Synthetically manufactured bromoform may provide a sustainable and economically viable alternative to macroalgae harvesting and cultivation for mitigating methane emissions in ruminants. Our objective was to evaluate the effect of varying doses of synthetic bromoform stabilized in vegetable oil on rumen fermentation, digestibility, and methane production using an in vitro batch culture system. Four treatments were evaluated: 0 (BR0), 1,000 (BR1), 2,500 (BR2), and 5,000 (BR5) mg bromoform/kg oil, added to batch culture vessels at a 2% DM basis. A randomized complete block design was applied across 3 periods, with incubations conducted for 3, 6, 12, 24, and 72 h in each period. Treatments were replicated 3 times at each incubation time. At 72 h, methane (mg/g of disappeared DM) was reduced by 32.3%, 96.4%, and 100% in BR1, BR2, and BR5, respectively, compared with BR0. The inclusion of bromoform at varying doses did not influence fermentation medium pH or apparent substrate disappearance, as measured by DM, NDF, and ADF disappearance. Bromoform inclusion modified the ruminal VFA profile. At 12 h, BR2 and BR5 treatments exhibited decreased acetate concentrations relative to BR1, whereas at 24 h, these treatments had reduced acetate concentrations compared with BR0. Moreover, by 72 h, BR5 had the lowest acetate concentrations among treatments. The acetate-to-propionate ratio was lesser in BR5 and marginally lesser in BR2 compared with BR0. Butyrate concentration was greater in BR1 and BR5 compared with BR0. At 72 h, BR2 and BR5 showed greater concentrations of valerate and caproate concomitant with a decrease in isobutyrate concentrations relative to BR0 and BR1. Isovalerate and 2-methylbutyrate concentrations were greater in BR1 compared with BR2 and BR5. The collective findings of this study indicate that synthetic bromoform inclusion (BR2 and BR5) markedly reduced methane production, preserved digestibility, and altered rumen fermentation characteristics, suggesting a compensatory shift in reducing equivalents utilization by the rumen microbiota.

Effects of Hofmeister cation series induced by different alkalizers on the production, structural and functional characteristics of low-sodium soy protein fractions

ABSTRACT Despite growing concerns about technological unemployment, existing evidence remains fragmented, country-specific, and largely silent on whether productivity growth driven by artificial intelligence (AI) can decouple from human labour globally. This paper provides new global evidence on AI-labour substitution using an unbalanced panel of 65 countries over 2013–2023. Building on a task-based theoretical framework, we conceptualize AI as a potentially labour-replacing technology that reallocates economic tasks from humans to machines. We test this framework empirically using AI development, combined with cross-country data on labour force participation, productivity, human capital, and institutional characteristics. The results reveal three main findings. First, AI development is associated with a statistically significant decrease in labour force participation, indicating the presence of labour displacement effects. Second, AI simultaneously raises productivity, pointing to productivity-labour decoupling, whereby output growth becomes less dependent on human labour. Third, human capital and governance quality play crucial moderating roles in weakening labour-displacing effects of AI. Remarkably, dynamic panel estimates suggest that AI induces short-run labour displacement, while long-run outcomes depend on countries’ capacity to adapt through education and institutional quality.

Plant Growth Promoting Bacteria (PGPB) are emerging as a key solution for enhancing agricultural productivity in response to the growing global food demand. While PGPB enhance crop productivity, low bacterial survival in soil environments often reduces their field effectiveness. This study evaluated the impact of six PGPB strains, applied through three different carriers (liquid, zeolite and biochar) on the physiology, growth, yield and quality of industrial tomato, cultivated under Mediterranean field conditions. Results showed that, in comparison to the control, Bacillus subtilis strains 548, 557 and Z3 significantly increased the dry weight of tomato plants by up to 32.93% and yield by up to 23.8%. Photosynthetic rate was enhanced by up to 33.7% by the use of PGPB treatments and among carriers, biochar presented increased values compared to liquid and zeolite. Due to Carrier-PGPB interaction, certain combinations improved quality parameters, such as antioxidant capacity (up to 42% higher with B. subtilis 557 and zeolite) and total phenolic content (48% increase with B. subtilis 557 and Zeolite as a carrier). Overall, these findings highlight that optimizing the interaction between PGPB strains and suitable carriers is key to enhancing both yield and quality of industrial tomato, providing a mechanistic basis for the development of more efficient and sustainable biostimulant strategies.

The aim of this study is to examine the general structure of scientific literature produced in the Chinese context and shaped around the Olympic theme using bibliometric methods. To this end, publications retrieved from the Web of Science (WoS) database through a search using the keyword ‘Olympic’ were analysed. The dataset was created by applying filtering criteria related to the specified time period, country, publication type, language, and subject categories, resulting in a total of 596 publications included in the bibliometric analysis. The study examines the distribution of literature over time, as well as bibliographic links among authors, publications, journals, and institutions, and patterns of keyword co-occurrence. Bibliographic relationships and keyword networks were visualised using VOSviewer software and evaluated through quantitative indicators. The findings indicate that Olympic-themed literature has expanded quantitatively over time and exhibits a multidisciplinary publication structure. Moreover, keyword analyses reveal that environmental, spatial, sporting, and political dimensions are frequently addressed together in the literature. This study outlines the overall structure of scientific literature shaped around the Olympic theme and highlights the structural characteristics of academic production in this field. The results are expected to serve as a reference for future bibliometric and thematic studies.

Global climate change has increased the frequency and intensity of extreme weather events, significantly impacting the net primary productivity (NPP) of vegetation. Understanding the relationship between NPP and extreme climate events in ecologically sensitive areas is essential for effective ecological strategies. This study analyzed the spatiotemporal distribution characteristics of net primary productivity (NPP) from 2000 to 2022 and its response to extreme climate conditions. Utilizing the flexible space-temporal DAta fusion (FSDAF), the study integrated MODIS and Landsat data from 2000 to 2022 to generate a high-resolution NDVI dataset (30m, 16-day). The NPP was estimated using the Carnegie-Ames-Stanford approach (CASA) model. We also evaluated the effects of 13 extreme climate indices (ECIs) on NPP in the Gaoligong Mountains. The results showed that (1) annual NPP exhibited an upward trend (slope = 1.5), with the most significant increase occuring in January (slope = 0.35, p < 0.001); (2) the climate in the study area has displayed a clear warming trend, with significant increases in extreme temperature indices (TXx, TNx, TN90p, TX90p, TMAXmean, and TMINmean, p < 0.001), while extreme precipitation indices (RX1day, RX5day), showd a relatively small trend of change and not significant; (3) At the seasonal scale, the responses of NPP to ECIs varied significantly among different vegetation types. The correlations between NPP and ECIs were markedly stronger in spring and autumn than in summer and winter, with temperature-related indices showing the strongest explanatory power for variations in NPP. (4)The response of NPP to extreme temperatures and precipitation is primarily characterized by a lag effect, typically delayed by 1-2 months, and is observed across different vegetation types. (5) extreme temperatures, particularly TX90p, TXx, TMAXmean, and DTR, are the key climatic factors affecting NPP. These results offer insights into the impact of climate extremes on NPP, which can inform future ecological management strategies.

The genetic architecture of wheat yield-related traits is complex due to their polygenic control, relatively low heritability, and strong genotype–environment interactions. Commonly used characteristics of wheat productivity include thousand-grain weight (TGW), grain weight per ear (GWE), and grain number per ear (GNE). To identify stable loci associated with productivity-related traits in common wheat, we performed QTL analysis using two mapping populations derived from crosses between contrasting cultivars. The populations were phenotyped for GNE, GWE, and TGW over two years. In addition, GWAS was conducted using a cultivar panel phenotyped for yield and GWE over ten years, and for GNE, GWE, and TGW over two years. The most reproducible loci were located on chromosomes 2D, 4A, 5A, 5B, 6A, 6B, and 7A. From these regions, 16 SNPs were selected for KASP marker development. Validation in an independent panel of 296 spring common wheat varieties phenotyped over three years identified three most informative markers: wsnp_Ex_c16175_24619793 (4A), wsnp_Ex_c2171_4072995 (5A), and BS00034554_51 (6B), all consistently associated with TGW and additionally associated with GWE, GNE, or yield in individual years. These markers may be useful for marker-assisted selection of wheat productivity-related traits.

A VOF-CFD investigation of mucus transport dynamics with non-Newtonian rheology in a patient-specific tracheobronchial airway across the respiratory cycle.

• Cheese whey was valorized into a microbial exopolysaccharide via fed-batch fermentation. • Continuous feeding enabled control of EPS molecular weight and dispersity. • Continuous feeding yielded a 4-fold increase in EPS molecular weight compared to batch mode. • The EPS showed excellent film-forming ability and compatibility with geraniol. • EPS-based films exhibited sustained antimicrobial activity for active packaging. This study explores the sustainable bioconversion of cheese whey (CW) into high-value exopolysaccharides (EPS) by Halomonas caseinilytica K1 through the optimization of bioreactor operation modes. Batch, fed-batch with pulse feeding, and fed-batch with continuous feeding were compared to evaluate their impact on cell growth, EPS production, and polymer characteristics. The continuous fed-batch strategy markedly outperformed the other modes, achieving the highest biomass concentration (89.95 g/L) and EPS titer (11.67 g/L), corresponding to 2.12- and 5.16-fold increases relative to pulse-fed and batch cultures, respectively. This cultivation approach significantly influenced EPS structure, yielding a rhamnose-enriched polymer with a high molecular weight of 2.25 × 10⁵ Da, corresponding to a fourfold increase. The optimized EPS (EPS-K1-B3) was subsequently applied to fabricate biodegradable antimicrobial films incorporating geraniol (10%). These films displayed good structural integrity and demonstrated sustained inhibitory activity against Escherichia coli and Listeria innocua over a 22-day release period. Overall, this work establishes an integrated bioprocess–structure–function framework, demonstrating how controlled fermentation conditions can tailor EPS properties for targeted applications in active food packaging while contributing to the valorization of agro-industrial waste streams.

The demand for protein crops to feed livestock is increasing, with soybean meal (SBM) and rapeseed meal (RSM) currently being two of the major protein sources. However, using land to grow protein crops for livestock competes with crops which can be consumed directly by humans. At the same time, there are increasing concerns about the environmental impact of growing some crops, especially soybean, due to the land-use change which is associated with it's growth in some countries. Thus, there is a need to identify alternative protein sources for livestock, with microalgae being one potential source. However, it is important to understand the impact of microalgae species and inclusion level on rumen fermentation and methane production. This study examined the effects of substituting SBM and RSM (replacing 5, 10 and 20% of SBM and RSM) with three different microalgae species ( Spirulina Platensis [SP], Chlorella Vulgaris [CLV] and Nannochloropsis Gaditana [NG]) on in vitro methane (CH 4 ) production and rumen fermentation characteristics. Samples were incubated for 4, 24 and 48-h with grass silage (GS) as the basal substrate in in vitro batch culture to mimic the rumen. While volatile fatty acid concentrations in the fermentation liquor and CH 4 concentrations did not differ between microalgae inclusion levels, CLV at 10 and 20% inclusions increased propionate concentration by 8.3% and 5.8%, respectively and decreased CH 4 concentration by 12.3% and 26.9%, respectively, compared with 0% inclusion. Ammonia-nitrogen (NH 3 -N) concentrations were comparable across microalgae inclusion levels, except for the 20% inclusion where NH 3 -N increased (within SP) and decreased (within CLV). The measured parameters demonstrated substrate-specific responses to microalgae species. For instance, SBM incubated with SP and CLV reduced CH 4 concentration by 23.5% and 18.5%, respectively, but increased propionate concentration by 8.8% and 12.1%, respectively. Similarly, RSM incubated with NG showed 26.3% lower CH 4 concentration and 14.3% higher propionate concentration relative to SBM at 24-h, indicating significant interactions between substrates and the microalgae species. This in vitro study highlights the importance of selecting suitable microalgae species, inclusion levels and substrates when examining the potential of microalgae as a protein replacement. In conclusion, SP, CLV and NG had no adverse effects on in vitro fermentation parameters suggesting that they may have potential as alternative protein sources, while CLV in particular demonstrated potential methane-mitigating effects. • Microalgae inclusions had no detrimental effects on in vitro rumen fermentation parameters. • The inclusion of CLV at 10 and 20% increased propionate levels and reduced CH 4 emissions. • The tested microalgae species exhibited substrate specific response for all in vitro fermentation parameters.

Muscadine ( Muscadinia rotundifolia Michx ) is a fruit crop native to the southeastern United States that is well-adapted to warm and humid subtropical environments. However, most available muscadine cultivars exhibit several limitations that hinder commercial production. This study evaluated four commercial cultivars and 10 advanced selections from the Muscadine Breeding Program of the University of Georgia over a 4-year period to assess their annual yield, agronomic traits, production performance, and fruit quality traits. Significant genotypic variability was observed across all traits evaluated, thus reinforcing the strong genetic influence on muscadine productivity and fruit characteristics. ‘Granny Val’ exhibited the highest total yield (TY) and commercial yield (CY), whereas Ga. 6-6-358 showed comparable TY, CY, and percentage of sound berries (SB%) values. Ga. 6-1-269 also performed well, consistently exhibiting high percentage of CY (CY%) and low susceptibility to field berry decay, indicating strong potential for commercial production under warm and humid conditions. Additionally, it showed earlier maturity and an extended harvest period, which are traits that could help prolong the muscadine availability window in the southeastern United States. In contrast, the high rotten berry percentage (RB%) observed in Ga. 10-1-294 and Ga. 12-3-22 and the low total soluble solids (TSS) contents in Ga. 13-4-79 and Ga. 12-5-46 limit their suitability for commercial use. Although low-yielding, Ga. 10-1-329 exhibited high TSS and dark berry pigmentation, which are traits associated with sweetness and high antioxidant content. Overall, these results provide essential information for cultivar selection and muscadine breeding efforts aimed to improve adaptation, fruit quality, and productivity under subtropical growing conditions.

Small peptide from extracellular leucine-rich repeat domain protein 2 modulates cadmium tolerance through regulating photosynthesis and lignin content in rice.

There are livestock species such as rabbit, guinea fowl, and grasscutter in Sub-Saharan Africa which are traditionally consumed but have not received as much attention and support from policy and research compared to conventional livestock species such as cattle, sheep, goat, pig and poultry. Despite the growing interest in such neglected livestock species (NLS), evidence on their integration, production, and drivers of adoption remain sparse. This comparative study investigates the production characteristics, profitability, and determinants of farmers' choices between conventional and NLS production in Ogun and Oyo States, Nigeria. We conducted a quantitative survey of 183 smallholder livestock producers, selected using simple random and snowball sampling procedures across Ogun and Oyo States. Data were collected through questionnaires and analysed using descriptive statistics, logistic regression, and cost-benefit analysis. The findings show that women were disproportionately engaged in NLS production. Intensive and semi-intensive production systems were the most prevalent, driven by land scarcity and the adaptability of NLS to confined production environments. Feed emerged as the dominant cost component across both species, significantly impacting profitability. Logistic regression analysis showed that the choice of NLS production was positively and significantly associated with mode of land acquisition, profit, and access to credit. Profitability analysis revealed that NLS systems achieved a higher return on investment than conventional systems, offering a viable pathway for enhancing income, food security, and resilience among smallholders in the study areas. Conclusively, with an appropriate policy framework, neglected livestock species could contribute to a transformative shift in Southwestern Nigeria's livestock landscape.

The purpose of this study was to assess the between-session reliability of peak force and early force-time variables in a unilateral isometric hamstring assessment (isometric long-lever bridge). The sample consisted of 30 collegiate male athletes (age: 19.4 ± 1.3 years; height: 1.79 ± 0.1 m; body mass: 80.4 ± 10.3 kg) with no history of recent hamstring injury (<6 months) who volunteered to participate in the study. All participants performed 3 unilateral maximal voluntary isometric contractions (MVIC) with their heels on force plates and shoulders elevated 15.24 cm, while their hips were secured with a loaded barbell. Data was analyzed to assess the reliability of force values at 50, 100, 150, 200, 250 ms, and peak force (N) across three repeated sessions. Moderate-good relative and absolute reliabilities were observed across all early force-time variables with lower bound ICC values ≥ 0.51 (0.51–0.71) and point estimate CV% ≤ 12.65% (7.63–12.65), with moderate relative (ICC ≥ 0.74; range 0.74–0.92) and absolute (CV% ≤ 6.50%; range 6.48–6.50) reliability for peak force. Trivial to small effect sizes (g ≤ 0.4) were observed between sessions. These findings suggest that the isometric single-leg long-lever bridge (SL-LLB) can be used to reliably monitor peak and rapid force generating capacities to track performance changes over time due to training adaptations as well as acute or chronic fatigue.

The buffalo is an important agricultural species due to its many productive characteristics, which encourage its use worldwide. Uncovering the processes of selective sweeps is critical for a comprehensive understanding of genomic mechanisms that influence phenotypic differentiation in buffalo. This study aims to refine signatures of selection in Bulgarian (BUL), Hungarian (HUN), and Romanian (ROM) buffalo breeds using runs of homozygosity (ROHs), the integrated haplotype score (iHS), the standardized log-ratio of the integrated site-specific extended haplotype homozygosity (EHH) between pairs of breeds test (Rsb), and cross-population EHH (XP-EHH) approaches. The SNP dataset of 160 genotypes from BUL, HUN, and ROM buffalo breeds was genotyped using the Axiom® Buffalo Genotyping Array 90K from Affymetrix. By combining the ROH, iHS, Rsb, and XP-EHH methods, we identified many important genomic regions and candidate genes associated with milk production (SLC24A2, TMEM132C, and ALCAM), reproduction (CSMD1, NTS, PLIN2, GPC5, and FSHR), growth (MYOM2, CLN8, and RRAGA), immune response (METTL25, MLLT3, NAALADL2, and GAB2), and adaptation (ADAMTSL1) in BUL, HUN, and ROM buffalo breeds. Our findings highlighted selection signals and genes related to important economic traits in the BUL, HUN, and ROM buffalo breeds, providing promising candidate genes for further research and inclusion in conservation and selection plans for these breeds.

The objective of this study was to determine animal and pasture productivity, animal behavior, and carcass characteristics of beef steers by testing the use of overseeding winter species with or without legumes into Aruana grass pasture. The treatments evaluated were: overseeding of oat and ryegrass, with and without arrowleaf clover, in Aruana pasture, and the exclusive cultivation (monoculture) of oat and ryegrass in a crop-livestock integration area, with and without arrowleaf clover. The experiment was conducted from July 10 to October 26, 2018, at the Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná - Paraná, Dois Vizinhos campus. Twenty-four castrated Angus steers, aged 25 ± 3 months and with an initial average body weight of 413.08 ± 4.56kg, were used. A randomized block design was adopted, with four treatments and three replications (paddocks) arranged in a 2 × 2 factorial scheme. Two animals were assigned to each paddock. Continuous grazing with a variable stocking rate was used. Forage mass, daily accumulation rate, and pasture structural composition were evaluated every 28 days. To determine average daily gain (ADG), stocking rate (SR), and live weight gain per hectare (LWG ha- 1), the animals were weighed after a 14-hour fast from solids and liquids. Three 24-hour evaluations of ingestive behavior were carried out during the experimental period. At the end of the trial, the animals were slaughtered to assess carcass characteristics. Overseeding and the presence of legumes did not affect the nutritive value of the pasture offered to the animals; however, the presence of Aruana grass resulted in greater forage mass at the end of the grazing cycle, with less dead material, thereby improving animal performance. Steers finished on overseeded pastures showed higher average daily and per-hectare weight gain, longer grazing time, shorter rumination time, and less displacement compared with the monoculture system, resulting in better quantitative carcass characteristics.

Suchomel, TJ, Cantwell, CJ, Marshall-Ciochon, LK, Campbell, BA, Schroeder, ZS, and Taber, CB. Traditional and accentuated eccentric loaded back squat performance: A comparison between stronger and weaker men. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2026-Force production characteristics of stronger and weaker men were compared during traditional (TRAD) back squats and those performed with maximal (AEL-MAX) and supramaximal (AEL-SUPRA) accentuated eccentric loading. Fifteen resistance-trained men were separated into stronger ( n = 8) and weaker ( n = 7) groups based on their ability/inability to back squat at least twice their body mass before completing 3 separate testing sessions. Subjects performed 3 back squat repetitions with TRAD loads of 50, 60, 70, and 80% of their 1 repetition maximum (1RM) or the same loads with weight releasers that equated the total load to 100% (AEL-MAX) or 110% (AEL-SUPRA) 1RM during the braking phase of the first repetition of each set. Braking (B) and propulsion (P) net mean force (MF), duration (Dur), and net impulse (Imp) were compared between groups during each condition. Except for a faster PDur by stronger subjects ( p = 0.030), there were no differences between groups during the TRAD condition. During the AEL-MAX and AEL-SUPRA conditions, stronger subjects produced greater BMF ( p = 0.016) and PMF ( p < 0.05) and a faster PDur ( p = 0.014) than weaker subjects; however, there were no differences in BDur or BImp ( p > 0.05). Despite no between-group differences during the AEL-MAX condition ( p = 0.639), greater PImp was produced by the weaker group during AEL-SUPRA ( p = 0.025). Stronger men produced greater BMF and PMF during similar or shorter durations than weaker individuals during AEL back squats, suggesting superior utilization of AEL by stronger individuals.

The goals of this research are as follows. - Determine how far down the path to professional thought the history instructors at the secondary school level are. - To gauge the level of scientific imagination among history instructors at the secondary level. - To assess secondary school history teachers' level of expertise in their field. Aiming to determine if there was a connection between the sample's professional thought and competence was the primary objective. Four hundred secondary school history instructors from Diyala's General Directorate of Education (both male and female) make up the study's research sample. The sample represented 30% of the overall population of 1335 educators. Using a stratified random sampling procedure, the study's sample consisted of 634 male instructors and 701 female teachers. The researcher has come up with three methods to achieve the goals of the study. The original professional thinking tool was developed on the foundation of Konstantinovia's (1988) idea. The foregoing led to the final version of the scale with 30 items across 3 domains. Among them were the domains of cognition, creativity, and practicality. The second instrument computed scientific imagination according to Augustin's (2015) understanding of the concept. Each of the three characteristics of scientific sensitivity, scientific creativity, and scientific productivity were covered by 25 items in the previous edition of the instrument. A test of expert-level knowledge and skill made up the third tool. According to Glasser's Choice Theory (2019), this metric is based on. The scale consists of 30 elements that are organized into three categories. - g. Concepts - h. Teachers’ awareness - Teaching context. The study reached the following results: - The history instructors of Diyala's General Directorate of Education are very competent. - The history instructors at Diyala's General Directorate of Education have a scientific mindset. - Diyala's history instructors are highly qualified professionals in their field. - The research sample shows a strong and statistically significant relationship between professional competence and professional thinking.

Abstract Objective The Striped Bass Morone saxatilis is an emerging cultivar in the United States due in large part to its rapid growth rate and the ability to be reared in salinities ranging from freshwater to full-strength seawater. The successful culture of this species has been advanced by successive generations of selective breeding and domestication that have improved growth characteristics by around 8% per generation. Previous studies have shown that implementing reduced feeding protocols in aquaculture can have minimal impact on growth performance while potentially improving feed efficiency. Therefore, we evaluated the growth of fifth-generation, selectively bred pure-strain Striped Bass and determined whether reduced-frequency feeding might improve production efficiency of fish in recirculating aquaculture systems (RASs). Methods We evaluated the production characteristics of F5-generation domesticated Striped Bass that were cyclically fed either 3 d/week or 5 d/week in an RAS. Striped Bass fingerlings were stocked (n = 30 fish/tank) at an average body weight (BW) of 60 g and were fed a commercial diet to satiation once per feeding day. Sampling occurred at the beginning of the study (0 d poststocking [dps]) and then every 2–3 months (i.e., at 58, 113, 179, 262, and 351 dps). Results We found that F5-generation domesticated Striped Bass grew to market size (1.3 kg) in 11–12 months (18 months posthatch) when fed 5 d/week in an RAS. Within 179 dps, the mean BW of fish fed 5 d/week was significantly greater than that of fish fed 3 d/week, and this divergence in size persisted throughout the course of the study. Fish that were fed 3 d/week achieved a final BW (1.1 kg) that was 16% lower than the BW of fish fed 5 d/week, and they consumed 18% less feed overall. Although the specific growth rates of fish on the reduced-frequency feeding regime were lower initially, by 179 dps their growth had reached rates similar to those of fish fed 5 d/week. The final feed conversion ratio (FCR) was not significantly different between feeding regimes. However, the FCR changed with age: It was initially higher in smaller fish fed 3 d/week, whereas by the end of the study, the FCR had subsequently declined to a level at or below the FCR of fish fed 5 d/week. The shift in FCR occurred at a BW of around 785 g. Conclusions Collectively, the results suggest that a shift to reduced-frequency feeding in larger fish (∼785 g) may have the potential to reduce feed and labor costs while minimizing impacts on growth and improving overall production efficiency of domesticated Striped Bass grown in RASs. This study demonstrates that F5-generation, selectively bred Striped Bass can be grown rapidly (&amp;lt;12 months) in an RAS from 60 g to 1.3 kg, a size exceeding that of most domestically produced fish in the United States, which could allow for expansion of aquaculture to the high-value fillet market.

ABSTRACTBackground and Aim:Legume-based green concentrate (GC) is a promising, low-cost feeding strategy for dairy systems; however, its high rumen-degradable protein (RDP) fraction limits nitrogen utilization efficiency. This study evaluated the effect of Eucheuma cottonii enrichment as a rumen-protected agent on feed quality, rumen protein utilization, methane mitigation, and lactation performance in Holstein Friesian dairy cows.Materials and Methods:The experiment comprised integrated in vitro and in vivo phases. In the in vitro phase, GC was enriched with E. cottonii at 0%, 2.5%, 5%, 7.5%, and 10% and assessed for digestibility, rumen protein utilization (RDP and rumen-undegradable protein [RUP]), gas production, and fermentation characteristics. In the in vivo phase, eighteen postpartum cows were randomly assigned to three dietary treatments: commercial concentrate, GC, and GC enriched with 10% E. cottonii for 60 days. Parameters included milk yield, dry matter intake, feed conversion efficiency (FCE), milk quality, and economic returns.Results:E. cottonii enrichment significantly improved feed quality and rumen protein utilization. A marked reduction in RDP and a concurrent increase in RUP were observed (p < 0.01), indicating enhanced protein bypass. Digestibility indices, including in vitro dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, and gross energy digestibility, were significantly increased (p ≤ 0.002). Methane production and total gas output were reduced (p ≤ 0.01), reflecting improved rumen fermentation efficiency. In the in vivo trial, cows fed 10% enriched GC exhibited higher milk yield (p = 0.01), improved FCE (p = 0.02), and enhanced milk fat and protein contents (p < 0.01). Economic analysis demonstrated reduced feed costs and increased daily profit. The functional mechanism is attributed to kappa-carrageenan in E. cottonii, which forms a protective matrix limiting microbial proteolysis.Conclusion:Enrichment of GC with E. cottonii effectively optimizes rumen protein utilization, enhances digestibility, reduces methane emissions, and improves lactation performance and farm profitability. This strategy represents a sustainable, cost-effective innovation for improving dairy productivity and environmental efficiency.