Changes In Solar Radiation Research Articles

Hardware Implementation of Cooperative Multitasking Control and Stability Analysis for DC Off-Grid System

In this article, the design and implementation of a cooperative multitasking control strategy for standalone photovoltaic (SPV) system is presented. A double-loop control strategy based on the fuzzy logic controller is developed to achieve high performance from the SPV without using the maximum power point technique, balance the power in the system, regulate the common dc-link voltage, and maintain system operation stability under disturbance. To ensure uninterruptible power supply to the critical loads during diminution of generated power from the SPV, turned <sc xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">on</small> and <sc xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">off</small> the diesel generator and the dc dump load, power management technique based on load scheduling technique is developed and implemented using the state-flow approach. Furthermore, the stability analysis in open and closed-loop using the average model of the dc–dc buck-boost converter is investigated. The performance of the dc off-grid configuration based on a single dc–dc converter and their control strategies are performed under load and solar irradiation change using MATLAB/Simulink and in real-time through hardware prototyping with DSP controller TMDS28379D.

An Optimal Linear Quadratic Regulator in Closed Loop with Boost Converter for Current Photovoltaic Application

In this paper, a steady-state output power oscillation problem is overcome using the indirect control mode based-Perturb and Observe (P&amp;O) implementation algorithm. This can be ensured through controlling the duty cycle input of the DC-DC boost converter using the proposed Linear Quadratic Regulator (LQR) controller. Their parameters are optimized using the Grasshopper Optimization Algorithm (GOA) where a good tracking behavior of a desired Maximum Power Point (MPP) can be guaranteed for various sudden changes in weather conditions such as absolute temperature and solar irradiance. The desired performances and robustness of the closed-loop system can be achieved by the two following stages. In the first stage, the standard P&amp;O algorithm based-direct control mode generates a reference current perturbation using both existing electrical power and measured PV current. Accordingly, a current error perturbation is provided through the discrepancy between reference and measured currents. In the second stage, the previous current error provided in the inner control-loop is mitigated as much as possible using the stabilized LQR controller. The current control-loop problem is addressed with a detailed analysis technique of averaging and linearization, in which the linearization of actual PV-boost converter system around the desired MPP allows determining the corresponding linear plant-model. This leads to well optimize the LQR controller parameters. The performance and robustness provided by the P&amp;O algorithm based-indirect duty cycle control are shown for sudden changes in solar irradiance and absolute temperature as well as in a wide variation of the resistive load.

Mathematical Modeling of Solar Panel Equatorial Low Orbit Communication Satellite Using Simulink

Solar cells or photovoltaic is a renewable energy source as a generator of electrical energy that is able to convert solar energy into electrical energy. Solar cells consist of series and parallel arrangement to form a solar panel. Solar panel technology is widely used, one of which is space technology, especially satellite technology. Solar cells use in satellites generates energy required for the satellite operation. To design the arrangement of solar cells based on the expected power and or the power produced, one of them is using mathematical modeling methods; The mathematical model of solar panels is developed and presented in this paper using the Matlab-Simulink GUI application. This mathematical model was developed using the basic circuit equations of a solar cell including the effects of solar irradiance and temperature changes. Based on the modeling, the output characteristic curve of the model is obtained according to the characteristics of each solar panel of the equatorial low orbit communication satellite. The power generated by the solar panel will increase when the solar irradiance increases at a constant temperature. When the temperature decreases and the solar irradiance remains constant, the output power and voltage increase slightly while the output current approaches a constant.

Coot Optimization Algorithm for Optimal Placement of Photovoltaic Generators in Distribution Systems Considering Variation of Load and Solar Radiation

In this paper, photovoltaic generators (PVGs) are placed in radial distribution networks (RDNs) for reducing active power loss of one operation day by using three recently published metaheuristic algorithms including coot optimization algorithm (COOA), transient search algorithm (TSA), and crystal structure algorithm (CRSA). In one operation day, the variation of loads is considered, and the change of solar radiation over daytime is also taken. The study has two main contributions regarding the effectiveness of COOA: energy loss reduction and voltage improvement. COOA can reach high energy loss reduction, better solutions, and faster search speed than TSA and CRSA. In fact, COOA finds better energy loss than the algorithms by 1% and 1.77% for the IEEE 69-node system and 0.75% and 1.4% for the IEEE 85-node system. Furthermore, COOA is at least three times faster than CRSA and two times faster than TSA. As compared to a base system without PVGs, COOA can find better energy loss up to 60.96% and improve voltage up to 4.5%. Thus, COOA is a highly effective optimization tool with the optimal solution, high stability, and fast computation process for placing PVGs in RDNs.

Evaluating the impact of intra-seasonal change in temperature and solar radiation on phenology and yield of rice using CERES-rice model in Punjab

Rice is a staple food of global as well as Indian population and its productivity is vulnerable to climate change. Keeping in view the observed trends in climate variability, phenology and yield of rice were simulated using CERES-Rice model under climatic scenarios of changes in temperature (+0.5, +1.0, +1.5, +2.0, +2.5, +3.0 °C from normal) and solar radiation (+2.5, +5.0, +10.0, +12.5, +15.0, +20.0% from normal) and their combined interactive effects during differential growth periods, i.e., whole season, vegetative phase, grain filling phase, 0-30 days after transplanting (DAT), 30-60 DAT, 60-90 DAT. In general, with a rise in temperature from normal, the CERES-Rice model predicted advancement in phenological development in rice and vice versa. In general, the increase in yield of rice cultivars for different transplanting dates was observed with decrease in temperature and increase in radiation and vice-versa. With rise in temperature from normal, CERES-Rice model showed maximum decrease in grain yield of rice during whole season change followed by grain filling phase change and vegetative phase change in decreasing order. Among the growth periods, maximum decrease in yield was observed in 0-30 DAT (early vegetative) followed by 30-60 DAT (late vegetative) and 60-90 DAT (grain filling) in decreasing order. Under the conditions of heat and radiative stress, grain filling phase and early vegetative phase was more vulnerable. The CERES-Rice model predictions showed that rice cv. PR-118 (long duration cultivar) was more tolerant to heat and radiative stress than cv. PR-115 (short duration cultivar) and hence may be recommended for cultivation due to its tolerant traits towards maintaining its good grain yield and harvest index.&#x0D;

Adaptive power management algorithm for multi-source DC microgrid system

Abstract In this work, an adaptive power management algorithm is developed for a multi-source dc microgrid system. The proposed algorithm is tested with a dc microgrid system consisting of PV, wind, batteries, supercapacitors, and variable load. The PV and wind energy systems are operated in maximum power point tracking mode to extract maximum energy from the available wind power and solar irradiation. The proposed algorithm has considered wide variation in weather conditions like zero wind velocity, zero solar irradiation, wind gust, and dynamic load change at the dc bus. For these cases, the proposed algorithm maintains the dc bus voltage constant without using a communication link. The efficacy of the proposed algorithm is tested using MATLAB-Simulink. Also, the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed algorithm are validated using OPAL-RT control platform-based experimental studies.

Scientific data from precipitation driver response model intercomparison project

This data descriptor reports the main scientific values from General Circulation Models (GCMs) in the Precipitation Driver and Response Model Intercomparison Project (PDRMIP). The purpose of the GCM simulations has been to enhance the scientific understanding of how changes in greenhouse gases, aerosols, and incoming solar radiation perturb the Earth’s radiation balance and its climate response in terms of changes in temperature and precipitation. Here we provide global and annual mean results for a large set of coupled atmospheric-ocean GCM simulations and a description of how to easily extract files from the dataset. The simulations consist of single idealized perturbations to the climate system and have been shown to achieve important insight in complex climate simulations. We therefore expect this data set to be valuable and highly used to understand simulations from complex GCMs and Earth System Models for various phases of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project.

Roach Infestation Optimization MPPT Algorithm for Solar Photovoltaic System

Solar photovoltaic (PV) power has several advantages such as free availability, absence of rotating parts, can be easily integrated with building architecture, and need little maintenance. However, the PV cell current–voltage (I–V) characteristics are non-linear and power generated from a PV array depends on solar insolation/irradiation and panel temperature. The extracted PV output power is influenced by the accuracy with which the nonlinear power–voltage (P–V) characteristic curve is traced by the maximum power point tracking (MPPT) controller. In this paper, a bio-inspired roach infestation optimization (RIO) algorithm is proposed to extract the maximum power from the PV system (PVS). To validate the usefulness of the RIO MPPT algorithm, MATLAB/Simulink simulations are performed under varying environmental conditions, for example, step changes in solar irradiance, partial shading, and the presence of system uncertainties and load variation conditions of the PV array. Furthermore, the search performance of the RIO algorithm is examined on different unconstrained benchmark functions, and it is realized that the RIO algorithm has improved search performance in terms of finding the optimal solution and faster convergence characteristics than Particle swarm optimization (PSO). The results demonstrated that the RIO-based MPPT performs remarkably in tracking with high accuracy as the PSO, perturb and observe (P&amp;O), and incremental conductance (IC)-based MPPT schemes.

Climate Variation within the Range of Longleaf Pine Forests during the Past Century

Longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.) forests are an important ecosystem in the southeastern United States, with high economic and ecological value. It is necessary to study the climate variation within its range in order to understand the effects of climate change on longleaf pine forests. In this study, past climate data at three sites within the longleaf pine range were used to detect climate variation. The results indicated no dramatic change in solar radiation at the three sites. There were high variations in annual air temperature at the three sites. The trend of annual air temperature change depended on the time scale and start/end time. The annual air temperature generally increased from the 1960s at three sites. However, from 1901 to 2020, the trend of increasing annual air temperature was not consistent. The annual precipitation and the standardized precipitation-evapotranspiration index were relatively stable, with variation at the three sites. The regimes of annual and monthly air temperature and precipitation were not shifted based on the analysis of multiscale entropy. The climate niche of longleaf pine forests based on long-term climate data was broader than previously found. These results may be helpful to understand the interactions of the atmosphere and growth of longleaf pine forest and develop relevant management strategies.

Solar Activities and their Relationship to the Maximum Temperatures of the City of Baghdad for the Solar Cycles 23 and 24

The interaction of solar activities with the layers of the Earth's atmosphere determines the pattern of the complex climate system. It is clear that any change in incoming solar radiation has the potential to affect the climate. In this research, the effect of the energies of coronal mass ejections and solar flares on the maximum temperatures of the summer seasons over the city of Baghdad for the time period (1996-2019) representing the 23 and 24 solar cycles was studied. CME data were collected from the SOHO/LASCO CME Catalog. Solar flare data were taken from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Center (NOAA) database. As for the geoclimatic data for the study for the summer seasons, it was relied on through the meteorological ground station in Baghdad affiliated with the Iraqi General Authority for Meteorology and Seismic Monitoring. The statistical program Minitab 19.0 was used, and the results showed a direct relationship between the energies of coronal mass ejections and solar flares with maximum temperatures during the solar cycles 23 and 24. Except for the descending phase of the solar cycle 24, the results showed an inverse relationship.

CEA 모델을 활용한 아파트 에너지 사용량 및 태양광 잠재량 분석 : 혼합형 아파트 구조를 대상으로

Purpose: This study is to derive energy demand and solar power generation potential through CEA(City Energy Analyst) modeling for mixed type apartments in Gangnam-gu, where energy consumption is high. Method: For urban building energy modeling, EPW(EnergyPlus Weather) files were used to analyze the building energy demand and potential after installation of solar panels through CEA modeling. In the case of building energy and solar panels, solar radiation and energy-use types are derived for each building through the Solar Radiation and Schedule model in the CEA model. Result: The cooling and heating energy of buildings in the study site is greatly affected by ambient temperature and humidity, and it was found that there was a large fluctuation by season due to changes in solar radiation due to dynamics with surrounding building s and building structure.The study site had a mixed type apartment structure, so it was found that the potential for soloar power was high when mainly installed on the east wall. Using the results of this study, it is expected to be used as apreliminary data for stakeholders in future decision-making and research by presenting the necessity of research on building energy structure in cities for efficient building energy consumption and solar power generation.

Land cover change instead of solar radiation change dominates the forest GPP increase during the recent phase of the Shelterbelt Program for Pearl River

China has implemented a series of large-scale afforestation projects to improve its ecological environment in recent decades. Meanwhile, the climate conditions in China have changed substantially. However, whether afforestation or climate change dominates vegetation gross primary production (GPP) in different stages of such afforestation projects is not clear. Here, taking the region of the Shelterbelt Program for Pearl River (SPPR) as the study area, we conducted six scenario simulations using the two-leaf light use efficiency (TL-LUE) model to decouple the effects of land cover change (LCC) and climate factors, i.e., solar radiation (Rad), vapor pressure deficit (VPD), and air temperature (Ta), on forest GPP, and disentangled the impact of various factors on forest GPP in Phase II (2001–2010) and Phase III (2011–2018). We found that industrialization and urbanization slightly changed the total forest area, partly offsetting the ecological benefits of the afforestation project in Phase II, and forest GPP increased slowly. As a result, Rad became the dominant factor of forest GPP increase (the cumulative contribution of 25.68 TgC in 10 years, accounting for 33.51%). In contrast, in Phase III, due to the further expansion of the afforestation area and the natural growth of earlier planted forests, the forest GPP increased rapidly, as did the contribution of LCC. Finally, LCC replaced Rad to become the primary contributor (the cumulative contribution of 114.42 TgC in 8 years, accounting for 60.51%) to the forest GPP increase. During the whole study period, Ta contributed insignificantly to the variation in forest GPP, while to some extent VPD decreased the forest GPP (−12.90% and −4.11% of the contributions in the two phases, respectively). The results suggest that the emergence of ecological benefits of afforestation projects requires a certain time length and forestation scale. Our study provides a basis for formulating effective land use policies.

Comparing insolation on building façades in five different climates

PurposeThe objective is to provide a quantitative insight on the dynamic nature of insolation on the building perimeter according to location, season and orientation. Such understanding is necessary for deciding on solar control strategies in diverse climatic environments, from low to high availability of insolation.Design/methodology/approachThis study explores the seasonal changes of solar irradiation on building façades of various orientations at five locations with diverse climates (Reykjavík, London, Athens, Riyadh, Lagos). Solar data collected from the European PVGIS database is used to study the monthly distribution of global solar radiation incident on building façades at cardinal and ordinal orientations, as well as the proportions of its components.FindingsThe results illuminate the effects of the various factors on insolation. Among others: In all locations, horizontal surfaces receive more annual irradiation than any façade. In summer, east/west facades receive more radiation than south, hence solar protection on those directions is more important than on south. The beam fraction varies seasonally on south and north facades, but not so on east/west. Local atmospheric conditions can offset the importance of latitude on insolation levels and composition.Originality/valueThe paper utilises commonly available data to correlate insolation values and types under different factors across the globe, offering a better understanding on insolation for the design of greener buildings.

Effect of climate change and elevated CO2 on reference evapotranspiration in Varanasi, India - A case study

Evapotranspiration (ET) is the major component of hydrological cycle, and will affect the crop water requirement and future planning and management of water resources under changing climate scenarios. In the present study, an attempt was made to study the sensitivity of reference evapotranspiration (ETo) to different climatic variables, and effect of temperature and elevated CO2 on ETo using meteorological data (1973-2010) of the Banaras Hindu University (BHU), Varanasi. The FAO-56 Penman–Monteith method was used to estimate ETo, and sensitivity of ETo was studied in terms of changes in temperature, solar radiation, wind speed and vapour pressure deficit. The combined effect of temperature and elevated CO2 levels was studied by varying the temperature from 1°C to 5°C, and the CO2 level from 330 ppm to 660 ppm. The simulation results showed that the mean temperature (Tmean) influenced the annual ETo the most followed by solar radiation (Rs), vapour pressure deficit (VPD) and wind speed (U2). There are about 18.20, 13.80, 7.90 and 5.40% increase in annual ETo with 25% increase in Tmean, Rs, VPD, and U2, respectively. Simulating the combined effect of temperature and elevated CO2 indicated that the effect of 2.5 °C rise in temperature is offset by doubling of CO2 concentration. Thus, the effect of rising temperature is moderated by the increasing CO2 concentrations, and the crop water demand may not rise significantly under the climate change scenarios.

Computer technology applications to calculate the insolation of photoelectric power plant

The article considers the method of calculating solar insolation, the algorithm and the program operation for calculating insolation, the graphs are obtained showing the change in solar radiation due to the influence of weather factors and the location of solar-heat collectors installation. The results of the study of the regionally adapted photoelectric power plant using the developed computer model in the Simulink program are presented. The developed model allows to investigate the influence of the main input parameters, such as: latitude and longitude of the power plant installation, difference between the local official time and Greenwich Mean Time, inclination angle of the solar panel, the simulated day, atmospheric transparency factor, albedo and azimuth angle on the insolation intensity of the photoelectric power plant. The obtained dependences can be taken into account in the optimization of power supply systems that use solar energy conversion.

Solar preheat with significant Thermodynamics Parameter Scrutiny of Energetic, Economic and Environmental Analysis in Tri-generation System.

The solar tri-generation system can enhance the use of solar energy in residences. In this paper, an evaluation of the performance and operating parameters of an absorption sub-cooled compression hybrid cooling (ASCHC) configuration based on the pairing of photovoltaic thermal (PVT) collectors is presented. The work includes the multi-culmination fractionation and chiller originator to the Natural Rankine sequence system to evaluate the critical thermodynamic parameters such as irreversibility ratio, fuel depletion ratio, improvement potential, and total exergy loss of the system. The study was carried out using the first law and second law of thermodynamics applied to each component of each system. Solar absorption-subcooled compression hybrid cooling system (SASCCHC) is a novel cooling system that consistently meets the demand of cooling load with solar irradiance change. It is a very efficient and economical solar cooling system. The hybrid system’s performance is higher due to the improvement of the evaporator temperature of the absorption subsystem. However, SASCCHC is complicated in terms of working process and performance simultaneously due to the coupling of the absorption and compression subsystems. In the prior methodologies, there is a lack of electrical output performances of PVT collectors. It is found that previous studies do not consider the changeable storage tank temperature, exergy destruction rate estimation, and scrutinizing of thermodynamic parameters, which are significant potential. The present work incorporates the parabolic channel collector to estimate the exergy destruction rate, which increases the output working fluid temperature to a wide range significantly. Due to this, the proposed analysis’s outcome proficiently increases fuel depletion ratio and decreases exergy loss.

Promising applications of wide bandgap inorganic perovskites in underwater photovoltaic cells

Power supply for underwater devices such as vehicles, sensors and autonomous systems is an important factor which limits their practical application. Solar energy is a promising energy source but high-efficient solar cells on land cannot maintain their original superiority for the change of underwater solar irradiance caused by absorption and scattering in water. Here, we investigate the solar irradiance for water with different clarity and discuss the potential applications of different materials in underwater photovoltaic cells. By calculating and comparing the device performance of underwater solar cells (UWSCs) with different bandgap, it is demonstrated that wide bandgap (1.8 eV-2.3 eV) inorganic perovskite solar cells (IPSCs) have significant advantages for underwater applications due to its outstanding photoelectric properties and suitable range of bandgap. The IPSCs can obtain the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 41.9% and power density of 3.11 mW/cm2 at the depth of 50 m in water, which is obviously higher than silicon solar cells. No matter what types of water we choose, the optimal bandgap of UWSC’s active layer get wider with the increasing of water depth and the wide bandgap inorganic perovskites with 2.0–2.2 eV is an optimal choice. Our work reveals the significance of IPSCs in underwater photovoltaic applications.

A scenario-based optimization model for determining the capacity of a residential off-grid PV-battery system

Renewable energy sources offer a promising method of environmentally friendly and sustainable electricity generation in remote areas. Among various renewable energy sources, solar power is usable everywhere as long as there is solar radiation. It is particularly useful for isolated areas where there is no access to any other source of electricity. However, the inherent uncertainty of solar radiation and climate changes may result in a high initial investment cost that could make this type of energy system economically infeasible. To obtain a PV-battery system at a reasonable investment cost, a home-backup diesel generator is assumed to be available. We develop a scenario-based optimization model to determine the capacity of residential off-grid PV-battery systems that consider solar radiation uncertainty and hourly energy consumption patterns. The optimization model determines the PV-battery capacities to supply the energy demanded at each period by minimizing the annual equivalent investment cost and the fuel cost of using the diesel generator. The impact of scenarios on the model results is evaluated by changing the number of scenarios.

Frost heave modelling of the sunny-shady slope effect with moisture-heat-mechanical coupling considering solar radiation

The sunny-shady slope effect on structures in cold regions is significant due to solar radiation, which threatens structural stability. Solar radiation is rarely considered in modelling frost heave, and its effects on the moisture-heat transfer of frozen soil and structural deformation are unclear. Here, a frost heave model with moisture-heat-mechanical coupling, solar radiation and self-shadowing is presented; its accuracy is verified through comparison with field monitoring data of a canal. Then, the coupling development of the moisture-heat transfer, stress-deformation and differential frost heave progression of differently oriented canals are analyzed. Finally, the effects of solar radiation on the soil frost heave and frost damage mechanism of canals with the sunny-shady slope effect are discussed. The freezing depth is shallower and the water content, deformation, and tensile stress are lower for sunny than for shady slopes. As the canal orientation varies from east-west to north–south, the differences in the freezing characteristics decrease to 0, and the frost damage time of shady slopes is gradually delayed; the opposite occurs for sunny slopes. The developments in structural surface temperature, moisture-heat transfer in frozen soil and structural deformation are consistent with solar radiation and air temperature changes, emphasizing solar radiation’s contribution to structure frost heave. The uneven, asynchronous, asymmetrical frost heave and melting deformation of linings in sunny and shady slopes are the causes of canal damage. This model investigates interactions among solar radiation-diurnal temperature-frozen soil-structures and offers a theoretical basis for using solar energy to reduce frost heave in seasonally frozen regions.

A Novel Approach in Hybrid Energy Storage System for Maximizing Solar PV Energy Penetration in Microgrid

Nowadays, energy storage system is utilized in many countries for energy planning in the future. The changes in solar radiation lead to the overproduction of electricity in a solar photovoltaic generator. A hybrid energy storage system would play an important role in enhancing the reliability of power generation using the solar system. The microgrid is the indispensable infrastructure of the smart grid in photovoltaic systems. In this paper, the energy storage system within the microgrid of the PV system is analysed. The storage system configuration and topologies of the microgrid are analysed with power electronic interference, control scheme, and optimization of the renewable source and energy storage system. A general sizing technique for HESS in a PV system based on pinch analysis and design space. The size of HESS scales that connect generator ratings to storage capacity is created by utilizing the pinch analysis on load and resource data. The design space is a feasible combination of a short-, long-, and medium-sized energy storage system in a PV generator.