order Pleurostomatida is one of the most confusing groups in the ciliate class Litostomatea. In the present study, two new species, Paralitonotus foissneri gen. & sp. nov. and Loxophyllum apochlorelligerum sp. nov., were investigated using an integrative approach. Paralitonotus foissneri differs from other pleurostomatids by its distinctive ciliary pattern (i.e. the anterior ends of the right somatic kineties are progressively shortened from the middle towards dorsal and perioral ones). Therefore, we place it in the new genus Paralitonotus. Loxophyllum apochlorelligerum is characterized by seven to nine left and 12–14 right somatic kineties, three to five anterior dorsal warts and a subterminal contractile vacuole. Phylogenetic analyses show that Pa. foissneri clusters with Apolitonotus lynni and Pseudolitonotus gracilis to form a deep-branching subclade that is basal to other core pleurostomatids. All three genera have distinctive anteriorly shortened right kineties, suggesting that this might be a familial character state. We therefore establish a new family, Paralitonotidae fam. nov., for pleurostomatids with this character and propose a new taxonomic scheme and a hypothetical evolutionary trajectory of the order Pleurostomatida. In addition, the generic diagnostic characters for pleurostomatids are updated, and a key to the identification of pleurostomatid genera is provided.

The description of a new species of Anarthrotarsus Šilhavý from Greece and a discussion about the genus (Arachnida: Opiliones: Trogulidae)

Anarthrotarsus trichasi sp. nov., a second species of the genus Anarthrotarsus Šilhavý, 1967 is described based on fresh material from the northeastern part of the island of Crete, Greece. The male holotype of the type species of the genus Anarthrotarsus was discovered on the island of Corfu, Ionian Islands, Greece, but no other conspecific specimens were found there ever since. This also holds true for the population from Crete, from where a female paratype was collected. Genital morphology of male specimens from both populations markedly differs, and that of the holotype from Corfu is even unique among Trogulidae. Though the tarsal formula (1-1-1-1 in the four walking legs) is identical in both populations, penis morphology, the main generic character of Anarthrotarsus, clearly separates them. A close relationship of A. trichasi sp. nov. with species of the genus Calathocratus Simon, 1879 is supposed but awaits molecular genetic affirmation.

Generic character of charge and spin density waves in superconducting cuprates

Charge density waves (CDWs) have been observed in nearly all families of copper-oxide superconductors. But the behavior of these phases across different families has been perplexing. In La-based cuprates, the CDW wavevector is an increasing function of doping, exhibiting the so-called Yamada behavior, while in Y- and Bi-based materials the behavior is the opposite. Here, we report a combined resonant soft X-ray scattering (RSXS) and neutron scattering study of charge and spin density waves in isotopically enriched La1.8−xEu0.2SrxCuO4 over a range of doping 0.07≤x≤0.20. We find that the CDW amplitude is temperature independent and develops well above experimentally accessible temperatures. Further, the CDW wavevector shows a nonmonotonic temperature dependence, exhibiting Yamada behavior at low temperature with a sudden change occurring near the spin ordering temperature. We describe these observations using a Landau–Ginzburg theory for an incommensurate CDW in a metallic system with a finite charge compressibility and spin-CDW coupling. Extrapolating to high temperature, where the CDW amplitude is small and spin order is absent, our analysis predicts a decreasing wavevector with doping, similar to Y and Bi cuprates. Our study suggests that CDW order in all families of cuprates forms by a common mechanism.

New Genus and New Subgenera of Camerobiid Mites (Acari: Prostigmata: Camerobiidae) with a Key to World Species of the Genus.

Simple SummaryThe present study erects a new genus, Monobius Alatawi and Kamran, where all the leg tarsi in females have one midventral seta. Moreover, the genus Tillandsobius Bolland is synonymized with the genus Tycherobius Bolland and the genus Neophyllobius Berlese is categorized in two new subgeneric divisions. For the first time, a key to all known species of the genus Neophyllobius is provided. The ambiguities in the ventral idiosoma setal notation are highlighted and discussed.A new genus, Monobius Alatawi and Kamran, is hereby proposed for the two already described species, viz; M. electrus (Żmudziński) and M. meyerae (Bolland). In addition, the monospecific genus Tillandsobius Bolland is synonymized with the genus Tycherobius Bolland due to variations in the setae number of tibiae I–IV. Further, the genus Neophyllobius Berlese is categorized in two new subgeneric divisions as Neophyllobius Berlese and Monophyllobius Mirza. The number and position of the midventral setae on tarsi I–IV are considered as strong diagnostic generic and subgeneric diagnostic characters. The present study also includes the key to all known species of the genus Neophyllobius. The morphological characters of ten poorly described Neophyllobius species were studied in detail through published literature. The ambiguities in the ventral idiosoma setal notation are highlighted and discussed. It is concluded that two intercoxal setae 3a–4a are always present on small platelets, paired aggenital setae (ag) are present anteriorly and paired genital setae (g) present posteriorly on genital shield. In addition, five records of new species for Saudi Arabia are reported along with re–descriptions of three species.

MITHRAISM ROCK TEMPLE ARCHITECTURE IN IRAN

Mithraism is known as one of the ancient world religions. The roots of Mithraism settle in the old world beliefs, culture, and mysteries. Historical documents show the origin of Mithraism belongs to the 1400 years B.C. Mithraism features found in different parts of the ancient world from east to the west: India, Iran, Anatolia, and Europe. The name of Mithra in ancient Indo-Iranian mythology as the god of light is in some historical inscription. Among the ancient world’s religions, Mithraism is the ancient Iran pre-Zoroastrian religion. There are some doctrines about the origins of Mithra. The well-defined of them is the dualism doctrine that comes from Zoroastrianism. This doctrine is always a battleground between the Good Principles and the Evil Principles. The force of propitious is light or day and the forces of evil are with darkness or night. These two forces are in a state of perpetual war. According to the archeologists, many rock temples with Mithraism features locate in Iran. Some of these natural rock temples are in the northwest part of Iran. The gravity center of this study is one of the rock temples of Mithraism in the northwest of Iran. These temples locate at a cross-sectional point between different cultural impressions. For accessing the aims of the research, the study consists of three stages. In the first stage, the focus point is on the roots of Mithraism in Iran and the ancient world and the interaction of Mithraism with other cultures. Then in the second stage, be tried to find Mithraism temples’ general architectural characters and elements due to the expansion in Iran and in Europe. Finally, the study is concentrated on the case study rock temple Mehr Temple in the northwest of Iran to investigate the structural characteristics, find similarities with the other temple, and evaluate these characters.