The water thermodynamics is characterized by polydispersity, which determines its structural and dynamic properties. This is due to the specifics of its characteristic bond: the hydrogen bond (HB). The isobars of the two fundamental thermodynamic functions, the isothermal compressibility (KT(P.T)) and the isobaric expansivity (αP(P,T)), show the presence of a temperature T*≃315±5 K where both have a singular behavior. In this work, by carefully considering the thermal properties of the isobars of density ρ, specific heat CP and the self-diffusion DS, we suggest the universality characteristics of this temperature. In addition, by analyzing the average intermolecular distance dOO, in the same area of the P-T phase diagram, we demonstrate that such realities are due in the supercooled liquid state to the ratio between its two characteristic phases: the low-density liquid (LDL due to HB) and the HDL (which entirely characterizes the remaining parts of the phase diagram).

This paper investigates future forms in Jordanian Arabic (JA), particularly the temporal particles raħ and ra:yiħ as well as participle agentive NPs that appear to reveal universal characteristics in hinting at futurity while occurring in distinct syntactic and pragmatic contexts. The data consists of examples containing various future forms in JA given by the researchers and judged for their grammaticality by five faculty members. These examples were analyzed qualitatively relying on Chomsky’s Minimalist Program and Government theory. Similarities and differences between JA and its Arabic H variety, Standard Arabic (SA), are exemplified as well as those found compared to English. The findings show that there are some similarities and differences between futurity in JA and English in terms of raising and modality. raħ and ra:yiħ represent the similar English case; gonna and going expressing futurity. These Arabic and English items (raħ ‘gonna’, ra:yiħ ‘going’) are lexically derived from the verb “go”. They carry future tense, behave as a raising verb and c-select an infinitival clause. This paper shows that the particle raħ acts as a raising verb. It shows evidence that this particle underwent a grammaticalization process out of the participle NP ra:yiħ which shows identity in deep structure and similarity in its phonetic form. The study contributes to understanding the syntax of future in Arabic vernacular.

In social anthropology, the problem of leadership lies in the complexity of defining, analysing and studying this phenomenon in different societies, each understanding power in their own unique way. A researcher’s conception of ‘leadership’ and ‘leaders’ may not coincide with ethnographic reality and may hinder the search for leaders in local communities. This article proposes a method for finding leaders by studying perceptions of ‘erym’, which translates from the Chukot language as ‘chief’, ‘master’, ‘rapist’, or ‘strongest’. Based on field ethnographic material obtained in ten national villages in Chukotka, the article examines how residents of remote Arctic settlements assemble the image of a leader in their specific location, what criteria should be used to search for a leader in a settlement, and how the Chukchi language and beliefs system have influenced the contemporary understanding of what a modern leader is. We have identified two aspects which can be used to pinpoint a leader in a specific Chukotka community, namely, a person’s social position and qualities such as strength and the ability to command. We have arrived at the conclusion that a person holding a leadership position in a village had already had certain leadership traits or had developed them in order to it the image of a ‘leader’ formed in that specific rural community. Local traits of a leader were expressed mainly through a description of a person’s activities, i.e. through certain actions that were important for that particular territory and community. The unchanging universal characteristics of a leader were strength (physical and psychological) and the ability to defend and exercise violence. Most often, when searching for leaders, these characteristics have consistently produced results, leading to people who turned out to be the most important and influential in a specific community

Fluids at supercritical pressure (SCP) exhibit significant real-fluid effects across the pseudo-critical point, which challenges the validity of the existing wall-scaling laws developed under atmospheric pressure condition. This study revisits prior efforts on the temperature-based transformation for the collapse of mean scalar profiles, emphasising the difficulties in accurately describing universal characteristics of thermal boundary layers at SCP. To address this, a novel thermal scaling law using enthalpy transformation is proposed by incorporating the chain rule and heat flux balance. This transformation effectively accounts for variations in the near-wall thermophysical properties associated with the scalar profile while excluding the gradient of isobaric specific heat capacity-related terms. The proposed scaling law demonstrates substantially improved alignment of transformed mean scalar profiles in SCP channel flows at different wall-temperature differences and Reynolds numbers. Additionally, the enthalpy transformation shows superior performance compared with the existing enthalpy–velocity relations, particularly near the heated-wall region where the fluid thermodynamic states undergo the pseudo-boiling process. The present work could facilitate the development of universal wall model in supercritical flows, enabling rapid and reliable heat transfer predictions in practical applications.

Hypoxic resistance of living tissue to cytotoxin, most notably radiation, has been known for over a century but was believed in early trials to be a universal characteristic of all tumors. Oxygen electrode measurements of tumor pO2 demonstrated that many tumors had insufficient hypoxia to affect tumor resistance. Electron paramagnetic resonance oxygen images have been shown to accurately quantify and locate tumor hypoxia. Using novel radiation delivery for preclinical models with isocentric tumor boosts using 3D printed radiation apertures, we compared tumor control after equivalent integral dose boosts-either to hypoxic tumor or to well-oxygenated tumor-in preclinical models. For the first time, in three preclinical tumor models, we demonstrated a significant advantage for hypoxic boosts relative to well-oxygenated boosts.

The article is dedicated to the contemplation of calligraphy as a spatiotemporal art that transcends its understanding as utilitarian and aesthetically designed writing. Calligraphy is regarded as an artistic practice in which spatial and temporal dimensions are inextricably woven into a single irreversible creative act. Particular attention is given to the ontological status of the calligraphic trace—not as a frozen image or representation of meaning, but as a phenomenological event that captures the moment of the scribe's bodily presence. The study focuses on the processual nature of writing: the gesture, its dynamics, irreversibility, and material individuality. Using materials from East Asian, Arabic, and Western traditions, it is shown that embodied time and rhythmized space are universal characteristics of calligraphic practice, despite differences in ontological setups. An interdisciplinary approach is employed, combining phenomenological analysis (M. Merleau-Ponty, J. Derrida), semiotics (R. Barthes), cultural studies, and comparative history. The methodological foundation consists of post-phenomenology and the theory of embodied cognition, supplemented by elements of object-oriented ontology (G. Harman); visual analysis is based on principles of compositional and material aesthetics (including the analysis of negative space, rhythm, and texture). The article provides a theoretical justification for calligraphy as a spatiotemporal art, where a trace is understood not as a static object but as an imprint of the phenomenological event of writing, carrying in its form the "biography" of the gesture and instantiating time and space. The study reveals the multidimensionality of calligraphic space, encompassing material-compositional, bodily, and perceptual levels. The temporal dimension is disclosed through the analysis of rhythm, pause, the uniqueness of the moment, and the duration captured in the line. In conclusion, it is asserted that calligraphy is the art of becoming, in which form arises not by design but in the process of bodily gesture, making the flow of time visible and the space of the formation of form tangible; its ontological value lies in the embodiment of authentic presence.

This article presents a comparative analysis of the stylistic features of the concept of kinetic movement in the English and Uzbek languages from a linguocognitive perspective. The study examines the semantic and stylistic potential of verbs, phraseological units, and expressive means used to represent kinetic movement. Particular attention is paid to the functioning of kinetic movement in literary, journalistic, and colloquial discourse. The analysis demonstrates that while the concept of kinetic movement in both languages shares universal characteristics, it also reflects distinct national and cultural features shaped by linguistic structure and cultural worldview.

This article examines Internet metaphors as a linguo-cognitive phenomenon reflecting the specifics of intercultural communication in Russian and English linguistic spaces. The study identified and classified Internet metaphors representing various cognitive models, including spatial, bodily, natural, social, technical, and economic metaphors. Particular attention is paid to comparing Russian and English Internet metaphors and analyzing their universal and specific characteristics. The purpose of the article: to identify the cognitive and intercultural features of Internet metaphors and determine their role in Russian-English intercultural discourse. Comparative, cognitive, and contextual analysis methods were applied, allowing the identification of differences in Internet reality perception in Russian and English cultures. It was established that Russian Internet discourse is characterized by greater emotional expressiveness, whereas English discourse is more focused on technical terms. The research results provide a deeper understanding of the mechanisms of Internet metaphor formation and their role in intercultural interaction. The obtained data may be useful in studying cognitive linguistics, linguoculturology, as well as in translation practice and intercultural communication. The authors conclude that the identified features of Internet metaphors directly correlate with modern challenges of intercultural communication, especially in the context of online interaction, which requires not only linguistic flexibility, but also sociocultural adaptability.

This article attempts to comparatively analyze gender stereotypes in the Japanese and Russian languages, where gender roles, masculinity, and femininity are viewed as cultural concepts rather than biologically determined factors. For the first time, special attention is paid to identifying universal and specific characteristics of gender stereotypes in the compared languages using folk song lyrics as an example; the specifics of the linguistic representation of gender ideas in each analyzed linguoculture are revealed. The aim of the study was to identify the specifics of the linguistic representation of gender stereotypes in the lyrics of Japanese and Russian folk songs. The study revealed female and male images that convey stereotypical ideas about their roles in society. Much of the material studied is represented by universal ideas about women and men, which convey gender stereotyping, where women embody external beauty and internal gentleness and kindness, while men embody strength, confidence, and a dominant role. At the same time, the analyzed folklore material preserves the national specificity of Japanese and Slavic cultures, reflecting the Japanese and Russian linguistic worldviews, which is expressed through the lexical and semantic uniqueness of the language systems. Japanese linguoculture is characterized by the avoidance of direct characterizations of female appearance through the epithets “beautiful” and “sweet”; descriptions of women's eyes and legs, and mention of age are practically absent. The male image in the lyrics of Japanese enka songs is expressed through the epithets tsuyoi (strong), warui (bad), and zurui (cunning, unfair). Voice, smell, and gait are mentioned as body parts that form a masculine image. In the lyrics of Russian folk songs, the use of lexemes indicating a woman's age is quite common: devchina, devka, deva, molodushka, sudarushka, matushka, starushka, which also emphasizes her social status. At the same time, the age of a man does not have a strict differentiation, but can be conveyed through the social status of “young man”, “husband”, “father”, more indicative of the male image is the marital status: single/married.

In this paper we compare the distribution of four word categories in the lexical development of Bulgarian children with autism spectrum disorder to a normative Bulgarian sample. There is an emphasis on nominal/noun bias, which has been assumed to be a universal characteristic of language development. The data of Bulgarian children with autism presents a pattern similar to that of the normative sample including a high percent of social words in their expressive vocabulary.

The results of a study of Elliot Turiel’s conception of morality in light of philosophical understanding of moral phenomena are presented. Turiel proposed to purify the theory of moral development from mixing moral and non-moral structures of human psyche. ‘The moral domain,’ in his view, develops in parallel with other ‘domains of social judgment’ and has its own dynamics. To prove this thesis, Turiel formulates his answer to the questions of what morality is and how the boundaries of what can be morally evaluated are drawn. For Turiel, the main features of moral judgment are the following: 1) it is based on universally applicable, unalterable, and impersonal prescriptions (the form of morality); 2) it contains an evaluation of the impact of an agent’s intentional act on the welfare of a vulnerable recipient (the content of morality). Moral judgments are judgments that approve of promoting the welfare of another person and condemn harming and injustice. In light of the philosophical typology of definitions of morality, Turiel’s definition is not only content-based (substantive) but also normative. Turiel justifies the introduction of substantive features into the definition of morality, along with formal ones, by the fact that the moral domain is based on the universal characteristics of social interaction (first of all, on the experience of being harmed, which every person has since an early age). The substantive definition of morality focused on welfare, harm, and justice is met with the charge of cultural and historical bias. Critics see it as reflecting the dominant values and norms of Western culture. In relation to Turiel’s conception, this accusation is elaborated by Jonathan Haidt. However, Turiel’s discussion with his earlier critics shows that substantive conceptions of morality can successfully integrate facts from non-Western cultures into their theoretical scheme. But the most important thing is that only they can fully express the universal dimension of morality

This article analyzes the characteristics of phonosemantics in expressing the category of volume measurement. The study highlights the role of acoustic and articulatory properties of vowel sounds in symbolically representing the size features of objects, based on theoretical and experimental sources. Summarizing the research of S.V. Voronin, O. Jespersen, E. Sapir, J. Ohala, A. Shinohara, and S. Kavahara, it is shown that phonosemantic regularity has universal characteristics inherent in different languages. The opposition of big - small in the Uzbek language and semantically related adjectives such as large, huge, tiny, and minute are analyzed from the perspective of their phonetic composition. The tendency of wide vowels to express the meaning of largeness and narrow vowels to express smallness is substantiated. Additionally, the presence of phonosemantic exceptions such as mayda (small), yirik (large), big, and small indicates the probabilistic, statistical nature of volume measurement meaning. The research results confirm the existence of phonosemantic foundations for the category of volume in the lexicon of the Uzbek language and highlight the importance of acoustic factors in the formation of meaning in language units.

This article examines the universal characteristics of gender categories in contemporary societies through comprehensive literature analysis. The study explores the nature of gender as a social construction, its cross-cultural commonalities, and transformations in modern contexts. Based on theoretical analysis of diverse scholarly works, the research reveals that despite cultural variations, gender categories possess certain universal characteristics manifested in social roles, identification processes, and linguistic expressions.

Sexual reproduction is a nearly universal characteristic of the eukaryotic life cycle, yet it is rarely observed in natural populations of micro-eukaryotes. Sex is particularly relevant for diatoms, a key group of marine and freshwater phytoplankton, where sexual reproduction counters a progressive cell size reduction due to cellular division. Here, we leveraged controlled sex transcriptome experiments of four diatom species to develop a robust method for in situ monitoring of sexual reproduction events. The resulting panel of conserved marker genes was validated for specificity and sensitivity using metatranscriptomic profiling of a natural estuarine community undergoing massive sexual reproduction of multiple species in response to increased salinity. Analysis of metatranscriptomic data linked with Metagenome-Assembled Genomes from the Tara Oceans expedition revealed widespread and coordinated expression of these markers across nine diatom genera, complemented by observations of sexual stages in automated imaging resources. Our results reveal that diatom sexual reproduction is more widespread in the global ocean than previously thought, encompassing both dominant bloom-forming species and rare taxa. Our panel of markers to detect sexual reproduction in natural environments paves the road to better understand the interplay between endogenous and environmental controls of this pivotal process, essential for the diatoms’ evolutionary success.

The article provides a comprehensive analysis of the professional standards of teachers in domestic and foreign educational discourse. It is proven that globalization processes, European integration, innovative transformations of modern society actualize the need to rethink professional requirements for educational activities. The proposition that the effectiveness of educational reforms directly depends on the level of professional competence of the teacher, his readiness for innovations, flexibility in performing diverse functions - from teaching and educational, to facilitator, tutor and research - is substantiated. The national regulatory framework is studied, which defines modern requirements for the training and professional activities of teachers. A comparative analysis of the standards of the European Union, Great Britain, Canada, Australia, Singapore and Hong Kong made it possible to clarify both the universal characteristics of a teacher's professional activity (competence, digital literacy, readiness for inclusive education, continuous professional development), and the specifics of their implementation in different national models. The importance of the ethical dimension of the teaching profession is outlined, which in leading international documents is the value basis of a teacher's professional activity. It is established that professional standards in different countries integrate an axiological component aimed at educating democratic values, social responsibility and forming students' civic consciousness. It is concluded that the Ukrainian Professional Standard (2024) is a step towards harmonizing the national education system with the European educational space and at the same time reflects the specifics of modern transformations. It has been determined that the integration of normative, competency, and ethical components in the professional standard will contribute to the formation of a holistic image of a 21st century teacher capable of effectively responding to the challenges of a globalized society.

Abstract Measuring one-point statistics in redshifted 21 cm intensity maps offers an opportunity to explore non-Gaussian features of the early Universe. We assess the impact of instrumental effects on measurements made with the Hydrogen Epoch of Reionization Array (HERA) by forward modeling observational and simulation data. Using HERA Phase I observations over 94 nights, we examine the second ( m 2 , variance) and third ( m 3 ) moments of images. We employ the DAYENU -filtering method for foreground removal and reduce simulated foreground residuals to 10% of the 21 cm signal residuals. In noiseless cosmological simulations, the amplitudes of one-point statistics measurements are significantly reduced by the instrument response and further reduced by wedge-filtering. Analyses with wedge-filtered observational data, along with expected noise simulations, show that systematics alter the probability distribution of the map pixels. A likelihood analysis based on the observational data shows m 2 measurements disfavor the cold reionization model characterized by inefficient X-ray heating, in line with other power spectra measurements. Small signals in m 3 due to the instrument response of the Phase I observation and wedge-filtering make it challenging to use these non-Gaussian statistics to explore model parameters. Forecasts with the full HERA array predict high signal-to-noise ratios for m 2 , m 3 , and S 3 assuming no foregrounds, but wedge-filtering drastically reduces these ratios. This work demonstrates conclusively that a comprehensive understanding of instrumental effects on m 2 and m 3 is essential for their use as a cosmological probe, given their dependence on the underlying model.

This article examines Chinese heroic narratives, identifying both their universal characteristics within the framework of Joseph Campbell's "hero's journey" model and their cultural specificities. The aim of the work is to overcome the limitations of the Western "monomyth" theory and to substantiate the necessity of constructing a localized theoretical framework for the adequate analysis of Chinese source material. Representative samples from classical Chinese literature, myths, legends, and folktales were selected as the research material. The study employs an interdisciplinary approach, combining theories from cultural studies, narratology, and Chinese philosophy to investigate Chinese heroic narratives. A key innovation lies in the systematic identification of the specific features of the Chinese hero through the lens of Confucianism, Daoism, and Buddhism. It is demonstrated that the hero's "Departure" is often motivated by duty rather than a personal calling; the "Initiation" involves moral self-cultivation and adherence to the "Golden Mean"; and the "Return" can be tragic or expressed as a withdrawal from the world, reflecting the Daoist concept of "non-action" (wuwei) and the Buddhist notion of karma. The results show that Chinese philosophical ideas, such as Confucian, Daoist, and Buddhist concepts, have exerted a significant influence on the narratives of indigenous Chinese heroes. Confucianism shapes the heroes' ideal personality and moral code, Daoism endows the heroes with a natural, transcendent temperament, and the Buddhist concept of karmic retribution enriches the narrative content. This study introduces a Chinese research perspective into the study of heroic narratives and emphasizes the unique value of Chinese heroic literature.

The management of municipal solid waste (MSW) containing significant fractions of food and organic matter presents critical challenges, primarily due to the potent and dynamically evolving nature of the resultant landfill leachate. This study addresses the persistent variability observed in leachate composition across diverse geopolitical regions, which often complicates the design and optimization of robust treatment systems, leading to inefficient resource expenditure and environmental non-compliance. Utilizing a comprehensive, comparative meta-analysis of leachate data derived exclusively from anaerobic decomposition phases of high-organic-content landfills globally, this research aimed to delineate the foundational physicochemical parameters that exhibit universal consistency, irrespective of confounding site-specific operational or climatic factors. This methodological approach involved the rigorous standardization and statistical integration of analytical metrics sourced from over fifty operational and closed landfill sites across four continents, focusing specifically on early to intermediate decomposition stages where the high initial organic loading remains the principal driver of chemical composition. The analysis conclusively identified several quantitative and qualitative characteristics intrinsic to high-organic-waste leachate that transcend geographic location or specific waste input details. Notably, a consistently high average BOD/COD ratio (ranging strictly from 0.45 to 0.70) was established as a definitive marker during the early acidogenic and intermediate methanogenic phases, signifying substantial initial biodegradability driven by massive concentrations of short-chain volatile fatty acids (VFAs), primarily acetic and propionic acid. Furthermore, ammonia nitrogen concentrations consistently ranked as the predominant inorganic constituent, often correlating directly with the initial protein input and exhibiting extreme resistance to conventional biological removal due to frequent co-occurrence with inhibitory high salinity levels. These findings collectively underscore the critical need for standardized pre-treatment strategies that specifically target VFA neutralization, recalcitrant ammonia stripping, and management of extremely high organic loading, offering a foundational, universal baseline for engineering design across disparate organic waste disposal scenarios.

This article explores various aspects of the parables used in French and Uzbek folk tales, such as their universal and national characteristics, conceptual foundations, morphological-syntactic and stylistic models, emotional-expressive means, and context of use, using comparative-linguistic and linguocultural criteria. It examines the semantic and stylistic means by which the concepts expressed through the parable - labor, honesty, freedom, fate, courage, loyalty, cunning - are expressed in the texts in both languages.

The emergence of new lexical units in world linguistics is closely linked to the appearance of new objects and concepts. This study explores the formation of insurance-related terms in English and Uzbek through semantic derivation, focusing on the mechanisms of meaning transfer—metaphor, metonymy, and synecdoche. The research identifies structural and cultural peculiarities of semantic derivation in both languages, highlighting universal and national characteristics in the development of domain-specific terminologies.