Iron single-atom nanozyme-mediated laser interstitial thermal therapy and anti-inflammatory effect for epilepsy.

Dual-functional Cu2-xSe nanoparticles enabled photothermal SDA-LFA for sensitive miRNA-146a on-site detection in dairy safety.

The unique climatic conditions of the Nordic region, particularly the freeze-thaw cycle, present both challenges and opportunities for detecting clandestine burials. By understanding seasonal environmental and vegetational indicators, forensic archaeologists can develop more effective methods for locating burial sites to aid in forensic investigations, archaeological surveys, and humanitarian projects. This pilot study investigates the detection of clandestine burials in a Nordic environment, focusing on a case study of a 50-year-old pet cemetery in Finland. While domestic pets are a poor substitute to human bodies, their burials are very similar to clandestine human burials. The burials are usually small and shallow, and the bodies are often bare or wrapped in cloth or plastic. Pet cemeteries are also often less regulated, in remote locations, and have less visitors, allowing for discreet research. The study site was monitored for changes in ground temperature, vegetation and topography during the thawing period 2021-2024. The aim of the study was to determine whether burials show seasonal variation that would make them easier to detect during a specific season. Ground surface temperature surveys revealed significant differences between burials and undisturbed ground during early spring. Vegetation analysis identified early blooming flowers and specific persistent plants growing over graves as potential indicators of past burials. Topographical changes, including mounds and depressions, were more pronounced during the thawing cycle, aiding in the identification of burials. These findings are valuable, for instance, for detecting clandestine and forgotten graves in historical contexts, such as old cemeteries, mental hospitals, prisons and childrens' homes.

Lipids produced by different organisms are preserved as fossils in sediments and soils. These so-called lipid biomarkers and related organic proxies represent valuable tools to reconstruct past changes in ecosystems. For example, C37 alkenones produced by microalgae (Isochrysidales) represent biomarkers specific for these organisms. Furthermore, an index based on C37 alkenones can be used as proxy to estimate past changes in surface water temperature. However, before analysis by gas or liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry, biomarkers extracted from the sediment are treated by solid phase extraction (SPE), a process which is time-consuming and requires the use of organic solvents which can be harmful to health and environment. Here, we compared a routinely applied manual SPE (mSPE) analytical method with an automated SPE (aSPE) method using a PrepLinc platform automated sample preparation system (J2 Scientific). The analysis of marine sediments from the North Sea and the Southeast Pacific conducted with both mSPE and aSPE resulted in mainly statistically similar results, although care has to be taken when compound co-elution occurs. aSPE resulted in a higher recovery rate, but consumed more solvents, mainly for rinsing. The use of the PrepLinc platform for automated SPE, which can process up to 27 samples in a single run, allows saving not only time, but also fume hood space as the PrepLinc platform has a completely closed circuit. The PrepLinc platform represents, thus, a valuable instrument to perform automated SPE for the analysis of environmental lipid biomarkers with a high repeatability.

Plasma-facing components of future fusion systems will be expected to withstand years of operations in an extremely harsh environment. Long-term exposure to this environment will alter the material properties and therefore performance of the components. Using an integrated plasma-material interaction model that includes descriptions of the edge plasma, ion-surface interactions, and subsurface gas dynamics, we assess the evolution of 10 distinct spatial locations across the tungsten outer divertor target of the current ARC design during 10 pulses of deuterium-tritium (D-T) plasma exposure, for a total exposure time of 150 min, as well as a longer exposure of 4+ h. Our simulations show no erosion due to the extremely low ion energies in the detached plasma conditions, even with neon seeding of the plasma. The lowimpact energies also lead to a constant reflection coefficient, and therefore, the D-T content accumulation is primarily driven by particle flux, as more D-T is implanted. The content increases with each pulse. Gas diffusion is not affected by changes in substrate temperature that are caused by heat fluxes. When these simulations continue beyond the 10 initial pulses until D-T reaches the bulk boundary, the gases permeate through the backside of the W substrate at the same rate as they are implanted. Thus, the gas content accumulated in the material saturates, and the depth-resolved concentrations remain constant, at least within the ideal microstructure assumptions for the tungsten divertor. These results provide input for modeling the crystal plasticity evolution of the tungsten and the polycrystal evolution and grain growth dynamics under in-service conditions, from which critical stresses, temperatures, and doses can be extracted for use in device design optimization.

Optimizing particle beam thermoradiotherapy is hindered by the lack of methods to quantify the biological effects of temporal temperature changes. This study proposes the "dynamic Temperature-dependent Stochastic Microdosimetric Kinetic (TSMK) model," which extends the conventional TSMK model to account for temporal temperature changes, and assesses its capability to predict cell survival by incorporating the temporal dynamics of hyperthermia (HT) after irradiation.
Approach. We hypothesized that the kinetic parameters of the TSMK model hold valid at any given moment, even under time-varying temperature conditions. Based on this, we solved the kinetic differential equations for radiation damage to derive a formula for cell survival dependent on the temporal conditions of HT. To evaluate the dynamic TSMK model, we used survival data from human glioblastoma A-172/neo and A-172/mp53 cells irradiated with X-rays or carbon ions with varying HT durations, and human gastric adenocarcinoma MKN-45 cells irradiated with fast neutrons with varying intervals between irradiation and HT. Model parameters were fitted to the experimental results for each cell line to evaluate the model's accuracy. Subsequently, we estimated how the relationship between HT duration and cell survival changes with absorbed dose and the time interval between irradiation and HT.
Main Results. The dynamic TSMK model successfully reproduced cell survival fractions across varying HT durations and intervals relative to irradiation. The study demonstrated the model's ability to estimate the time window for synergistic effects of combined HT and radiation. Model calculations predicted that the degree of synergy and this time window vary significantly with radiation conditions.
Significance. The dynamic TSMK model is the first biophysical model to quantitatively estimate cell survival fraction in particle beam thermoradiotherapy under time-varying temperatures. Providing a theoretical foundation for these biological effects, this model offers a potential tool for treatment planning systems to optimize thermoradiotherapy.
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Pain tolerance varies significantly among humans, with disparities attributable to genetic factors and environmental influences. The developmental origins of health and disease approach postulate that pre- and early postnatal maternal environment affects individuals' health and well-being. In the present study, we aimed to determine the influence of prenatal and early postnatal maternal environment and care on the offspring's physiology and pain response. To this end, we analysed the influence of bidirectional embryo transfer (ET) and cross-fostering (CF) between two mouse lines divergently selected for high (HA) and low (LA) swim stress-induced analgesia (SSIA) on offspring phenotype, SSIA-related traits and opioid component of SSIA. Our findings reveal that both the fetal development and early maternal care significantly influence the level of SSIA in mice. HA mice born after ET to LA surrogate mothers showed reduced SSIA levels alongside a diminished effect of the opioid antagonist naloxone, suggesting a decreased opioid component in SSIA regulation. This effect was preserved in the F2 generation of individuals originating from ET, but not CF. Additionally, both ET and CF resulted in changes in body weight and body temperature towards an average value of the surrogate or foster maternal line; however, these changes were not preserved in the F2 generation. Together, our findings indicate that maternal influence during fetal development and the early postnatal period may influence physiological parameters, as well as traits associated with stress response. Maternal influence is more pronounced in progeny subject to ET, indicating a stronger influence of the prenatal period.

In the last several years, global warming has become more apparent. France, being one of the most climate-sensitive regions in Europe, has been experiencing a clear rise in temperature and frequency of extreme heat, which has severely affected the public health, agricultural, and energy sectors. However, there has not been much systematic quantitative investigation of temperature trends in France over the past 25 years. On that basis, Copernicus ERA5 and ERA5-Land reanalysis datasets are utilized as baseline data sources, along with Météo-France official reports, to conduct a systematic examination of temperature change trends and spatial distribution of heat waves in France between 2000 and 2024. The annual mean temperature, summer mean temperature (JJA), number of hot days (Tmax > 35 °C), and TX90p indices were extracted using the ERA5 reanalysis data, and the trend of change was analyzed while using spatial interpolation and linear fit methods. The findings suggest that the overall warming trend rate in France is approximately 0.46 degrees Celsius per decade over the last 25 years, with the hottest years being 2003 and 2022 for heat waves. The southern coastal and southeastern coastal French areas experience the strongest warming. Generally, there was a high consistency between ERA5 data and Météo-France annual report results, with a very high correlation coefficient of greater than or equal to 0.9, and thus indicated the reliability of reanalysis data as a basis for regional climate monitoring.

Based on temperature–stress coupling simulation, a thermal source model for nanosecond pulsed hollow cathode electron beam surface modification is proposed. Dynamic thermal-stress changes from beam–surface interaction and their influence on micro–nano characteristics were systematically investigated. By analyzing maximum temperature/stress dynamics, cross-sectional remelted layer variations, and heating/cooling rates, the temperature and stress distribution in the micron-scale surface layer was comprehensively revealed, validating the model’s rationality. Combined with low, medium, and high pulse count experiments, the effects of thermal and stress factors on surface morphology and grain refinement were studied, elucidating underlying mechanisms through numerical correspondence. Results show irradiation effects confined to a 1.5–2 mm localized region, with extreme temperature changes (~103 K) and stress variations (103–104 MPa) within tens of nanoseconds. Heating rates reached 1011 K/s, cooling rates 109–1010 K/s, exceeding microsecond pulsed beams by one to two orders. Simulated remelting zone diameter and thickness agreed well with experiments, confirming model validity. Grain refinement is primarily driven by rapid temperature distribution, generating instant solidification nucleation sites, with a secondary contribution from high-stress-induced plastic deformation forming sub-grains.

Marine animals that build shells, such as oysters, carefully regulate the chemistry of their internal calcifying fluids, but the molecular mechanisms behind this control, as well as whether microbes play a role in calcification, are poorly understood. To better understand oysters' molecular mechanisms and the role of their calcifying-fluid microbes, we conducted experiments that simulated a tidal cycle, measured calcifying fluid pH and total dissolved inorganic carbon, and characterized host and microbial gene expression via transcriptomics. These experiments showed that calcifying fluid pH remained relatively stable throughout tidal pH fluctuations, with corresponding increases in oyster transcripts for ion transport and acid-base regulation. These data provide direct evidence that tidal fluctuations drive rapid changes in oyster calcifying fluid chemistry. Most surprisingly, increases in microbial transcripts related to nitrogen and sulfur cycling correlated to higher calcifying fluid DIC, and coexpression network analysis revealed patterns of gene expression that linked oyster immune and neural pathways to microbial redox processes, providing molecular evidence of potential host modulation of microbial metabolism. Together, these results reveal that oysters actively regulate their calcifying fluid pH over short timescales, and the endemic microbiome metabolic responses can yield metabolites that influence calcifying fluid pH, alkalinity, and ultimately calcification. These data offer a perspective on oyster physiological capacity and, most importantly, the potential role of microbes in oyster calcification. In light of ongoing changes in ocean pH and temperature, oysters provide a model for studying animal-microbial responses to environmental acidification and how their interactions may shape biomineralization.

Abstract This work investigates the magneto-transport and magnetocaloric properties of interacting holes in highly Mn-doped (Ga,Mn)As. The model includes hole–longitudinal optical phonon coupling and analyzes the effects of temperature (0–50 K) and magnetic field (−5 to 5 T). The energy spectrum is obtained from the Schr¨odinger equation, and thermodynamic properties are evaluated using Boltzmann–Gibbs statistics.The formalism and numerical calculation are applied to (Ga0.97Mn0.03As) containing 3% Mn. The behavior of magnetic susceptibility reveals that antiferromagnetic interaction is associated with ferromagnetic order in (Ga,Mn)As under certain conditions. Additionally, Both the adiabatic temperature change(∆Tad) and the magnetic entropy change(∆SM ) are calculated. The minimum of magnetic entropy change (∆SM /KB ) is found to increase linearly with applied magnetic field and provides −0.54 for the field value of 2 T. In addition, the persistent current in the presence of magnetic fields is also investigated considering the role of the hole-hole interactions. Our calculations highlight two interesting results: a substantial reduction in the current results from an increase in the magnetic field at low temperatures on the one hand, and on the other hand, the interaction between holes induces an increase in the overall amplitude of the current.

Nanoelectronic systems that are inspired by the brain are increasingly looking to insulator–metal transition (IMT) materials as they can mimic the response characteristics of neurons to temperature changes so that these can be used in robotic and computational applications. V3O5 has an insulator–metal transition at ∼430 or ∼80 K higher than VO2 and provides a unique high-temperature opportunity for these types of applications. In this work, we track the structural evolution of V3O5 thin films across the IMT through conventional selected-area electron diffraction (SAED) and four-dimensional scanning TEM (4D-STEM), correlated with temperature-dependent resistance measurements. SAED patterns show reversible evidence of superlattice reflections associated with the IMT—present below TIMT and absent above it—consistent with the accompanying drop in resistance. At room temperature, nanobeam electron diffraction patterns further reveal three local configurations: (i) type I regions with clean patterns lacking superlattice reflections and spot splitting; (ii) type II regions exhibiting rows of superlattice reflections and split spots indicative of crystallographic variants; and (iii) type III regions with negligible superlattice reflections but larger spot splitting suggestive of overlapping domains of insulating and conducting phases likely driven by local lattice distortions. Upon heating, the superlattice reflections disappear between 413 and 453 K, concurrent with the resistance drop at TIMT, consistent with the emergence of a conducting phase. The overall diffraction geometry remains essentially unchanged up to 573 K, implying that relative domain orientations persist through the transition. These observations reveal nanoscale structural heterogeneity in V3O5 thin films across the IMT and inform operation in regimes where mixed-phase textures are expected. A plausible indexing framework rationalizing the observed geometries is presented in the Discussion section, alongside its limitations and alternative interpretations.

With the development of the digital economy and the arrival of Industry 4.0, digital industrial platforms have become an important vehicle for promoting the transformation of the manufacturing industry. This paper uses a combination of literature review, case studies, and field investigation to explore the main factors in the standardization construction of digital industrial platforms and the mechanisms for ecological collaborative development. The results show that the current standardization construction of digital industrial platforms suffers from problems such as an incomplete standard system, poor interoperability between platforms, and inconsistent data formats, hindering the collaborative development of the platform ecosystem. Through in-depth research on typical digital industrial platforms both domestically and internationally, this paper systematically reviews the existing theoretical framework for the impact of climate change on agriculture, focusing on the potential mechanisms by which temperature fluctuations and changes in precipitation patterns affect wheat production. By integrating domestic and international literature from the past five years, this paper discusses the limitations and optimization directions of adaptive strategies, providing theoretical references for future research.

The effect of temperature change on modal frequencies leads to erroneous results in the detection of structural damage. Therefore, quantifying the temperature dependency of modal frequencies is essential to improve the reliability of damage identification. Due to the irregular and time-dependent nature of temperature distribution, reliable correlations between air or surface temperatures and modal frequencies cannot be established. In this study, the dynamic behavior of a galvanized steel benchmark structure was investigated at two controlled temperature levels (2 °C and 32 °C) using experimental modal analysis (EMA). The structure was excited using a shaking table, while ambient vibration signals recorded at ground level were used as pre-recorded excitation input to the shaking table. Modal parameters were identified using Enhanced Frequency Domain Decomposition (EFDD). The results showed that mode shapes remained consistent across temperature levels, whereas natural frequencies decreased by an average of 2.43%. The identified dynamic parameters exhibited an approximately linear trend with temperature change. These findings highlight the importance of considering temperature effects in experimental modal analysis of galvanized steel structures to avoid false damage detection.

Thermal Stability Strategy for Solid Oxide Electrolysis Cells Under Fluctuating Renewable Energy Input: A Novel Thermal Management Approach Incorporating Phase Change Materials

Cold exposure may influence reproductive health through vascular changes, yet its mechanisms remain underexplored. This study aimed to investigate the impact of cold exposure on uterine blood vessels and the expression of the AMPK/PGC-1α gene and protein in adult female SD rats. A primary dysmenorrhea model was established in female Sprague Dawley rats and subjected to continuous cold exposure. Changes in body weight, ear temperature, and estrous cycle were observed. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels were measured to assess oxidative stress. Uterine tissue morphology was assessed via small animal ultrasound, microcirculation observed using RFLSI imaging, and vascular morphology along with caspase-3 and AMPK expression evaluated histologically and immunohistochemically. CD31 and TUNEL double immunofluorescence were used to assess vascular endothelial apoptosis levels. Western blot was used to analyze Bax, BCL-2, and pAMPK/AMPK expression levels. In vitro injury models were used to treat human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) with cold stimulus using the AMPK inhibitor Compound C. RT-PCR quantified Bax, AMPK, p53, and PGC-1α expression. Hypothermia-exposed rats exhibited significantly reduced body weight and ear temperature (p < 0.05), prolonged estrous cycle (p < 0.01), and decreased uterine index (p < 0.01), accompanied by reduced SOD and ATP levels (p < 0.01, p < 0.05). Ultrasound and flow imaging revealed decreased uterine blood flow velocity in the hypothermia group (p < 0.01). Histomorphology revealed disorganized uterine cell arrangement, reduced uterine vessel count (p < 0.01), and increased mean vessel area (p < 0.01) in cold-exposed uteri. Immunofluorescence detection revealed increased vascular endothelial cell apoptosis (p < 0.05). Western blot results showed that proapoptotic protein Bax was upregulated (p < 0.01), Bcl-2 was downregulated (p < 0.05), p-AMPK and p-AMPK/AMPK ratio were elevated (p < 0.01) after cold exposure; Rt-qPCR results indicated that Bax and P53 mRNA were increased (p < 0.01), while PGC-1α expression was elevated (p < 0.01). Rt-qPCR results showed elevated Bax and p53 mRNA (p < 0.01), along with increased AMPK and PGC-1α expression (p < 0.01) in the cold-exposed group. In human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), compound C attenuated cold-induced effects (p < 0.01) and downregulated Bax and AMPK expression (p < 0.01). Cold exposure exacerbates uterine oxidative stress and energy imbalance, disrupts microcirculatory homeostasis, and induces endothelial cell apoptosis. Excessive phosphorylation of AMPK may co-activate PGC-1α, jointly contributing to cold-induced uterine dysfunction and exacerbated dysmenorrhea. This study reveals potential signaling pathways underlying cold-induced uterine vascular abnormalities, providing novel theoretical foundations and targeted intervention strategies for the prevention and treatment of primary dysmenorrhea.

As sensation is a fundamental aspect of human-environment interaction, developing electronic skin that mimics biological perception has become a prominent research focus. However, existing studies often capture only limited and ambiguous sensory information, lacking comprehensive sensory discrimination and precision. Herein, inspired by the skin's multilayered structure, a novel skin-like double-layer bionic flexible electronic skin (BE-skin) is designed by micro-nano phase separation. The upper epidermoid polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) layer transmits force via the bean tumor structure, while the lower neural network-like layer exhibits signal reception and discrimination capabilities of forces and temperature changes. As a result, the BE-skin can detect and differentiate subtle temperature and pressure changes with millisecond-level response times (TCR1,2 = -4.61%/°C, 40.65%/°C for heating and cooling, respectively, P ≥100 Pa, sensitivity = 9.8% kPa-1), which is higher than that reported for most BE-skins. The skin-like double-layer structure provides a novel strategy for accurate six-signal detection and differentiation. In addition, the BE-skin possesses excellent self-healing performance (within 50 min) and breathability (648 g m-2 day-1), which facilitates integration of perception and action, thereby enabling robots to accurately recognize and differentiate the full range of environmental signals.

Strain glass alloys have attracted significant interest owing to their unique properties, such as quasi‐linear superelasticity (SE), a wide operating temperature window, and high fatigue endurance. Laser‐directed energy deposition (L‐DED) has emerged as a versatile technique for processing and tailoring shape memory alloys. However, applying L‐DED to strain glass alloys remains largely unexplored. We report the fabrication of Ti 50−x Ni 35+x Cu 15 ( x ≥ 7) strain glass alloys via L‐DED. Through a Ni‐ and Cu‐rich compositional design combined with the high cooling rates inherent to L‐DED, nanoscale Ti(Ni, Cu) 2 precipitates (≈30 nm in width) are incorporated into the austenite matrix. Densely dispersed nanoprecipitates suppress martensitic transformation and promote the crossover strain glass transition behavior, evidenced by the absence of macroscopic phase transformation peaks, an abnormal increase in electric resistivity during cooling, frequency‐dependent storage modulus, sequential B2 ↔ B19 ↔B19′ transitions upon cooling, and broken ergodicity. The Ti 43 Ni 42 Cu 15 ( x = 7) alloy demonstrates 1) quasi‐linear SE with minimal hysteresis, 2) adiabatic temperature changes of +4.6 and −3.9°C under a recoverable strain of 1.5%, 3) the quasi‐linear superelastic response is maintained from −30 to +120°C. Our work provided the strategy to introduce strain glass transition into high‐Cu‐content TiNiCu alloys by L‐DED processing.

Robotic grasping faces a fundamental trade-off between strong adhesion and easy, rapid release, particularly when handling fragile or heavy objects. While thermoresponsive tunable adhesives have been developed to decouple this conflict by enabling tunable adhesion via temperature changes, the lack of real-time tactile feedback limits adaptive control during dynamic manipulation. Inspired by the adhesive-tactile synergy observed in tree frog toe pads, we present a multifunctional electronic skin (e-skin) that integrates a temperature-regulated adhesive layer with a tactile perception layer for closed-loop manipulation. The adhesive layer, made of a PDMA-co-LMA (Poly(N,N-dimethylacrylamide-co-lauryl methacrylate)) copolymer, provides strong adhesion (143.46 kPa at 25 °C) and rapid release (5.41 kPa at 85 °C, a 96.23% reduction). The tactile layer, based on a clay-reinforced PDMA/ILs (ionic liquids) ionogel, exhibits a wide linear range (0-300 kPa, R2 = 0.998) and high sensitivity (13.129 kPa-1). Coupled with a real-time slip detection algorithm, the system achieves over 95% success in preventing slip and object damage. By merging tunable adhesion with tactile perception, this e-skin enables robust, adaptive, and nondestructive grasping in dynamic environments and provides a promising strategy for intelligent robotic grasping.

Introduction Motivated by observed composition dependence in reconnection energy outflow and by theoretical and simulation studies predicting differences between heating of H+ and heavier ions, we investigated the ion composition dependence of heating associated with reconnection in 28 dayside magnetopause crossings in Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) data. Methods We applied Least Squares fitting to analyze the relationship of temperature change across the magnetopause exhaust to available magnetic energy. Available magnetic energy per ion-electron pair flowing into the magnetopause from the magnetosheath and magnetosphere ranged between a few tens of eV and ∼1750 eV. Results The individual fits for composition-nonspecific ions and for H+ were significantly lower than the empirical scaling relationship found previously between the temperature change and the inflowing magnetic energy; the fit for He++ was higher, with marginal significance. A composite data product combining H+ and He++ agreed with the empirical scaling relationship to within 95%. Discussion Although comparisons between heating of H+ and He++ are suggestive of enhanced heating of heavy ions, differences could not be identified conclusively due to high scatter and a small number of events with adequate densities of heavy ions.