Characterization Of Nanoemulsion Research Articles

Formulation of nanoemulsion parijoto fruit extract (Medinilla Speciosa) with variation of tweens stabilizers.

Nanotechnology has substantial potential for development due to its ability to modify surface characteristics and particle size, facilitating enhanced absorption of functional food compounds and controlled release of active substances to mitigate adverse effects. Nanoemulsion, a stable colloidal system formed by blending oil, emulsifier, and water, was identified as nanotechnology with promising applications. However, investigations into the impact of surfactants on characteristic nanoemulsions need to be more varied. This research gap necessitated further exploration in the advancement of nanotechnology-based foods. The parijoto fruit (Medinilla speciosa), an indigenous plant species in Indonesia, has yet to undergo extensive scrutiny for its potential use as a functional and nutraceutical food. Anthocyanins, a principal compound in the parijoto fruit, had exhibited efficacy in reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease diabetes, demonstrating anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. This study aimed to investigate the characteristics of nanoemulsion formulations derived from parijoto fruit extract and to evaluate an optimum condition with various tween surfactants. The findings from this investigation could furnish valuable insights for the further advancement of anthocyanin nanoemulsions from parijoto fruit extract. The results comprised the characterization of nanoemulsion particle size, polydispersity index, ζ-potential, conductivity, pH, and viscosity. Through mathematical modeling and statistical methods, RSM optimizes nanoemulsion by examining the relationships and interactions between independent and response variables. Furthermore, the characterization of nanoemulsion encompassed ζ-potential, polydispersity, particle size, conductivity, pH, and viscosity. Elevated surfactant concentrations resulted in diminished particle sizes and more uniform size distribution, albeit reaching a plateau where surfactant aggregation and micelle formation ensued. Increased concentrations of surfactant type, concentration, and parijoto extract impacted the physical characteristics of nanoparticle size and polydispersity. The optimal process conditions for nanoemulsion consisting of the type of Tween used are Tween 80, Tween concentration of 12%, and parijoto fruit extract concentration of 7.5%, yielding a desirability value of 0.74, categorizing it as moderate.

Formulation Techniques, Characterization of Nanoemulsion and their Pharmaceutical Applications: A Comprehensive Technical Review

Nanoemulsions are stable liquid-in-liquid dispersions with large surface areas, strong stability, optical transparency, and adaptable rheology. These submicron-sized emulsions are being studied for drug delivery and targeting in cosmetics, diagnostics, drug therapies, and biotechnologies. This review explores various techniques for developing and characterizing nanoemulsions, their common formulations, merits, demerits, and current and future applications due to their unique structures and chemistries. The study emphasizes the importance of ideal formulations for nano-droplet systems, including droplet size, solubilization, colloidal stability, and optical and rheological characteristics.

Exploring the Structural, Thermal, and Protective Potential of Loquat Seed Starch and Flax Seed Oil Nanoemulsion Coating on Strawberry

AbstractIn recent years, nonconventional sources have been explored for the extraction of starch due to their potential applications. Thus, this study investigates the potential of loquat seeds starch and exploring their structural and thermal properties. Moreover, the nanoemulsion is prepared from starch, flax seed oil, and tween 80 which is further utilized as a coating for the shelf‐life improvement of citrus fruits such as strawberries. The yield of loquat seed starch is 30.04% ± 2.19% with a particle size of 160.4 ± 4.06 nm and −16.2 ± 1.45 mV zeta potential. The gelatinization temperature of starch is observed to be 78.75 °C. Starch samples show major peaks at 3287.52, 2929.52, 1642.07, 1339, 1149.68, 1077.79, and 1003.62, 859.62, 573.01, and 526.25 cm−1. X‐ray diffraction reveals the semicrystalline structure of starch. The characterization of nanoemulsion reveals its excellent structural properties and stability. When the nanoemulsion is coated on strawberries, it effectively delays weight loss and also affects the titratable acidity content and total soluble solids, thereby reducing spoilage. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that the nanoemulsion exhibits great potential in the shelf‐life improvement of strawberries. Thus, combining oils with starch represents a promising approach to enhance its effectiveness in controlling foodborne pathogens.

Development, stabilization, and characterization of nanoemulsion of vitamin D3-enriched canola oil.

In this study, the oil-in-water nanoemulsion (NE) was prepared and loaded with vitamin D3 in food-grade (edible) canola oil and stabilized by Tween 80 and Span 80 by using a water titration technique with droplet sizes of 20 to 200 nm. A phase diagram was established for the influence of water, oil, and S-Mix concentration. The outcomes revealed that the particle size of blank canola oil nanoemulsion (NE) ranged from 60.12 to 62.27 (d.nm) and vitamin D3 NE ranged from 93.92 to 185.5 (d.nm). Droplet size and polydispersity index (PDI) of both blank and vitamin D3-loaded NE results were less than 1, and zeta potential results for blank and vitamin D3 loaded NE ranged from -9.71 to -15.32 mV and -7.29 to -13.56 mV, respectively. Furthermore, the pH and electrical conductivity of blank NE were 6.0 to 6.2 and 20 to 100 (μs/cm), respectively, whereas vitamin D3-loaded NE results were 6.0 to 6.2 and 30 to 100 (μs/cm), respectively. The viscosity results of blank NE ranged from 0.544 to 0.789 (mPa.s), while that of vitamin D3-loaded NE ranged from 0.613 to 0.793 (mPa.s). In this study, the long-term stability (3 months) of canola oil NE containing vitamin D3 at room temperature (25 C) and high temperature (40 C) was observed.

A comprehensive review on applications, preparation & characterization of nanoemulsion

With time, dosage forms have progressed, from essential tablets to advanced systems, which are now more focused on providing better ease of administration to the patients. One such advantageous novel drug delivery system is Nanoemulsion based drug delivery. The Nanoemulsion-based system is reasonably a new means of enhancing drug delivery; Nanoemulsions are sub-micron size particles roughly in the size range of 50-600 nm. The review focuses on conveying information by combining various articles and study reports to understand the work done in this field. This review paper aims to serve as a tool to understand the development of Nanoemulsion. The study comprehensively analyses the preparation methods, composition, characterization, and stability and their application in drug delivery via various routes. Lastly, the paper also describes the recent five formulations prepared for nanoemulsions and their applicability as discussed in the literature.

Exploring the Potential of a Herbal Nanoemulsion as an Antimicrobial Mouthwash.

The study aimed to formulate a nanoemulsion, combine it with aqueous extracts of herbal powders, and test its efficiency as caries-preventing mouthwash. Formulation of nanoemulsion using microfluidizer, characterization of nanoemulsion, minimum inhibitory concentration, adherence test, biofilm assay, and artificial mouth assay was carried out. The biofilms of Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacillus casei, Actinomyces viscosus, and a combination of the three cultures were developed and treated with formulations to study the inhibitory effect of the samples. In artificial mouth assay, human tooth samples were used as surfaces to grow the biofilm of S. mutans, and daily, the teeth were treated with the formulations to test their real-time efficiency. The nanoemulsion was characterized using dynamic light scattering and the size of the particles was within the 100-300nm range. Above 50°C, the nanoemulsion combined with plant extract lost its emulsified state within 2h of incubation, while the nanoemulsion was stable. Nanoemulsion with plant extract inhibited the adherence of L. casei (73%) and biofilm of L. casei (66%). In artificial mouth assay, after 10days of nanoemulsion, nanoemulsion with plant extract showed DIAGNOdent pen values 3.5 and 2 respectively whereas the negative control value was 14.4 indicating caries initiation. The nanoemulsion with plant extract showed anti-adherence and anti-biofilm activity and hence can be used as a potent anticariogenic mouthwash.

Development of nanoemulsion of antiviral drug for brain targeting in the treatment of neuro-AIDS

BackgroundDelivery of drugs via the nasal route directly to the brain utilizing the olfactory pathway is purportedly known to be a more efficient method to deliver neuro-therapeutics to the brain by circumventing the BBB, thereby increasing the bioavailability of these drugs in the brain. The main objective of the project work is to improve the bioavailability of the antiretroviral drug and to minimize the side effects of this therapy which are observed at the higher side in the chronic HIV treatment. The advantage of nasal drug delivery is its noninvasiveness and self-administration. Nanoformulation provides fast onset of action and helps to achieve site-specific delivery. In the current work, nanoemulsion formulation was developed with a ternary phase system. In vitro characterization of nanoemulsion was performed.ResultOptimized batch B2 had a zeta potential of − 18.7 mV showing a stable emulsion system and a particle size of 156.2 nmin desirable size range. Batch B2 has the least variation in globule size with PDI 0.463. Results from ex vivo studies revealed that developed nanoemulsion (B2) possessed a higher rate of drug release compared to other formulations.ConclusionPhase diagrams indicated more width of the nanoemulsion region with an increase in surfactant ratio. Stable nanoemulsion was prepared with a combination of surfactant and co-surfactants. Nanoemulsions could prove one of the best alternatives for brain delivery of potent medications.Graphical

Woodfordia fruticosa extract nanoemulsion: Influence of processing treatment on droplet size and its assessment for in vitro antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activity.

Recently, plant-derived bioactive compounds have been utilized in the preparation of several functional food products; however, stability and water solubility are major constraints to these compounds. Therefore, to overcome this problem, the synthesis of nanoemulsion (oil in water) with varying concentrations of Woodfordia fruticosa flower extract (1%−10% w/v) was carried out and characterization of nanoemulsion was done. The average droplet size of nanoemulsion samples ranges from 149.25 to 244.33 nm. The control and WFNE3 nanoemulsion showed significantly (p < 0.05) higher thermal stability when correlated with average droplet size. An insignificant difference (p > 0.05) was observed in the average droplet size and zeta potential WFNE3 (−30.3mV) with the increased temperature rate. At varied pH ranges, WFNE3 showed significantly higher (p < 0.05) stability in comparison with the control nanoemulsion sample. In terms of ionic strength, WFNE3 nanoemulsion sample showed significantly (p < 0.05) higher stability, and with an increasing concentration of salt, the colloidal system of the WFNE3 sample showed significantly (p < 0.05) higher droplet size (318.91 nm). Therefore, the antimicrobial potential of WFNE3 nanoemulsion in comparison with extract of W. fruticosa flower extract was studied against Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus, Gram-negative bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and fungal strain Candida albicans, respectively. WFNE3 nanoemulsion sample in comparison to flower extract showed a significantly higher (p < 0.05) zone of inhibition against gram-negative bacteria as compared to the control nanoemulsion sample upon storage for 7 days. WFNE3 nanoemulsion sample showed significant (p < 0.05) higher inhibition of protein denaturation (57.89%−87.65%) and (55.36%−83.58%) in comparison to control nanoemulsion sample (54.67%−80.28%) and flower extract (51.56%−79.36%), respectively. Due to these biological activities, the WFNE3 nanoemulsion sample could be scaled up to the industrial level for the formulation of varied types of functional foods.

Synthesis and characterization of nanoemulsion of citronella oil (Cymbopogon Nardus L. Rendle) and its Sunscreen Potential Evaluation

Abstract Citronella (Cymbopogon nardus L. Rendle) essential oil contains active compounds such as antioxidants and has the potential to be developed as a sunscreen. Nanoemulsion is a water and oil dispersion stabilized by a surfactant layer and has a particle size below 100 nm. This study described the formulation, characterization of citronella oil nanoemulsions, and determination of their activity as a sunscreen through the SPF values. The nanoemulsion formulation was made with 3 variations of oil concentration: F1 (1%), F2 (3%), and F3 (5%). The results of the organoleptic test were following the standards which were clear and no phase separation occurred. In addition, the pH value of the 1%, 3%, and 5% prepared nanoemulsions were categorized as safe to be used on the skin. The prepared formulas were categorized as O/W nanoemulsion types. The viscosity values were found to be 12.76, 25.13, and 84.05 cP respectively. Furthermore, the percent transmittance values were 98.4, 98.9, and 99.9%. The particle sizes, respectively, were 9.4 (100%), 10.07 (97%), and 8.96 nm (82.5%). The centrifugation and freeze-thaw cycle tests showed good physical stability. The results of the sunscreen potential test of the 1%, 3%, and 5% citronella oil nanoemulsion showed SPF values of 1.03, 1.13, and 1.14 with %Te values of 77.42, 70.21, and 67.86% respectively, and %Tp values of 95.94, 94.04, and 93.61% respectively. Keywords: Citronella essential oil (Cymbopogon nardus L. Rendle), nanoemulsion, antioxidant, sunscreen, SPF.

Design, Development and Characterization of Nanoemulsion developed by High Pressure Homogenization (HPH) method Containing Antifungal Drug

Nanoemulsion is one the most attractive drug delivery for researchers to treat fungal diseases and getting interested in increasing the solubility of low soluble drugs. The objective of this research was to develop a topical nanoemulsion formulation of Posaconazole drug with the intention to enhance its aqueous solubility and local action. By employing High Pressure Homogenization (HPH) method, oil in water nanoemulsion was formulated with 0.2% cinnamon oil as lipid phase, 0.4% tween-80 and poloxamer-188 as surfactants, 0.2% transcutol as a co-surfactant. The physical characteristics of formulations were found to be stable after thermodynamic stability testing. In-vitro diffusion study for optimized nanoemulsion was performed using a dialysis bag membrane and cumulative % drug release was determined. Viscosity and percent drug content was observed to be 0.0593 cps and 90.21 ± 0.23% respectively. The optimized nanoemulsion formulation (F8) was evaluated to be transparent and thermodynamically stable, with -9.46 zeta potential, 78.79 nm particle size, 0.315 polydispersity index. The optimized Nanoemulsion was stable for 3 month in three different temperature conditions. The result from the release study was indicative of improved solubility of Posaconazole, which may serve to boost up the action of the drug for the treatment of fungal diseases.&#x0D; Keywords: Posaconazole, Nanoemulsion, HPH method, Physical Characterization

Elaboration and characterization of nanoemulsion with orange essential oil and pectin.

Nanoemulsions formulated with citric essential oils are currently of interest because of their physical and chemical properties and multiple applications in areas such as the food industry or agrochemicals. These are thermodynamically unstable and have almost Newtonian flow behaviour, but a suitable formulation allows systems to be obtained with good physical stability and rheological properties. The addition of pectin makes this possible. In this work, food nanoemulsions formulated with pectin, orange essential oil (5wt%), and Tween 80 were obtained by microfluidization. First, the effect of Tween 80 concentration from 1 to 5wt% on emulsions without pectin was evaluated. Then, pectin was added to the most stable nanoemulsion obtained and two variables were studied: the pectin solution concentration (from 2 to 6wt%) and the pectin/emulsion ratio (1:1 or 2:1) at a fixed pectin concentration. Rheological, laser diffraction, and multiple light scattering techniques were employed to determine the content of Tween 80 that results in the most stable nanoemulsion without pectin, which was 3wt%. In addition, these techniques were used to determine the structure and physical stability of the nanoemulsions containing orange essential oil and pectin. The results obtained showed that the emulsions containing 2wt% pectin were destabilized before 24 h. Furthermore, the emulsion with 6wt% pectin and a 2:1 pectin/emulsion ratio showed the highest viscosity and the lowest mean diameters, and therefore the greatest stability. This work extends the knowledge of formulation of nanoemulsions and using essential oils. © 2021 The Authors. Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.

Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Paracoccidioides brasiliensis Formation and Treatment of Mixed Biofilm In Vitro.

Co-infection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, present in 20% in Latin America, is a public health problem due to a lack of adequate diagnosis. These microorganisms are capable of forming biofilms, mainly in immunocompromised patients, which can lead to death due to the lack of effective treatment for both diseases. The present research aims to show for the first time the formation of mixed biofilms of M. tuberculosis and P. brasiliensis (Pb18) in vitro, as well as to evaluate the action of 3’hydroxychalcone (3’chalc) -loaded nanoemulsion (NE) (NE3’chalc) against monospecies and mixed biofilms, the formation of mixed biofilms of M. tuberculosis H37Rv (ATCC 27294), 40Rv (clinical strains) and P. brasiliensis (Pb18) (ATCC 32069), and the first condition of formation (H37Rv +Pb18) and (40Rv + Pb18) and second condition of formation (Pb18 + H37Rv) with 45 days of total formation time under both conditions. The results of mixed biofilms (H37Rv + Pb18) and (40Rv + Pb18), showed an organized network of M. tuberculosis bacilli in which P. brasiliensis yeasts are connected with a highly extracellular polysaccharide matrix. The (Pb18 + H37Rv) showed a dense biofilm with an apparent predominance of P. brasiliensis and fragments of M. tuberculosis. PCR assays confirmed the presence of the microorganisms involved in this formation. The characterization of NE and NE3’chalc displayed sizes from 145.00 ± 1.05 and 151.25 ± 0.60, a polydispersity index (PDI) from 0.20± 0.01 to 0.16± 0.01, and zeta potential -58.20 ± 0.92 mV and -56.10 ± 0.71 mV, respectively. The atomic force microscopy (AFM) results showed lamellar structures characteristic of NE. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of 3’hidroxychalcone (3’chalc) range from 0.97- 7.8 µg/mL and NE3’chalc from 0.24 - 3.9 µg/mL improved the antibacterial activity when compared with 3’chalc-free, no cytotoxicity. Antibiofilm assays proved the efficacy of 3’chalc-free incorporation in NE. These findings contribute to a greater understanding of the formation of M. tuberculosis and P. brasiliensis in the mixed biofilm. In addition, the findings present a new possible NE3’chalc treatment alternative for the mixed biofilms of these microorganisms, with a high degree of relevance due to the lack of other treatments for these comorbidities.

Production and characterization of nanoemulsion with low-calorie structured lipids and its potential to modulate biomarkers associated with obesity and comorbidities

Structured lipids (SL) containing behenic acid have been produced in order to obtain low-calorie lipids for foods; however, the development of a high nutritional value and a stable nanoemulsion carrier system for these SL is an interesting breakthrough for this field of research, improving technologic and biological potential for food application. In this sense, the aim of this study was to evaluate the stability of a nanoemulsion containing SL NeSL (produced with olive oil, soybean oil and fully hydrogenated crambe oil), the behavior during in vitro digestion and the effects on biomarkers involved in the obesity in cell models. The samples showed good stability throughout storage (30 days) under refrigeration and room temperature and after the gastric digestion phase compared to the controls (nanoemulsion of olive and soybean oil). After the intestinal phase, there was an increase in oil droplet size and zeta potential, a characteristic of coalescence. In the lipid accumulation model in adipocytes, the highest concentration (50 µL/mL) of NeSL resulted in 42% less lipid accumulation, compared to the control. Furthermore, the sample was able to reduce inflammatory cytokines produced by macrophages provoked by LPS (lipopolysaccharide). The combination of the oils in NeSL resulted in a fatty acid profile with beneficial health properties, which may have contributed to less lipid accumulation and improved inflammatory parameters. This SL in the form of a nanoemulsion, may be used as a partial fat substitute in low-calorie food products.

Preparation and characterization of a novel green tea essential oil nanoemulsion and its antifungal mechanism of action against Magnaporthae oryzae

Blast is one of the most devastating fungal diseases of rice caused by Magnaporthe oryzae. Plant essential oil (EO) can function as antifungal agents and are regarded as a safe and acceptable method for plant disease control. However, EOs are unstable and hydrophobic, which limits its use. In the present study, we aimed for the preparation and characterization of a nanoemulsion (NE) from green tea essential oil (GTO) by ultrasonication method and determined the antifungal activity of NE onM. oryzae. The particle size and zeta potential of the NE were 86.98 nm and −15.1 mV, respectively. The chemical composition and functional groups of GTO and NE were studied by using GC–MS analysis, portable Raman spectroscopy, and FTIR coupled with chemometric analysis. GC–MS analysis showed the major components in GTO and NE were n-Hexyl cinnamaldehyde and L-α-Terpineol. Both GTO and NE showed good antioxidant activity and total phenol content. Moreover, the NE showed good antifungal activity againstM. oryzae which was further confirmed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) examination. Also, confocal Raman micro-spectroscopy (CRM) revealed the antifungal mechanism of GTO and NE on M. oryzae which proves the cell damage. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study on the antifungal activity of GTO and NE against M. oryzae and also the use of CRM for the evaluation of the chemical changes in single fungal hyphae in a holistic approach. This study suggests that the prepared NE could be a potential candidate for use as a substitute for synthetic fungicides.

Development, optimization and characterization of nanoemulsion loaded with clove oil-naftifine antifungal for the management of tinea

Tinea is a common superficial infection caused by keratinophylic fungi called dermatophytes. The objective of the current investigation was to develop and optimize a self-nanoemulsion drug delivery system (SENDDs) using clove oil loaded with naftifine (NF). Clove oil possesses good anti-inflammatory and antifungal properties that can support naftifine action. Box–Behnken designs were used to prepare plain and naftifine loaded SENDDs. The plain SENDDs were evaluated for their globule size. The medicated formulations (NF-CO-SENDDs) were characterized by measuring their globular size, ex vivo % NF permeated, level of interleukin-31 in rats, and antifungal activity. The optimum clove oil level was found to be 10–17%, while NF-CO-SENDDs formulations displayed globular sizes ranging from 119 to 310 nm. The statistical design confirmed the synergistic effect of clove oil and NF in the treatment of fungal infections, confirming that the anti-inflammatory effect of clove oil can counteract the side effects of NF. The optimized formulation composed of 14% clove oil, 12.5 mg Naftifine, and prepared with an Smix ratio equaling 3:1, exhibited good antifungal and anti-inflammatory activity, achieving up to 2-, 3-, 5.75-, and 2.74-fold increases in the amount of permeated NF, steady-state flux, permeability, and diffusion coefficients, respectively, compared with a commercial product. Moreover, the optimum formulation revealed an adequate zeta potential value of 28.31 ± 1.37 mV and showed reasonable stability with no or mild signs of skin sensitivity. Therefore, the designed nanoemulsions containing a combination of clove oil and naftifine could be considered promising delivery systems for the treatment of tinea.

Formulation and characterization of nanoemulsion from Alhagi maurorum essential oil and study of its antimicrobial, antibiofilm, and plasmid curing activity against antibiotic-resistant pathogenic bacteria.

Nanoemulsion technology is an alternative candidate to overcome antibiotic resistance in pathogenic bacteria. The aim of this research was nanoemulsion production from the essential oil of Alhagi maurorum and the characterization of this nanostructure. Nanoemulsion of essential oil from A. maurorum was prepared using the ionotropic gelation method and chitosan as a nano-carrier. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) was used to characterize the synthesized nanoparticles. The effect of nanoemulsion on the antibacterial, antibiofilm, and plasmid curing of six antibiotic-resistant pathogenic bacteria (P. aeruginosa, E. coli, S. aureus, K. pneumonia, A. baumannii, B. cereus) was evaluated. The results of this study showed that nanoparticles had a spherical shape and smooth topology. The mean size were 172 ± 4nm and Zeta potentials was +28.6 mv. The results of antibacterial activity confirmed that nanoemulsion of essential oil had higher inhibition against bacteria compared to free essential oil. Also, this nanoemulsion had antibiofilm activity. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration for Biofilm (MBCB) were determined for nanoemulsion against the biofilm of pathogenic bacteria. The results have shown that the MIC value for A. baumannii is 12.5mgml -1 and for E. coli this value is 1.75mgml -1. This finding means that MIC values were highest for A. baumannii and lowest for E. coli. Statistical analysis demonstrated that the inhibitory effect of nanoemulsion against bacterial biofilm was significant (P < 0.05). This nanoemulsion also had a remarkable effect the curing of R-plasmid of three antibiotic-resistant bacteria. According to GC-MS analysis of A. maurorum essential oil, the main compounds were oxygenated sesquiterpenes and hydrocarbons. Nanoemulsion of A. maurorum had the potential to use as suitable antimicrobial agents against antibiotic-resistant bacteria.

POSSIBLE PROTECTIVE ROLE OF SODIUM SALICYLATE NANOEMULSION AND GINGER ON CISPLATIN‑INDUCED HEPATOTOXICITY IN RATS (BIOCHEMICAL AND HISTOPATHOLOGICAL STUDY)

Objective: To describe the preparation and characterization of nanoemulsion of sodium salicylate loaded butane tetracarboxylic acid (Bt-Sc-NPs). It also investigates the possible protective effects of Bt-Sc-NPs and\or medicinal plant ginger to evaluate the changes of liver functions, oxidative stress and histopathological investigations against cisplatin-induced hepatotoxicity.&#x0D; Methods: Serum was used to determine alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), δ-glutamyl transferase (δGT), serum human laminin (LN) and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase1 (TIMP1). Liver tissue samples collected from the rats were used for the measurement of malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide (NO) and paraoxonase 1 (PON1).&#x0D; Results: The beneficial effects of Bt-Sc-NPs with its anti-inflammatory effect and the medicinal ginger with its antioxidant effect were observed. Injection of rats with cisplatin significantly increased serum ALT, AST, ɤGT, TIMP1 and LN. It also increased cisplatin-induced oxidative stress by a significant elevation in liver MDA, NO content; however, a significant decrease of PON1 content. While protection with Bt-Sc-NPs or ginger significantly improved these parameters. In addition, combination of both Bt-Sc-NPs and ginger significantly induced a decrease in serum ALT, AST, ɤGT, TIMP1 and LN. It also reduced cisplatin-induced oxidative stress by the significant reduction in liver MDA, NO content and elevation of PON1 content much more than protection with Bt-Sc-NPs or ginger alone.&#x0D; Conclusion: Bt-Sc-NPs were synthesized using nanoemulsion with the help of homogenization and ultra-sonication waves. Combination with both of Bt-Sc-NPs and ginger showed a hepatoprotective role in ameliorating cisplatin‑induced hepatotoxicity due to their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects.

Characterization of nanoemulsion of Nigella sativa oil and its application in ice cream.

The aim of this study was to develop ice‐cream product fortified with a Nigella sativa oil (NSO) nanoemulsion at four ratios (0% control, 3%, 5% and 10%). The NSO nanoemulsion stabilized by combinations of gum arabic, sodium caseinate, and Tween‐20 at three ratios (5%, 10%, and 15%) of emulsifiers. The results showed that 10% nanoemulsion has the highest stability and zeta potential (−31.92), and lowest change of PDI (0.182). The 5% nanoemulsion showed the lowest particle size (175.83 µm). The result demonstrated that NSO nanoemulsion improved the ice‐cream physical properties and consumer acceptability. Among the different samples, sensory evaluation revealed that ice‐cream sample of 5% nanoemulsion received more acceptability from the panelist. This results demonstrated ice cream can be fortified with NSO nanoemulsion. This means it could be used as a functional ice cream with manifold NSO health benefits.

Design, Development And Characterization Of Nano-Emulsion Based Nicardipine Hydrochloride Gel 20mg

Design, Development And Characterization Of Nano-Emulsion Based Nicardipine Hydrochloride Gel 20mg

Antifungal activity of2'-hydroxychalcone loaded in nanoemulsion against Paracoccidioides spp.

Aim: This study aimed to evaluate the activity of 2'-hydroxychalcone-loaded in nanoemulsion(NLS + 2'chalc), the cytotoxic effect and toxicity against Paracoccidioides brasiliensis and Paracoccidioides lutzii using a zebrafish model. Materials & methods: Preparation and physical-chemical characterization of nanoemulsion(NLS)and NLS+2'chalc were performed. MIC and minimum fungicide concentration, cytotoxicity and toxicity were also evaluated in the Danio rerio model. Results: NLS+2'chalc showed fungicidal activity against Paracoccidioides spp. without cytotoxicity in MRC5 and HepG2 lines. It also had high selectivity index values and no toxicity in the zebrafish model based on MIC values. Conclusion: NLS+2'chalc is a potential new alternative treatment for paracoccidioidomycosis.