Characterization Of Polyaniline Research Articles

Synthesis and Characterization of Polyaniline / [BMIM][BF4] Polyionic Liquid by Interfacial Polymerization

Polyaniline (PANI) was prepared by polymerization via the chemical oxidation of aniline monomer with ammonium persulfate as the initiator. The interfacial polymerization method was used to prepare PANI/1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate [BMIM][BF4] polyionic liquid (PIL). The obtained PANI/ [BMIM][BF4] PIL was investigated by the XRD, EDX, SEM, FTIR, and UV-Visible characterizations. X-ray diffractogram of PANI showed five prominent characteristic peaks at 27.1°, 24o, 21.8°, 19.8°, and 18.2°. This demonstrates the semi-crystalline character of the polyaniline produced through the interfacial polymerization process. Incorporation of [BMIM][BF4] into PANI reduced the crystalline phase and enhanced amorphicity. From the EDX pattern, several elements appeared in this test; oxygen had of the highest weight percentage of 54.2%. The SEM image showed a clear hierarchal porous structure with nano-sticks particles and forms a cross-linked framework between PANI and [BMIM][BF4]. From FTIR spectra of PIL, a prominent absorption peak at 3163.26 cm-1 was noted because of the N-H stretching vibrations present in the polymer. The UV-Vis spectra for PANI/[BMIM][BF4] polyionic liquid showed three peaks between 200 and 1060 nm. These bands result from π → π* and n → π* transitions, which are related to the excitement absorption of benzenoid and quinoid groups.

Solution-mixed PANI-coated Bi2Si2Te6 nanosheet-based composite film for flexible thermoelectric energy harvesting

This paper introduces a novel approach for flexible thermoelectric energy (TE) harvesting via the synthesis and characterization of polyaniline (PANI)-coated Bi2Si2Te6 nanosheet (NS) composite films. The study focuses on enhancing the TE performance of the Bi2Si2Te6 NSs by coating their surfaces with PANI via a solution-mixing method. Specifically, the process involves exfoliation of Bi2Si2Te6 into nanosheets, followed by coating with camphorsulfonic acid (CSA)-doped PANI. An investigation of the TE power factor of the PANI-coated Bi2Si2Te6 NS is then conducted by analyzing the influence of the PANI coating times, and the results are explained in terms of the charge-carrier transport. Thus, the PANI-coated Bi2Si2Te6 NS composite films obtained using two coating cycles are shown to exhibit a maximum power factor of (∼411 μW/m·K2 at 500 K). Further, the flexibility and bending stability of the composites are revealed by an evaluation of their mechanical properties. Moreover, the as-fabricated PANI-coated Bi2Si2Te6 NS composite films exhibit outstanding durability after 1000 bending cycles. The findings contribute to the advancement of flexible inorganic/organic hybrid TE materials and their practical applications.

Synthesis and characterization of nanocomposites of polyaniline and polyindole with multiwalled carbon nanotubes for high performance supercapacitor electrodes

In this study, the preparation and characterization of Polyaniline (PANI) and Polyindole (PI) composite materials prepared through a chemical oxidation polymerization method is presented. A novel class of nanocomposites, namely PANI-PI/MWCNT, has been developed and explored for their potential as supercapacitor electrodes. The primary aim of this research is to elucidate the effect of PANI and PI blending on the electrochemical attributes of the resulting composites. This study pioneers the investigation of the electrochemical characteristics of these composite materials. The electrochemical performances of blended PANI-PI and PANI-PI/MWCNT nanocomposites were evaluated in a 1.0 M H2SO4 electrolyte using various techniques, including galvanostatic charge/discharge (GCD), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and cyclic voltammetry (CV). The PANI-PI composite (2:1 ratio) showed specific capacitance values of 682.4 F/g at 0.5 A/g and 705.2 F/g at 5.0 mV/s. Incorporating 3 % MWCNT into PANI-PI led to enhanced performance figures: 895 F/g at 0.5 A/g and 930 F/g at 5.0 mV/s. Both materials exhibited high energy/power densities: PANI-PI - 136.5 W h/kg and 300 W/kg; PANI-PI (2–1)/3 %MWCNT - 179 W h/kg and 300 W/kg. Remarkably, cyclic stability analysis showed 97.8 % retention after 1000 galvanostatic charge/discharge cycles. Subsequently, the synergistic combination of the optimized PANI-PI composite with multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) led to the creation of high-performing supercapacitor electrodes. The synthesis process of PANI, PI, and MWCNT via chemical oxidation-polymerization demonstrated efficacy in producing nanostructured materials, characterized by remarkable efficiency and tailored properties conducive to the targeted application.

Synthesis and characterization of PANI and PANI-indole copolymer and study of their antimalarial and antituberculosis activity.

The preparation of polyaniline (PANI) and its copolymer with indole involved a chemical oxidative polymerization method, with benzene sulfonic acid (BSA, C6H6O3S) used as a dopant and potassium persulfate (PPS, K2S2O8) as an oxidant. The synthesized compounds underwent characterization using FTIR, 1H-NMR, TGA, and GPC techniques, which allowed the calculation of their average molecular weight and polydispersity index (PDI) through the GPC technique. The PDI values of the PANI copolymer with indole in different aniline-to-indole ratios were 1.53, 1.13, and 1.532 for 1:1, 1:2, and 2:1 ratios, respectively. Thermal stability was determined using TGA, revealing that the indole heterocyclic compound increased the inflexibility of the polymer chains in the synthesized PANI copolymer. The structure of the copolymer was further analyzed using 1HNMR and FTIR techniques, which confirmed the existence of benzenoid and quinoid groups in the PANI-indole copolymers, as well as the effect of doping on the polymer chains. The antibacterial and antifungal properties of the copolymers were studied against several bacterial and fungal strains and measured in terms of minimum inhibitory concentration. Results indicated that the inhibition rate of the PANI-indole copolymer on S. pyogenus (MTCC 442) was higher than that of standard drugs and individual PANI. The PANI-indole copolymers also displayed excellent antituberculosis and antimalarial activities, with the synthesized copolymer showing better outcomes than individual PANI.

Protonated polyaniline and its derivatives as potential adsorbents for simultaneous reclamation of textile dyes and oil/water separation

Potential adsorbents hold vital importance for the removal of conventional and hazardous micropollutants from waste water. The present study reports the synthesis and characterization of polyaniline (PANI) and its two derivatives by selecting pre-substituted monomers at ring (poly 4-amino phenol; PpAP) and nitrogen atom (poly N-methyl aniline; PNMA) prior to polymerization. The synthesized polymers were characterized by FTIR, XRD, TGA, SEM, TEM, BET and UV–Vis techniques. These polymers were exploited simultaneously for the removal of textile dyes and o il/water (O/W) separation. Initially, the adsorption potential of adsorbents towards removal of methylene blue (MB) dye was investigated in batch mode study by diversifying the effective factors like contact time, initial concentration of MB dye, amount of adsorbent and pH. The maximum dye adsorption capacity was found to be 320, 311, 299 mg/g for PNMA, PpAP and PANI respectively. These results were further verified by the computational studies. Thermodynamics of adsorption studies revealed that Langmiur adsorption isotherm is best fitted whereas kinetic studies were best described by pseudo second order model. The polymers were regenerated without any significant reduction in adsorption capacity by washing simply with water and ethanol. On the other hand, FTIR analysis before and after adsorption of MB explains that a variety of interactions are involved in the adsorption of MB. Moreover, the synthesized polymers were also applied for the separation of non-polar solvents from water (oil/water separation). Interestingly, PNMA, PpAP and PANI have shown promising results towards O/W separation studies obtaining separation efficiency values of 98%, 97% and 96% respectively. Good separation efficiency of prepared polymers is attainable due to hydrophilic nature of polyanilines. Overall, this study explores the potentiality of conducting polymer adsorbents for textile waste water treatment as well as for O/W separation.

Fabrication and characterization of polyaniline (PANI) modified with reduced graphene oxide (RGO) nanosheets

Technological developments in the electronics industry require lightweight, anticorrosive and economically viable materials possessing efficient electrical properties. For designing of such materials, mostly graphene and its derivatives are considered due to their unique electrical, thermal and mechanical properties. In this work, Reduced graphene oxide (RGO) commonly referred as graphene, a 2D allotrope of carbon synthesized by solvothermal treatment has been incorporated into polyaniline (PANI) matrix to improve the electrical conductivity of the polymer. The formation of nanoparticles have been studied through different characterization techniques of X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). All the characterizations confirm the successful synthesis of PANI/graphene nanocomposite. The PANI/graphene nanocomposite has been further tested for electrical properties to evaluate the influence of RGO on electrical conductivity of PANI nanofibres. From electrical conductivity studies it has been confirmed that RGO thus increases the conductivity of pure PANI. Hence the electrical conductivity of PANI/graphene nanocomposites shows an increasing trend and exhibit maximum electrical conductivity of 0.18 S/m over microwave frequency range of 1–20 GHz.

Research Progress on Polyaniline-Ionic liquids for Long Cycle-Stable Supercapacitors with High Capacitance

Ionic liquids have been used either as polymerization medium or as electrolytes for polyaniline (PANI) electrodes to produce long cycle-stable supercapacitors with high capacitance. As a polymerization medium, ionic liquids play the role of a soft template agent and induce the formation of nanostructured PANI morphology. Nanorod, nanowire, or spherical PANI morphology has been obtained in ionic liquids instead of agglomerated particles resulted in the conventional media. The well-defined one-dimensional PANI morphology ensures a short charge transfer distance in the PANI materials and low contact resistance between PANI and electrolyte interfaces. The efficiency of ionic liquids as a soft template agent is related to their structure as well as to their proportion in the reaction medium. As electrolytes, “neat” ionic liquids provide low but stable specific capacitance of PANI over more than hundreds of cycles. Binary mixtures of ionic liquids and solvents (e.g. acetonitrile, water) have increased both the specific capacitance and the capacitance retention of PANI compared with the performances resulting in the conventional aqueous acid electrolytes. Using ionic liquids to carry out both the synthesis and the electrochemical characterization of PANI is an effective approach to improve PANI cycle life. The key parameter is to choose the convenient ionic liquids. This review covers the most significant studies conducted on PANI/ionic liquids for supercapacitor applications.

Preparation and characterization of PANI: α borophene electrode for supercapacitors

In this study, α Borophene as a two-dimensional nanomaterial was prepared via a facile and low-cost ultrasonic exfoliation. Zeta potential profile showed that the prepared α borophene has sufficient electrostatic repulsion to achieve good physical stability. Randomly grown Polyaniline (PANI): α borophene nano network electrode was prepared on Ni foam substrate. Electrochemical performance of PANI: α borophene was investigated. The electrochemical measurements reveal that the specific capacitance of the PANI: α borophene electrode was 960 Fg -1 with the capacitance retention of 95% after 1000 cycles. α Borophene enhanced the capacitive performance of PANI. PANI: α borophene is a promising material with high specific capacity and good stability for supercapacitors. • α Borophene was prepared via ultrasonic exfoliation. • Polyaniline (PANI): α borophene nano network electrode was prepared. • The specific capacitance of the electrode was 960 Fg -1 with the capacitance retention of 95%

Polyaniline-CuO nanocomposite: Electrical, structural and sensor properties

This research paper presents the synthesis and characterization of polyaniline (PANI) and PANI/Copper oxide (PANI/CuO) nanocomposites. PANI was synthesized using chemical a route and PANI/CuO Nanocomposite was prepared using mechanical mixing method. The prepared samples were characterized for FTIR, XRD, SEM, Electrical conductivity using four probe method and methanol gas sensing properties. FTIR spectra confirm the presence of characteristics peaks of PANI. XRD spectrum indicates the presence of copper oxide nanoparticles in PANI and SEM micrographs indicate the distribution of copper oxide nanoparticles in PANI matrix. Electrical conductivity of PANI has been decreased in the presence of different weight percent of CuO. Gas sensing of the response of PANI-CuO was observed higher compared to pure PANI.

Fabrication and characterization of polyaniline functionalized graphene nanosheets (GNSs)/polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) nanocomposite films

In this study, graphene nanosheets (GNSs)/poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) nanocomposites and the novel polyaniline (PANI)-functionalized graphene nanosheets (GNSs)/poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) nanocomposites were fabricated successfully. GNSs and PANI-functionalized GNSs were dispersed in PDMS matrix at different nanofiller concentration and nanocomposites were prepared via solution casting method. PANI functionalization were performed by in-situ polymerization of aniline in the presence of GNSs and was used in order to be dispersed homogenously and efficiently in the PDMS matrix. Besides graphene layers were also isolated to hinder aggregation in the polymeric matrix. The effect of PANI functionalization of GNSs and filler concentration on dielectric, electrical and mechanical properties of nanocomposite films were investigated. According to dielectric measurements, the dielectric constant of polymer nanocomposites highly dependant on frequency, so dielectric constant was characterized in a wide frequency range (1 Hz–10 MHz) at room temperature, in this study. The dielectric constant of PDMS nanocomposites containing 1.50% GNSs and 1.50% PANI-GNSs increased by 111 times and 24 times, at 1 Hz, compared to pure PDMS, respectively. Besides, electrical conductivity increased 6868 and 1474 times with the addition of GNSs and PANI-GNSs, respectively. Optimized GNSs/PDMS and PANI-functionalized GNSs/PDMS nanocomposites can be candidate for soft actuators to be used in artificial muscle applications, in the future.

Fabrication and Characterization of Polyaniline on Cotton Fabric via Two-Step in-situ Polymerization

The conducting polyaniline (PANI) was fabricated with hydrochloric acid and ammonium persulfate (APS) as dopant and oxidant respectively on cotton fabric via two-step in-situ polymerization process. Effect of APS concentration on conductivity, EMI shielding effectiveness (SE) and weight gain rate of PANI coated on cotton fabric were investigated. FTIR spectra, crystallinity and morphology of resultant substrate were analyzed via attenuated total reflectance method (ATR), X-Ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electrical microscope (SEM) and optical microscope respectively. The result indicated that the optimum conductivity (0.5 kΩ) and SE (60%) of coated substrate were obtained at the concentration of APS 0.2 mol/L, and PANI had good combination with cotton substrate. The crystal structure of cotton fiber doped with PANI had no change with the increase of its crystallinity (up to (74.46±1)%).

Preparation and characterization of polyaniline‐ and polythiophene‐based copolymer and its nanocomposite suitable for electro‐optical devices

AbstractDoped polyaniline (PANI), doped polythiophene and their copolymers (by interfacial and aqueous polymerization) with monomers at 50:50 ratio has been synthesized and are characterised by X‐ray diffraction (XRD), thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) measurements. The copolymer synthesized by interfacial polymerization is mixed with copper oxide nanoparticle synthesized chemically in lab at 0.2% loading. XRD measurement showed no peak for PANI and polythiophene, which confirms amorphous structure of the two. However, clear peak for copper oxide nanoparticle at 2θ= 36.45 and multiple peaks for the copolymer (interfacial polymerization) and the copolymer Nanocomposite signifies crystalline structure. TGA results show that the stability of copolymer prepared by interfacial polymerization lies in between the PANI and polythiophene. FTIR spectroscopy confirms that both aniline and thiophene units are present in the interfacial copolymer. Further the monomers are chemically linked in the copolymer (by interfacial and aqueous polymerization). The presence of peak at about 1103 cm−1confirms the formation of NS bonding by reaction in between aniline and thiophene in the interfacial copolymer. The uniform distribution of nanoparticles in copolymer (interfacial polymerization) matrix have been confirmed from TEM images. The electrical properties of polymers, copolymers and copper oxide Nanocomposite are studied from which it is found that the copolymer have a synergistic effect on the improvement of conductivity when compared with the individual polymers. The 0.2% loading of copper oxide nanoparticles further improves the conductivity of the interfacial copolymer by approximate 15.24‐fold.

Effect of different ratios of polyaniline:poly(styrene sulfonate) on the hole extraction ability in perovskite solar cells

In this work, synthesis and characterization of polyaniline:poly (styrene sulfonate) (PANI:PSS) is prepared with different ratios of the doping PSS for producing an efficient hole extraction layer in inverted planar perovskite solar cells. The PANI to PSS ratios are investigated using ratios of 1:3, 1:4, 1:5, 1:6 and 1:7 to find the optimum ratio for high performance perovskite cells. It is observed that decreasing the PSS content leads to increase the conductivity, which reached the maximum value at 1:4 ratio, then a slight decrease happens for 1:3 ratio. The hole extraction ability also increases with decreasing the PSS concentration. The optimum ratio of PANI:PSS is 1:4, which shows the best performance as HTL, the average short-circuit current density and fill factor are enhanced compared with the cells of the performance of 1:3 and 1:5 ratios. The highest cell performance for the cell with the ratio of 1:4 which has Jsc, Voc, FF and efficiency 22.5 mA/cm2, 0.87 V, 0.42 and 8.22 % respectively.

Synthesis and Characterization of Polyaniline

Synthesis and Characterization of Polyaniline

Novel dispersed Tl2O3-SiO2/polyaniline nanocomposites: in-situ polymerization, characterization and enforcement as a corrosion protective layer for carbon-steel in acidic chloride medium

The current approach discussed a synthesis and characterization of polyaniline (PANI) and two modified loading of 5, 10% Tl2O3-SiO2/ PANI, in which Tl2O3-SiO2 nanoparticles (NPs) were modified with PANI forming nanocomposites. The composite formation and structure were confirmed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV–vis absorption spectra (UV–vis), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), High resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM), and dynamic light scattering (DLS) technique. The prepared polymer (PANI) and its nanocomposites (Tl2O3-SiO2/PANI) were examined as a corrosion protective layer for carbon steel in 2.0 N HCl at different temperature (30–60 °C) by different electrochemical methods including potentiodynamic polarization (PDP) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements. PANI inhibited the corrosion of carbon steel, yielding maximum protection capacity of 89%, which were further increased to 96% by the modification with Tl2O3-SiO2 nanocomposites. The SEM/EDX investigations confirmed the presence of Tl2O3-SiO2/ PANI nanocomposites film covering the metal surface.

Synthesis and characterisation of polyaniline and/or MoO2/graphite composites from deep eutectic solvents via chemical polymerisation

Novel polyaniline (Pani) and/or graphite (Gr)/molybdenum dioxide (MoO2) composites have been successfully synthesised via an in situ chemical polymerisation method using a Deep Eutectic Solvent (DES) as the electrolyte. The chemical structure and properties of the Pani composites were characterised using various analytical techniques such as Raman, FTIR and UV–Vis spectroscopies, Thermo-Gravimetric Analysis (TGA), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and conductivity measurements, confirming its semi-crystalline nature. The results show shifts in the Raman, XRD and FTIR spectral features associated with the Pani composites, indicating that a matrix of metal oxide and/or graphite had formed in the polymer. Higher electrical conductivity was observed for the Pani/Gr (5.58 S cm−1) and Pani/Gr/MoO2 (9.87 S cm−1) composites compared to pure Pani (1.25 S cm−1). The homogenous growth of Pani chains on the graphite and MoO2 network were clearly observed by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Energy Dispersive Analysis by X-ray (EDAX). A larger surface area and greater porosity were achieved in the Pani/MoO2, Pani/Gr/MoO2 and Pani/Gr samples, while a more compact structure was obtained for the Pani sample. These findings support that the idea that the polymer/graphite composites would be more useful for electrochemical charge transport, supercapacitance and energy storage applications compared to those using the pure polymer alone.

Fabrication and characterization of polyaniline, polyaniline/MgO(30%) and polyaniline/MgO(40%) nanocomposites for their employment in LPG sensing at room temperature

Nanostructured polyaniline (PANI), PANI/MgO(30%) and PANI/MgO(40%) nanocomposites were successfully synthesized. Several characterization methods were employed to probe the optical, morphological, elemental and structural properties of PANI and PANI/MgO nanocomposites such as Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis and X-ray diffraction (XRD). SEM images of PANI and PANI/MgO nanocomposites showed the porosity of the synthesized materials. The XRD patterns of PANI, PANI/MgO(30%) and PANI/MgO(40%) were scrutinized to compute their crystallite sizes which were found to be 2 nm, 35 nm and 43 nm respectively. LPG sensing investigations were also performed at room temperature for the synthesized materials and their response and recovery times were calculated. PANI/MgO(40%) nanocomposites reflected the lower response and recovery times in comparison to PANI and PANI/MgO(30%).

Synthesis and characterization of polyaniline, polypyrrole and zero-valent iron-based materials for the adsorptive and oxidative removal of bisphenol-A from aqueous solution.

One pot synthesis of a polypyrrole, polyaniline and Fe0 nano-composite (Fe0-PPY/PANI) was achieved by polymerizing aniline and pyrrole with FeCl3 followed by the reduction of Fe3+ to Fe0 with NaBH4. PPY/PANI was synthesized the same way as Fe0-PPY/PANI, except that all the FeCl3 was removed by rinsing. The presence of Fe0 was demonstrated using several analytical techniques; this was shown in comparison to materials that are without Fe0. A series of materials were screened as both adsorbents and catalyst for the activation of H2O2 towards bisphenol A (BPA) removal in batch experiments. Polymers performed better than composites containing Fe0 at adsorption, whereas Fe0 based materials were better catalysts for the activation of H2O2. BPA samples were then spiked with other contaminants including sewage water to test the performance of the various adsorbents and Fenton catalysts. PPY/PANI was found to be a better adsorbent than the rest, whereas Fe0-PPY/PANI was the best Fenton catalyst. The adsorption kinetics of BPA onto PPY/PANI was studied; it was found that the process was governed by the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The adsorption isotherms revealed that the amount of BPA taken up by PPY/PANI increased with increasing temperature and was governed by the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. The mechanism in which Fe0-PPY/PANI and H2O2 degraded BPA was studied, it was found that surface-bound hydroxyl radicals were responsible for the degradation of BPA. It was also shown that the degradation process included the formation of smaller compounds leading to the reduction of the total organic content by 57%.

Electrical conducting Xanthan Gum-graft-polyaniline as corrosion inhibitor for aluminum in hydrochloric acid environment

The work reports the preparation and characterization of Polyaniline (PANI) grafted on Xanthan Gum (XG) backbone as a conducting biopolymer. The grafting has been achieved by polymerization of aniline under acidic conditions employing microwave radiation. The formation of the graft copolymer has been confirmed by FTIR, UV-Vis and TGA data. The DC conductivity measurements indicated enhancement in conductivity of XG on grafting with PANI. The corrosion inhibitor property of XG and XG-g-PANI in aggressive acid environment was checked on aluminum surface by weight loss, potentiodynamic polarization, AC impedance and surface studies. Both the samples are found to be potential inhibitors, the effect being significantly higher for the grafted sample.

Preparation and Characterization of Polyaniline / Glassy Carbon Modified Electrode as an Electrocatalyst for the Production of Hydrogen from Et3NHCl/[Bu4N][BF4]-CH3CN Solution

Preparation and Characterization of Polyaniline / Glassy Carbon Modified Electrode as an Electrocatalyst for the Production of Hydrogen from Et3NHCl/[Bu4N][BF4]-CH3CN Solution