Water Consumption Characteristics Research Articles

Slaughterhouse water consumption and wastewater characteristics in the meat processing industry in Serbia

Slaughterhouse water consumption and wastewater characteristics in the meat processing industry in Serbia

ADAPTATION OF THE “PENMAN - MONTEITH” METHOD WHEN USING DRIP IRRIGATION FOR APPLE TREES ON THE ROOTSTOCK M-9 IN THE CONDITIONS OF THE STEPPE ZONE

Optimization of drip irrigation regimes for intensive apple orchards is the basis of agrotechnology for their cultivation with fruit yields exceeding 50 t/ha. There are many different ways of controlling irrigation regimes that enable to use individually or comprehensively relevant instruments, tools, computer programs, mathematical models etc. Using any approach is based on data on weather and soil conditions, biological and varietal characteristics of crop water consumption. The purpose of the research was to adapt the calculated method of determining the total water consumption (ETs) "Penman-Monteith" when using drip irrigation for apple trees on the rootstock M-9 in the conditions of the Steppe of Ukraine. The scientific-methodological approaches set out in the FAO 56 guidance were used when conducting the experiment. In the experiments, CropWat 8.0 computer program and iMetos digital weather station were used as tools to obtain data and calculate water consumption. When using the Penman – Monteith method, 6–10 vegetation irrigations with the rates of 620–700 m3/ha were conducted during the study period. With that the average yield of marketable fruits was 32.9 t/ha, and the average coefficient of irrigation efficiency was 31.5 m3/t. In production conditions, the actual total water consumption of apple trees when using the Penman-Monteith method was established as 3269.7 m3/ha, the reference water consumption (ETo) for this soil and climate zone during the growing season. In all phases of tree development, the ratio of apple coefficients (Kc) - typical one based on the recommendations of FAO 56 and calculated one, obtained based on the experimental data was established. A comparison of the actual value of the ETc and the calculated one using apple Kc according to the FAO 56 guidance was done. It is recommended that when determining the parameters of the drip irrigation regimes for apple trees on the rootstock M-9 in the Steppe of Ukraine when using CropWat 8.0 computer program and iMetos digital weather station to use the adjusted values ​​of Kc.

Effects of bundled straw mulching on water consumption characteristics and grain yield of winter wheat in rain-fed semiarid region

To explore a new technique of planting wheat with high yield and efficiency by mulching technology in rain-fed semiarid regions in Northwest China, a two-year fixed-site trail was conducted during 2013-2015. There were five mulching modes: (1) three sowing rows by bundled straw mul-ching with alternating 30-cm-wide mulching belt and planting belt (SM1), (2) four sowing rows by bundled straw mulching with alternating 40-cm-wide mulching belt and planting belt with (SM2), (3) five sowing rows by bundled straw mulching with alternating 50-cm-wide mulching belt and planting belt (SM3), (4) whole plastic film mulching with dibbling (PMF), (5) bare field planting without any mulching (CK). We examined the effects of different mulching modes on water consumption, water use efficiency (WUE), and yield of winter wheat in rain-fed region in Northwest China. The results showed that bundled straw mulching significantly increased soil water storage. Soil water storage with bundled straw mulching was remarkably higher than that with the whole plastic mul-ching with SM1＞SM2＞SM3. Soil water storage at 0-200 cm soil layer in flowering period was increased by 15.4%-20.8%,11.2%-14.7%and 10.1%-14.5% respectively over that in the bare field. Bundled straw mulching significantly increased water consumption during the whole growing period while reduced water consumption from sowing and flowering periods. Further, it increased water consumption from flowering to maturity periods and the ratio of water consumption during this period to the total water consumption during the whole growing periods. The results showed that mulching could increase the consumption ratio of deep water storage from the soil layer below 120 cm. Compared with CK, PMF and SM significantly increased grain yield and water use efficiency by 11.9%-19.5%, 26.9%-27.1%, respectively, and increased water use efficiency by 9.8%-13.9%, 18.4%-22.0% respectively. In all, bundled straw mulching could reduce water consumption ratio in the early growing periods, improve moisture condition, increase grain yield and water use efficiency of winter wheat. Therefore, we concluded that bundled straw mulching is an environment-friendly cultivation technology suitable for the winter wheat in semi-arid region of the Loess Plateau in Northwest China.

The spatial and temporal evolution of the actual evapotranspiration based on the remote sensing method in the Loess Plateau

Due to the joint impact of climate change and human activities, vegetation cover area in Loess Plateau has been tremendously improved. However, vegetation restoration will lead to high water use, which might pose a great threat to the water sustainability of regional ecosystems. In order to analyze the spatiotemporal characteristics of water consumption, this study estimated the actual evapotranspiration (AET) based on the SEBAL model. The study found that precipitation and AET increased significantly (5% confidence level) with the rising of vegetation coverage in the period of 1990–2015. The increase rate of precipitation was 1.91 mm/a, higher than that of AET (1.68 mm/a). From a spatial perspective, the AET of Loess Plateau is increasing from northwest to southeast. The high-AET area (AET > 400 mm) was also extremely enlarged from 39% (1990) to 73% (2015) with the vegetation recovery. In terms of the intra-annual variability, the AET from March to April is usually much higher than the precipitation in different hydrological years, which suggests that the spring drought is a potential threat for vegetation growth in Loess Plateau. At last, this study introduced an index of rainwater utilization potential indicator (IRUP) to analyze the water supply and demand in Loess Plateau. It found that IRUP values are positively correlated with NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index), indicating that the available water for vegetation growth is seemingly increasing with the vegetation cover area enlarged in the whole region.

Effects of subsoiling before winter wheat on water consumption characteristics and yield of summer maize on the North China Plain

As an important industry for national development, summer maize production occupies a key position in China and globally. However, agricultural water consumption is becoming increasingly problematic, and global climate change and long-term traditional rotary tillage have negative effects on the soil surface layer. Subsoiling has been an effective measure to improve soil surface-layer structure and increase yield. In the present study, field experiments were conducted to compare the effects of subsoiling and rotary tillage in winter wheat and summer maize double cropping systems. Subsoiling treatments at a depth of 40 cm (S40) and 35 cm (S35), and rotary tillage at a depth of 15 cm (R15) before winter wheat planting were used, and the effects of tillage methods on soil stable infiltration rate, soil water consumption, evapotranspiration, grain yield, and crop water productivity (CWP) in summer maize growing seasons were determined. The results showed that subsoiling significantly improved soil infiltration rate. Water consumption in the subsoiling treatments increased significantly, and especially promoted the crops to utilize soil water at depths below 60 cm in the soil profile. As a result, compared with R15, kernel numbers per row and 1000–grain weight in S35 were significantly increased; therefore, both grain yield and CWP were significantly improved. Our results indicate that the S35 treatment is a reasonable subsoiling measure on the North China Plain, which can increase both summer maize grain yield and CWP in double cropping systems.

Responses of water consumption characteristics and grain yield of maize to different nitrogen form ratios with full film mulching on double ridges and planting in furrows

To optimize the effects of nitrate (NO3--N) to ammonium (NH4+-N) ratios on water consumption characteristics, grain yield and water use efficiency (WUE) of maize under full film mulching on double ridges, a field experiment was conducted at semi-arid Loess Plateau of Gansu Province, China during 2015 to 2017 cropping seasons. The treatments with different ratios of NO3--N to NH4+-N included: N1 (1:0), N2 (1:1), N3 (1:3) and N4 (3:1). The results showed that different NO3--N/NH4+-N ratios had significant impacts on soil water storage in 0-200 cm soil layer. Treatment N3 had the lowest soil water storage. Treatment N4 significantly increased total water consumption by 2.9%, 1.9% and 0.9% in 2015, and 2.3%, 1.4%, and 2.2% in 2017, compared with N1, N2 and N3 treatments, respectively. Compared with the other treatments, treatment N4 increased grain yield by 3.3%-9.9%, 3.5%-24.2% and 8.3%-36.1% and improved WUE by 1.6%-6.8%, 4.9%-21.8%, and 6.6%-32.9% in 2015, 2016 and 2017, respectively. Treatment N4 had the highest partial productivity of nitrogen fertilizer, followed by N2, N3 and N1, respectively. We recommended treatment N4 as the best nitrate and ammonium ratio to improve water use efficiency, N partial productivity, and grain yield of maize in arid and semi-arid Loess Plateau.

Effects of cultivation management on the winter wheat grain yield and water utilization efficiency

The growth of winter wheat consumes a substantial amounts of water, and precipitation in most years cannot meet the water demand for the normal growth of winter wheat. The unsuitable irrigation strategies waste a large number of water resource, and the low water use efficiency has become the main factor limiting wheat yields. This research explored the effects of different cultivation managements on water consumption characteristics, water utilization efficiency, and grain yields of winter wheat. A field experiment, in which 4 cultivation managements including traditional cultivation management (T1), optimized cultivation management compared with T1 (T2), super high-yield cultivation management (T3) and optimized cultivation management compared with T3 (T4), was conducted during 2008–2010 to measure the above parameters. The results showed that different cultivation managements had significant effects on the total water consumption amounts and water source compositions. Total water consumption amounts in T1 and T3 managements were significantly higher than that in T2 and T4 managements, possibly from irrigation water. T2 and T4 managements remarkably increased the uptake and utilization of soil storage water and precipitation amounts. T3 and T1 managements increased and decreased water consumption in upper (0–40 cm) and lower (60–100 cm) soil layers, respectively, while effectively increased the consumption of storage water in middle and lower soil layers (60–100 cm) and yield water use efficiency (WUEY), precipitation water use efficiency (WUEP), soil water use efficiency (WUES), irrigation water use efficiency (WUEI), and irrigation efficiency (IE) in T4 and T2 managements were higher than those in T3 and T1, respectively. Total water consumption amounts markedly raised in T1 and T3 managements, whereas their soil storage water amounts utilization declined. T2 and T4 managements reduced irrigation water amounts and optimized the water and fertilizer supplies, resulting in significant increase in WUES and WUEI. Collectively, our results suggest that synergetic improving the water uptake and utilization of irrigation water and soil storage water can be the primary means to increase the grain yields and WUE.

Characteristics of Water Consumption in Cho-Cianów, Parchów and Pogorzeliska, Lower Silesia Province

Water consumption is an amount characteristic to individual water sup-ply systems. It is described by values of the unitary consumption of water and unevenness coefficients. An analysis of consumption for the years 2009-2016 in two systems which are diverse in terms of the number of supplied recipients as well as the intended water use is presented. The values of unitary consumption indices as well as hourly and daily irregularity of consumption were calculated, and factors influencing the irregularity of consumption in different time frames indicated. Conclusions regarding the amount and irregularity of consumption were drawn and compared with guidelines and other analysed systems.

Regulation of mulch conditions on photosynthesis and water utilization of spring wheat in northwest semi-arid area of China.

A field experiment was conducted from 2015 to 2016 in the northwestern Loess Plateau, China, to analyze the relationships among flag-leaf photosynthetic characteristics, water-consumption characteristics, and yield components of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum 'Longchun 35'). There were three treatments: whole-field plastic mulching (PMS), sand mulching (SM), and uncovered (CK). The results showed that soil-water storage levels at 0-300 cm of soil profile before wheat filling under PMS and SM treatments were greater than that in CK by 47.8 and 31.6 mm, respectively, while that under PMS was lower than CK by 15.6 mm at the filling stage. Water consumption under PMS and SM increased in the flagging-heading and flowering-filling stages compared with the CK. Leaf area indices under PMS and SM were increased by 59.0%-73.7% and 40.1%-52.7%, respectively, and leaf SPAD values were increased by 3.5%-28.4% and 2.9%-23.9%, respectively, compared with CK. The net photosynthetic rate of PMS was increased by 23.5%, 33.0% and 17.7% at the flagging, heading, and flowering stages. The corresponding stoma-tal conductance rate was increased by 32.6%, 76.4% and 66.9%, respectively. Net photosynthetic and stomatal conductance rates at the filling stage were decreased by 26.2% and 16.4%, respectively. At the heading, flowering, and filling stages, stomatal limitation values in PMS were decreased by 14.6%, 23.9% and 22.3%, respectively, and by 25.7%, 29.8% and 17.4%, respectively in SM. The instantaneous water-use efficiency of spring wheat in PMS was increased by 57.8% at the flagging stage and decreased by 11.2% at the flowering stage. At the heading and flowering stages, the apparent quantum efficiency was increased by 22.6% and 18.7% in PMS, and by 26.8% and 14.3% in SM, respectively. Plant height and yield component indices in PMS and SM were significantly greater than that in CK, with the enhancement being greater than that in dry years. Grain yield was increased by 36.2% and 8.7% and water-use efficiency increased by 9.4% and 3.4% in PMS and SM, respectively. PMS and SM treatments increased soil water storage before the pre-filling stage of wheat, aggravated water consumption during the flagging-shooting and flowering-filling stages, resulting in greater SPAD values and leaf area indices, which promoted the photosynthetic functions of flag leaves, facilitated sink formation and photosynthetic assimilate transportation, resulting in increased grain yields and water use efficiency of spring wheat. The effects of PMS treatment were more remarkable than those of SM in terms of increasing spring wheat's yield potential in wet years and adaptability in dry years.

Effects of straw-incorporation combined with autumn plastic mulching on soil water consumption characteristics and winter wheat yield in arid farming areas

Effects of straw-incorporation combined with autumn plastic mulching on soil water consumption characteristics and winter wheat yield in arid farming areas

Effects of groundwater salinities on photosynthesis and water consumption characteristics of Tamarix chinensis in the Yellow River Delta

Effects of groundwater salinities on photosynthesis and water consumption characteristics of Tamarix chinensis in the Yellow River Delta

Transpiration of female and male parents of seed maize in northwest China

Drip irrigation under mulch (DM) has been widely promoted and applied in arid regions. The process of crop growth and surface water and energy transfer will change significantly under the dual control of mulch and drip irrigation compared with those under the traditional border irrigation under mulch (BM) method, which will further affect the regional eco-hydrology process. The Hexi Corridor has become the largest seed maize production base in China due to its abundant solar radiation, and heat resources and large diurnal temperature difference. Unlike grain maize, seed maize can be divided into female and male parent plants. The growth conditions of the parent plants differ; male plants are planted 7–14 d later than female plants to produce preferable fertilization conditions, which distinctly influences the energy transfer process between the different parent plants and the soil and ultimately leads to significantly different plant water consumption in the maize field.To determine the difference in the transpiration rate between a BM field and a DM field and to reveal the difference in water consumption characteristics between female and male plants, eddy covariance system (EC) measurements, a thermal balance sap flow system and micro-lysimeters were applied to conduct continuous, fixed-location comparison measurements of the total evapotranspiration from 2014 to 2016. The total evapotranspiration (ET), transpiration rates of the female (Tf) and male plants (Tm) and the soil evaporation (Es) in seed maize fields were separately analysed in both the BM field and DM fields. Results indicated that Tf/ET, Tm/ET and Es/ET dynamically varied with the crop growth during the whole growth period. Transpiration rates under the DM treatment were 2–8% higher than those under the BM treatment under the local agricultural management conditions. Besides, the female plant transpiration rate exceeded the male plant transpiration rate by 9–20% in the BM treatment and by 14–32% in the DM treatment field during the whole growth stages. However, male plant transpiration produced after the pollination of female plants is useless to final seed production. It is more practical to decrease the planting ratio of male to female plants to the appropriate level and remove the male plants earlier to increase the water use efficiency in seed maize fields. Moreover, the seed maize field in this study had a smaller proportion of soil evaporation than those in other grain maize field studies conducted around the world, which was probably due to the mulching effect and higher plant density.

Sap flow characteristics and physiological adjustments of two dominant tree species in pure and mixed plantations in the semi-arid Loess Plateau of China

It is essential to understand the water consumption characteristics and physiological adjustments of tree species under drought conditions, as well as the effects of pure and mixed plantations on these characteristics in semi-arid regions. In this study, the normalized sap flow (SFn), leaf water potential, stomatal conductance (gs), and photosynthetic rate (Pr) were monitored for two dominant species, i.e., Pinus tabuliformis and Hippophae rhamnoides, in both pure and mixed plantations in a semi-arid region of Chinese Loess Plateau. A threshold-delay model showed that the lower rainfall thresholds (RL) for P. tabuliformis and H. rhamnoides in pure plantations were 9.6 and 11.0 mm, respectively, and the time lags (τ) after rainfall were 1.15 and 1.76 d for corresponding species, respectively. The results indicated that P. tabuliformis was more sensitive to rainfall pulse than H. rhamnoides. In addition, strong stomatal control allowed P. tabuliformis to experience low gs and Pr in response to drought, while maintaining a high midday leaf water potential (Ψm). However, H. rhamnoides maintained high gs and Pr at a low Ψm expense. Therefore, P. tabuliformis and H. rhamnoides can be considered as isohydric and anisohydric species, respectively. In mixed plantation, the values of RL for P. tabuliformis and H. rhamnoides were 6.5 and 8.9 mm, respectively; and the values of τ were 0.86 and 1.61 d for corresponding species, respectively, which implied that mixed afforestation enhanced the rainfall pulse sensitivity for both two species, especially for P. tabuliformis. In addition, mixed afforestation significantly reduced SFn, gs, and Pr for P. tabuliformis (P<0.05), while maintaining a high leaf water potential status. However, no significant effect of mixed afforestation of H. rhamnoides was observed at the expense of leaf water potential status in response to drought. Although inconsistent physiological responses were adopted by these species, the altered water consumption characteristics, especially for P. tabuliformis indicated that the mixed afforestation requires further investigation.

Research on Evaluation Method and Application of Water-saving Society Building Based on Chen Shouyu Fuzzy Set

According to the basic theories of fuzzy set theory and the evaluation calculation methods proposed by Prof. Chen Shouyu of Dalian University of Technology, combined with the commonly used evaluation index system in current water-saving society building in China, a fuzzy comprehensive evaluation model for water-saving society is built based on the evaluation of the water resources background and water consumption characteristics of the research area. By taking Shanxi Province located on Loess Plateau of China as an example, the development level of the water-saving society building in the region is obtained and the corresponding water-saving society building ideas are proposed to further promote the development of water-saving society.

A lysimeter study for the effects of different canopy sizes on evapotranspiration and crop coefficient of summer maize

Canopy size has an important and direct influence on water consumption by raising maize (Zea mays L.) transpiration through increased stomata number on leaves and reducing soil evaporation through blocking solar radiation. Evapotranspiration of maize was determined between 2012 and 2013 by weighing lysimeters at National experimental station for precise agriculture in Beijing. The results showed that total water consumption was 386.3 mm and 366.2 mm for maize strain with large (L) and small canopy (S), respectively. From DAS 50 to DAS 80, the difference of water consumption between two maize strains enlarged at a higher rate than other periods, which was about 4.2 mm at intervals of 10 days. Both the highest periodical water consumption and daily water consumption occurred at the Mid-stage, which was 151.8 mm for L and 139.1 mm for S, 5.06 mm/day for L and 4.64 mm/day for S, respectively. The crop coefficient was 1.11 and 1.04 and seasonal crop coefficients at Initial stage, Mid-stage and Late stage were 0.46, 1.53, 1.22 and 0.44, 1.40, 1.09 for L and S, respectively. The duration when daily Kc was bigger than 1(Kc > 1) was 56 days for L and was 5 days more than that of S, respectively. Although bigger canopy consumed more water, a higher water use efficiency of L is not only for its higher averaged yield, but also for its more positive response of yield to ET increment than that of S between two years. The stable yield performance is helpful for a long-term high water use efficiency. The characteristics of water consumption for maize of different canopy size may help to optimize water utilization in semiarid region.

Effects of size and microclimate on whole-tree water use and hydraulic regulation in Schima superba trees.

BackgroundPlant-water relations have been of significant concern in forestry and ecology studies in recent years, yet studies investigating the annual differences in the characteristics of inter-class water consumption in trees are scarce.MethodsWe classified 15 trees from a Schima superba plantation in subtropical South China into four ranks using diameter at breast height (DBH). The inter-class and whole-tree water use were compared based on three parameters: sap flux density, whole-tree transpiration and canopy transpiration over two years. Inter-class hydraulic parameters, such as leaf water potential, stomatal conductance, hydraulic conductance, and canopy conductance were also compared.Results(1) Mean water consumption of the plantation was 287.6 mm over a year, 165.9 mm in the wet season, and 121.7 mm in the dry season. Annual mean daily water use was 0.79 mm d−1, with a maximum of 1.39 mm d−1. (2) Isohydrodynamic behavior were found in S. superba. (3) Transpiration was regulated via both hydraulic conductance and stoma; however, there was an annual difference in which predominantly regulated transpiration.DiscussionThis study quantified annual and seasonal water use of a S. superba plantation and revealed the coordinated effect of stoma and hydraulic conductance on transpiration. These results provide information for large-scale afforestation and future water management.

Internal (blue) water footprint of municipal consumption: a case study for Turkey.

This study aimed to develop a common approach to investigate (blue) water footprint of consumption of municipalities. Analysis framework consists of two distinct phases as: water abstraction profile and water distribution and water use profile. In the proposed approach municipal water footprint (WFmunicipal) comprises three components: domestic water footprint (WFdomestic), industrial/commercial water footprint (WFindustrial/commercial), and public water footprint (WFpublic). The application of the methodology was demonstrated in Turkey. The overall objective was to identify water consumption profile regarding model components and assess spatial and temporal distributions in the country scale. In this scope, each component was determined for 81 cities. After the investigation of spatial differences, an answer to the question of, "whether water use is increasing or decreasing over time" was found. Results investigated that WFmunicipal was 140L/ca.day in average and reached up to 300L/ca.day in some cities. WFdomestic was about 100L/ca.day and cities having lower values mostly located on north-west, south-east of the country. Furthermore, few spots with high values were observed for WFindustrial/commercial (with 10L/ca.day average), and relatively lower values belonged to the cities in south-eastern region. WFpublic having 30L/ca.day mean value had extremes in eastern part. Based on water consumption characteristics, cities were grouped using factor analysis and results created four groups of cities. Although eastern and western cities had no trends in water abstraction rate, other regions had decreasing trend in last 20years. Investigation of (blue) water footprint of consumption of municipalities is believed to assist water managers to identify water use profiles and assess spatial and temporal distributions. This is important because water resources are becoming increasingly stretched to accommodate continued population and economic growth and to restore environmental flows.

Effects of drought stress at different growth stages on photosynthetic efficiency and water consumption characteristics in sweet potato.

To investigate the effects of drought stress on the growth of sweet potato, photosynthesis, yield, and water consumption characteristics were investigated in field-grown sweet potato plants (Jishu 21, a drought-tolerant cultivar) at different growth stages in 2014-2015. There were five drought treatments, including the whole growth period (DS), the early stage of growth (rooting and branching period, DS1), the middle stage of growth (storage root initiation period, DS2), and the late stage of growth (storage root bulking period, DS3), and a normal irrigation treatment (WW) as control. The results showed that sweet potato plants in DS significantly decreased in dry mass, biomass, and harvest index during two years. The biomass of sweet potato under DS, DS1, DS2 and DS3 was decreased by 31.3%, 21.2%, 19.6% and 7.7%; the harvest index was decreased by 19.9%, 14.5%, 14.1% and 6.5%, and the dry mass was decreased by 45.3%, 33.1%, 31.3% and 14.2%, respectively. The leaf area index in DS, DS1, DS2 and DS3 was decreased by 77.1%, 60.1%, 39.2% and 17.1% at 100 days after transplanting (DAT), and the net photosynthesis was decreased by 56.7%, 26.6%, 18.7% and 9.5% at 90 DAT, respectively. Plants under drought stress reduced diurnal evaporation, transpiration rate, water consumption, daily water consumption, and soil water use efficiency, but increased irrigation water use efficiency. Drought stress decreased leaf area index, Pn, biomass and the allocation of biomass to storage root, resulting in a significant reduction of yield. The early drought and the long stress duration had significant impacts on leaf area index, Pn, biomass and harvest index, leading to a greater reduction in yield and water use efficiency. Therefore, drought stress at the early growth stages of sweet potato should be avoided during cultivation.

Coupling evapotranspiration partitioning with root water uptake to identify the water consumption characteristics of winter wheat: A case study in the North China Plain

Quantifying the contribution of transpiration (T) to evapotranspiration (ET) and determining the main water source for crops at different growth stages are two essential steps for developing water-saving agricultural strategies. In this study, an improved S–W (SWH) model and the MixSIAR model were used for ET partitioning and water source prediction in an irrigated cropland in the North China Plain. Our results indicated that the partition results of SWH model are well consistent with those from micro-lysimeter measurements. T/ET ranged from 13.4% to 87.0% with a mean value of 71.4%, which always exceeded 80% during the peak growing season. Based on δD and δ18O in xylem and soil water, we found that winter wheat derived approximately 78.1 ± 8.9% of its water from the 0–50 cm soil stratum. At the sub-daily time scale, root water uptake from 20 to 50 cm depth mainly occurred during the late afternoon (12:00–18:00 LST). Soil water evaporation was approximately 107.8 mm over the season, 55.8% of which was lost during the filling stage. These results are expected to have implications for the sustainability of irrigated agriculture in this area.

PENGARUH PENGGUNAAN LIMBAH KULIT KOPI TERFERMENTASI (Aspergillus niger) DENGAN ARAS BERBEDA DALAM RANSUM TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN AYAM BURAS

An experiment was carried out to study the effect of fermented and not fermented coffee skin waste to the growthof kampong chicken. A completely randomized design, with five treatments and five replications were used so thereare 25 experiment units and each unit consisted of 4 cockerels. The Treatments as of P0: diet without coffee skinwaste (diet control), P1: diet containing non fermented coffee skin waste 10%, P2: diet containing non fermentedcoffee skin waste 20%, P3: diet containing fermented coffee skin waste 10% and P4: diet containing fermentedcoffee skin waste 20%. The variables measured were performance including the final body weight, weight gain,feed consumption, feed conversion ratio, water consumption, and carcass characteristics. Based on result,it can beconcluded that kampong chicken given diet with additional fermented and non fermented coffee skin waste up to20% level has no effect on the growth of kampong chicken age 3-11 weeks, but there is a tendency that the best dietis10% fermented coffee skin.