Changes In Physiological State Research Articles

Exhaled aerosol increases with COVID-19 infection, age, and obesity

COVID-19 transmits by droplets generated from surfaces of airway mucus during processes of respiration within hosts infected by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus. We studied respiratory droplet generation and exhalation in human and nonhuman primate subjects with and without COVID-19 infection to explore whether SARS-CoV-2 infection, and other changes in physiological state, translate into observable evolution of numbers and sizes of exhaled respiratory droplets in healthy and diseased subjects. In our observational cohort study of the exhaled breath particles of 194 healthy human subjects, and in our experimental infection study of eight nonhuman primates infected, by aerosol, with SARS-CoV-2, we found that exhaled aerosol particles vary between subjects by three orders of magnitude, with exhaled respiratory droplet number increasing with degree of COVID-19 infection and elevated BMI-years. We observed that 18% of human subjects (35) accounted for 80% of the exhaled bioaerosol of the group (194), reflecting a superspreader distribution of bioaerosol analogous to a classical 20:80 superspreader of infection distribution. These findings suggest that quantitative assessment and control of exhaled aerosol may be critical to slowing the airborne spread of COVID-19 in the absence of an effective and widely disseminated vaccine.

Efficacy of prayer in inducing immediate physiological changes: a systematic analysis of objective experiments.

To assess the immediate impact of prayer on physiological state by systematically reviewing objective, controlled experimental studies in the literature. Experimental studies measuring objective physiological changes induced by prayer. Studies containing the keyword, "Prayer" anywhere in the title or abstract were curated from the following databases: Public/Publisher Medline (PubMed), Excerpta Medica Database (EMBASE) and the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) in May 2019. Titles and abstracts were screened with the remaining 30 articles analyzed for inclusion. Only experimental studies were included. Eight experimental studies were identified of which five investigated neurocognitive changes and three investigated systemic physiological changes during prayer. The five studies focusing on neuroactivity used functionalMRI (fMRI), electroencephalography or SPECT imaging toobtain measurements. The remaining three studies analyzed an array of systemic physiological metrics, including blood pressure, heart rate, respiratoryrate, peripheral resistance, baroreceptor sensitivity and/or cardiovascular rhythm variability during prayer. All studies aside from one saw objective changes during prayer. Neurocognitive changes were mainly associated with improved mental functioning, control and pain tolerance. Prayer was found to slow down physiological functions in two of the three vital-based studies, with the third reporting no change in physiological status. None of the studies measured blood marker changes. Experimental studies show prayer to induce healthy neurocognitive and physiological changes. Additional studies exploring objective measures from prayer are encouraged to provide practitioners with a more nuanced, scientific perspective when it comes to prescribing prayer as a complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) therapy.

Reinforcement learning in surgery

Patients and physicians make essential decisions regarding diagnostic and therapeutic interventions. These actions should be performed or deferred under time constraints and uncertainty regarding patients’ diagnoses and predicted response to treatment. This may lead to cognitive and judgment errors. Reinforcement learning is a subfield of machine learning that identifies a sequence of actions to increase the probability of achieving a predetermined goal. Reinforcement learning has the potential to assist in surgical decision making by recommending actions at predefined intervals and its ability to utilize complex input data, including text, image, and temporal data, in the decision-making process. The algorithm mimics a human trial-and-error learning process to calculate optimum recommendation policies. The article provides insight regarding challenges in the development and application of reinforcement learning in the medical field, with an emphasis on surgical decision making. The review focuses on challenges in formulating reward function describing the ultimate goal and determination of patient states derived from electronic health records, along with the lack of resources to simulate the potential benefits of suggested actions in response to changing physiological states during and after surgery. Although clinical implementation would require secure, interoperable, livestreaming electronic health record data for use by virtual model, development and validation of personalized reinforcement learning models in surgery can contribute to improving care by helping patients and clinicians make better decisions.

Chapter 15 - The circadian system: From clocks to physiology

The circadian system, composed of the central autonomous clock, the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), and systems of the body that follow the signals of the SCN, continuously change the homeostatic set points of the body over the day-night cycle. Changes in the body's physiological state that do not agree with the time of the day feedback to the hypothalamus, and provide input to the SCN to adjust the condition, thus reaching another set point required by the changed conditions. This allows the adjustment of the set points to another level when environmental conditions change, which is thought to promote adaptation and survival. In fasting, the body temperature drops to a lower level only at the beginning of the sleep phase. Stressful conditions raise blood pressure relatively more during the active period than during the rest phase. Extensive, mostly reciprocal SCN interactions, with hypothalamic networks, induce these physiological adjustments by hormonal and autonomic control of the body's organs. More importantly, in addition to SCN's hormonal and autonomic influences, SCN induced behavior, such as rhythmic food intake, induces the oscillation of many genes in all tissues, including the so-called clock genes, which have an essential role as a transcriptional driving force for numerous cellular processes. Consequently, the light-dark cycle, the rhythm of the SCN, and the resulting rhythm in behavior need to be perfectly synchronized, especially where it involves synchronizing food intake with the activity phase. If these rhythms are not synchronous for extended periods of times, such as during shift work, light exposure at night, or frequent night eating, disease may develop. As such, our circadian system is a perfect illustration of how hypothalamic-driven processes depend on and interact with each other and need to be in seamless synchrony with the body's physiology.

Changes in physiological states by swearing in adolescents: a pilot study using heart rate variability and EEG

Changes in physiological states by swearing in adolescents: a pilot study using heart rate variability and EEG

Urinary Reference Values and First Insight into the Urinary Proteome of Captive Giraffes.

Simple SummaryThe aims of this study were to determine the urinary reference values and identify the most represented proteins of the urinary proteome in captive giraffes. The reference values for the urine specific gravity, total proteins, creatinine, and urine protein:creatinine ratio, reported as the median, and lower and upper limit, were 1.030 (1006–1.049), 17.58 (4.54–35.31) mg/dL, 154.62 (39.59–357.95) mg/dL, and 0.11 (0.07–0.16), respectively. Giraffes presented a low quantity of urinary proteins, which is in accordance with the data regarding domestic ruminants. In addition to albumin, the most represented urinary proteins were lysozyme and ubiquitin, which are involved in defense mechanisms against microbes.Urinalysis is widely recognized to be a useful tool in routine health investigations, since it can diagnose numerous pathologies. Considering the paucity of knowledge concerning giraffes, urine from 44 giraffes (Giraffa camelopardalis) (18 males and 26 females, from 3 months of age to 21 years of age) underwent routine urinalysis, 1D-electrophoresis, and protein identification using mass spectrometry, with the aim of identifying the urinary reference values and the urine proteome. The urine specific gravity (USG), urine total proteins (uTP), urine creatinine (uCr), and urine protein:creatinine ratio (UPC) reference values, reported as the median, and lower limit (LL) and upper limit (UL), were 1.030 (1006–1.049), 17.58 (4.54–35.31) mg/dL, 154.62 (39.59–357.95) mg/dL, and 0.11 (0.07–0.16), respectively. Mass spectrometry, together with electrophoresis, revealed a pattern of common urinary proteins; albumin, lysozyme C, and ubiquitin were the most represented proteins in the giraffe urine. It has been hypothesized that these proteins could act as a defense against microbes. Moreover, in giraffes, urinalysis could be a valid tool for gauging renal function and physiological status changes.

Simultaneous monitoring of polarity changes of lipid droplets and lysosomes with two-photon fluorescent probes

Intracellular polarity is an essential feature of cell physiological state and abnormal polarity changes of various organelles are related to many diseases. Thus, monitoring of polarity changes of multiple subcellular in living cells contributes to understanding different physiological and pathological processes more accurately. However, most of the previous reports on polarity probes mainly monitored the polarity of a single organelle. Therefore, we designed and synthesized two unique polarity-sensitive fluorescent probes LDs-TPFP and Lyso-TPFP, which can be selectively located in lipid droplets (LDs) and lysosomes respectively, to obtain more subcellular information in living cells. Thanks to the strong intramolecular-charge-transfer (ICT) characteristics of probes, the fluorescence intensity and emission wavelength would change with the polarity of the surroundings of cells. Moreover, LDs-TPFP and Lyso-TPFP exhibits large Stokes shift and excellent biocompatibility. Through fluorescence imaging, the probes can effectively distinguish normal cells from cancer cells. In addition, the results of two-photon confocal fluorescence imaging indicated that LDs and lysosomes have discrepant polarity change behaviors under different physiological conditions.

Protein docking and steered molecular dynamics suggest alternative phospholamban-binding sites on the SERCA calcium transporter

The transport activity of the sarco(endo)plasmic reticulum calcium ATPase (SERCA) in cardiac myocytes is modulated by an inhibitory interaction with a transmembrane peptide, phospholamban (PLB). Previous biochemical studies have revealed that PLB interacts with a specific inhibitory site on SERCA, and low-resolution structural evidence suggests that PLB interacts with distinct alternative sites on SERCA. High-resolution details of the structural determinants of SERCA regulation have been elusive because of the dynamic nature of the regulatory complex. In this study, we used computational approaches to develop a structural model of SERCA-PLB interactions to gain a mechanistic understanding of PLB-mediated SERCA transport regulation. We combined steered molecular dynamics and membrane protein-protein docking experiments to achieve both a global search and all-atom force calculations to determine the relative affinities of PLB for candidate sites on SERCA. We modeled the binding of PLB to several SERCA conformations, representing different enzymatic states sampled during the calcium transport catalytic cycle. The results of the steered molecular dynamics and docking experiments indicated that the canonical PLB-binding site (comprising transmembrane helices M2, M4, and M9) is the preferred site. This preference was even more stringent for a superinhibitory PLB variant. Interestingly, PLB-binding specificity became more ambivalent for other SERCA conformers. These results provide evidence for polymorphic PLB interactions with novel sites on M3 and with the outside of the SERCA helix M9. Our findings are compatible with previous physical measurements that suggest that PLB interacts with multiple binding sites, conferring dynamic responsiveness to changing physiological conditions.

A comprehensive review on current strategies and developments in treatment of skeletal muscle atrophy

Background: Skeletal muscle atrophy is most remarkable example of multiple changes in physiological state and leads to morbidity. The predominance of skeletal muscle atrophy and the effect of this issue on the patient and family underscore the requirement for effective treatment strategies. Skeletal muscle has the capability of restoration after injury but can be evoked by various pathological conditions. Main body: Treatments that can increase muscle mass and physical performance might be a promising alternative. The aim of review is to give comprehensive overview over the epidemiology of current potential treatment strategies of muscle atrophy. This review is focused on various treatments strategies like herbal treatment, synthetic drugs, physical therapy, focused ultrasound therapy, and emerging medication etc. which promotes skeletal muscle repair and functional regeneration. Conclusion: The fact is that the reported drugs are not efficiently targeting every proteolytic system. There is the need for combinational treatment and developing a novel approach to treat skeletal muscle wasting. Keywords: Skeletal muscle atrophy, Emerging treatment, Ultrasound therapy, Herbal drugs, Nutraceuticals.

Progress in the basic and clinical research on the Schlemm's canal.

Glaucoma is a leading cause of irreversible blindness in the world. Intraocular pressure (IOP) plays a key role in glaucoma development and progression. Schlemm's canal (SC), an important structure of the anterior chamber angle, regulates the flow of aqueous humor and maintains IOP. Because of its special function of aqueous outflow, the SC has been intensive investigated recently. Several characteristics of SC in anatomy, physiology and pathophysiology have been revealed. Compare to normal, glaucomatous SC cells are more sensitive to substrate stiffness, have higher stiffness and and lower porosity leading to higher outflow resistance. And SC collapse caused by acute IOP increase is partially or totally reversal. With advanced inspection techniques, high-quality images of the SC can be obtained in vivo, which facilitates SC quantitative measurements clinically and allows us to investigate a new therapy paradigm for glaucoma. In this review, we summarize the basic and clinical research that focused on mechanisms of aqueous outflow resistance and SC changes in physiological, pathological, and post-treatment states.

Subliminal affective priming changes the ‘feeling’ towards neutral objects in infancy

ABSTRACT In everyday life, our preferences are governed by influences that we are frequently not aware of. Studies investigating visual subliminal priming have shown that emotions are particularly able to modulate the affective judgments both at a behavioural and neural level. In this study, we investigated whether emotional unconscious learning is a core feature of human development, by testing infants as young as 3 months of age on a subliminal affective priming task, in which infants were primed with subliminal happy and angry faces (Experiment 1) or subliminal neutral and scrambled faces (Experiment 2), followed by two neutral objects. We found that arousal to the neutral objects – as indexed through skin conductance – changed when they were primed with faces displaying emotional valence, and particularly anger, but not when the face had a neutral expression. This change in physiological state only partially corresponded to a change in explicit behaviour – as indexed through looking times – suggesting that emotional unconscious learning likely influences explicit behaviour at later stages of development, when subcortical-to-cortical connections have strengthened.

Analyzing Driver Drowsiness: From Causes to Effects

Drowsiness and fatigue are major safety issues that cannot be measured directly. Their measurements are sustained on indirect parameters such as the effects on driving performance, changes in physiological states, and subjective measures. We divided this study into two distinct lines. First, we wanted to find if any driver’s physiological characteristic, habit, or recent event could interfere with the results. Second, we aimed to analyze the effects of subjective sleepiness on driving behavior. On driving simulator experiments, the driver information and driving performance were collected, and responses to the Karolinska Sleepiness Scale (KSS) were compared with these parameters. The results showed that drowsiness increases when the driver has suffered a recent stress situation, has taken medication, or has slept fewer hours. An increasing driving time is also a strong factor in drowsiness development. On the other hand, robustness, smoking habits, being older, and being a man were revealed to be factors that make the participant less prone to getting drowsy. From another point of view, the speed and lane departures increased with the sleepiness feeling. Subjective drowsiness has a great correlation to drivers’ personal aspects and the driving behavior. In addition, the KSS shows a great potential to be used as a predictor of drowsiness.

Effects of magnetic fields on immune system, tissue repair and fibrosis

Tissue repair and regeneration are vital biological processes that involve three intertwined stages of inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. The immune system plays an important role in each stage to regulate the processes of tissue repair, mainly by a complex network consisting of immune cells and the secreted cytokines. In recent years, with the popularity of electronic devices and magnetic materials, the biological effects of magnetic fields (MFs) have received widespread attention, and research on the effects of MFs on biological tissue repair and fibrosis has made a series of advantages. Using different types of MFs of varying strengths, researchers have found that MFs modulate the body’s immune system in various disease models. MFs affect the process of tissue repair and scarring by changing the number, function and phenotype of immune cells. Macrophages have two distinct functions in the processes of wound healing and these functions are closely related to their phenotypic changes in different physiological states. Inflammatory macrophages (M1 type) disrupt the normal metabolism of cells, induce apoptosis, or exacerbate ischemia and hypoxia. Anti-inflammatory macrophages (M2 type) bridge the processes of tissue repair by activating and supporting the function of stem cells/progenitor cells, and remodeling extracellular matrix components to provide scaffold for tissue regeneration and angiogenesis. MFs thus change the phenotype and function of macrophages through various mechanisms, thereby regulate the repair processes of damage. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are a group of multifunctional cells that have the ability to differentiate into bone cells, adipocytes, and chondrocytes. They are recruited to the site of injury and can interact directly with other immune cells, thus inhibit inflammation and promote tissue repair. Some studies suggest that MFs could not only improve the differentiation potential of MSCs, but also promote MSCs accumulation in the target tissue. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are a group of cells with immunosuppressive functions. The phenotype and number of MDSCs can be changed by MFs, therefore MFs may exert the function of regulating tissue repair via changing the state of MDSCs, thus, participating in pathological processes such as immune regulation and inflammatory response of tumorigenesis. Researchers also reported that MFs influence tissue repair though neutrophils and keratinocyte, and enhance the therapy efficacy of antibiotics. Fibrotic scar is a structure formed by excessive extracellular matrix deposition during tissue repairing process, and differs from normal tissue morphology. As the function of macrophages, MSCs and fibroblasts can be affected by MFs, MFs have the ability to regulate fibrosis formation. This review article focuses on the effect of MFs on tissue repairing and regeneration. Further exploration of the role of MFs in tissue repairing and fibrosis formation will lead to new ideas for using MFs in disease treating.

Age-related characteristics of lipid peroxidation and antioxidant defense system of ostriches (Struthio camelus domesticus)

We studied the intensity of lipid peroxidation (LPO) and the status of antioxidant system in blood of 6-60 months ostriches. We proved that specific functioning of the antioxidant system and the accumulation of lipid peroxidation intermediates characterized each period of ostrich life cycle. Thus, the period of puberty was accompanied by intensification of lipid peroxidation in ostrich blood serum and this was confirmed by a significant increase in the amount of TBA-reactive substances. This could be the consequence of the insufficient activity of enzymes of the antioxidant system (catalase, glutathione-S-transferase, glutathione reductase). The egg-laying peak was characterized by the increased body metabolism, which caused the activation of free-radical oxidation. The concentration of lipid hydroperoxides and diene conjugates increased and the TBA-reactive substances did not change significantly. Antioxidant protection of the blood during this period was mainly caused by the significant concentration of ceruloplasmin and reduced glutathione due to the increased activity of glutathione reductase. We supposed that the period of puberty and intensive period of egg laying in ostriches should be referred as the periods of stress of metabolic processes with increased intensity of lipid oxidation, associated with the certain changes in ostrich physiological and functional state.

Features of the functional state of professionally significant body systems of operators and machinists of a petrochemical enterprise depending on their work experience

Introduction. As a result of large-scale modernization of technological processes, the organism of workers in the petrochemical industry is affected by low intensity factors. With an increase in exposure time under the influence of such factors, the response of the body is characterized by various changes in physiological status, however, until now, medical examinations of workers in petrochemical enterprises have a clinical focus. In this regard, it becomes extremely important to systematically study the physiological functions of workers, considering their working experience for early detection of the adverse effects of the work environment and the development of effective preventive measures.The aim of the study is to evaluate the features of the functional state of the organism of operators and operators of a petrochemical enterprise, depending on the length of service.Materials and methods. To identify the features of the functional state of the body, 78 operators and 68 drivers, depending on the length of service, were divided into three subgroups. The functional state of the central, autonomic nervous and cardiovascular systems was studied, and the level of biological adaptation and working capacity of workers were determined. The functional state of the central nervous system is assessed by indicators of the functional level of the nervous system, the stability of the nervous reaction, the level of functionality of the formed functional system and the level of performance on the hardware-soft ware complex.Results. It was revealed that with an increase in seniority, the operators of the petrochemical enterprise changed the indicators of the functional state of the body, as evidenced by a decrease in the time of simple visual-motor reaction by 1.5 times, an increase in the rates of sympathetic activity of the autonomic nervous system by 1.7 times, and an increase in 1.4 times the adequacy of regulation processes against a 1.7-fold increase in the vegetative rhythm indicator, which characterize increased disorganization in the intersystem interactions of central and an independent contour of regulation of physiological functions. With an increase in seniority, typists noted an increase in the parasympathetic activity of the autonomic nervous system by 1.3 times, as well as an increase in the autonomic regulation rate by 1.2 times, which indicates a strengthening of the autonomous regulation loop by physiological functions.Conclusions. The workers of the main professions of the petrochemical enterprise with an increase in their seniority noted the development of long-term adaptation, which is confirmed by a decrease in the number of workers with an unsatisfactory level of adaptation and an increase in operators and drivers with a normal level of working capacity.Funding. The study had no funding.Conflict of interests. The authors declare no conflict of interests.

National survey on delta checks in clinical laboratories in China.

Background This study aimed to understand the status quo of delta checks in Chinese clinical laboratories through a nationwide online survey. Methods The survey was divided into two parts. The first part was a general situation survey in which clinical laboratories had to provide information about the laboratories, including delta checks used. In the second part, clinical laboratories were asked to record the delta check alerts generated in their laboratories from June 1st, 2019 to June 30th, 2019. Results The most frequently used analytes in delta checks were potassium (K), glucose (Glu), creatinine (Cre) for clinical chemistry and hemoglobin (Hgb), platelet (PLT) count and white blood cell (WBC) count for clinical hematology. The median maximum time interval between specimens for all analytes was 5 days. The most commonly used delta check calculation modes in Chinese clinical laboratories were percentage change and absolute change. K and Hgb were the analytes most involved in clinical chemistry and clinical hematology delta check alerts. The most common causes of delta check alerts were that the patients had received treatment, which was followed by the change in the patient's physiological state and interference from hemolysis, lipemia and icterus. The two most common outcomes of delta check alerts were 'no problems found, standard report issued' and 'no problems found, report issued with comment'. Conclusions This study was the first nationwide survey of delta checks in China, the results of which help us to understand the current situation of delta checks in Chinese clinical laboratories.

Behaviour classification of extensively grazed sheep using machine learning

The application of accelerometer sensors for automated animal behaviour monitoring is becoming increasingly common. Despite the rapid growth of research in this area, there is little consensus on the most appropriate method of data summation and analysis. The objective of this current study was to explore feature creation and machine learning (ML) algorithm options to provide the most accurate behavioural classification from an ear-borne accelerometer in extensively grazed sheep. Nineteen derived movement features, three epochs (5, 10 and 30 s) and four ML-algorithms (Classification and Regression Trees (CART), Linear Kernel Support-Vector Machines (SVM), Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) and Quadratic Discriminant Analysis (QDA)) were assessed. Behaviour classification was also evaluated using three different ethograms, including detection of (i) grazing, lying, standing, walking; (ii) active and inactive behaviour; and (iii) body posture. Detection of the four mutually-exclusive behaviours (grazing, lying, standing and walking) was most accurately performed using a 10 s epoch by an SVM (76.9%). Activity was most accurately detected using a 30 s epoch by a CART (98.1%). LDA and a 30 s epoch was superior for detecting posture (90.6%). Differentiation relied on identification of disparities between behaviours rather than pattern recognition within a behaviour. The choice of epoch and ML algorithm will be dependent on the application purpose, with different combinations of each more accurate across the different ethograms. This study provides a crucial foundation for development of algorithms which can identify multiple behaviours in pasture-based sheep. This knowledge could be applied across a number of contexts, particularly at times of change in physiological or mental state e.g. during parturition or stress-inducing husbandry procedures.

Daily variation of the associated microbial community and the Hsp60 expression in the Maldivian seagrass Thalassia hemprichii

The microbial communities associated with plant's compartments and the expression of the chloroplast chaperonin Hsp60 have been simultaneously analyzed during the diel cycle in the marine seagrass Thalassia hemprichii from the lagoon of Magoodhoo island (Maldives), characterized by remarkable daily shifts in temperature and light. Plants showed a significant up-regulation of Hsp60 expression from 8.00 a.m. to 2.00 p.m., in correspondence with the increase in temperature and light, confirming their role as defense mechanism against photoinhibition and oxidative damage. However, a further significant increase of the Hsp60 level was also observed when irradiance and temperature dropped, suggesting that the cellular stress was still in progress. The plant-associated microbial communities showed differences by plant compartment and sampling time, with the aboveground compartment (leaves) being much more dynamic than the belowground one (roots/rhizomes). In the phyllosphere, a progressive shift during the day from the absolute dominance of the Gammaproteobacteria class, mainly constituted of Enterobacteraceae family, to the increase of the biodiversity due to the rise of Alphaproteobacteria was observed. Belowground, the microbial diversity was much lower than aboveground, being Gammaproteobacteria the most represented class throughout all sampling times. Vibrionaceae family was the most abundant at 8:00 a.m. and 6.00 p.m. decreasing slightly at 2.00 p.m., partially replaced by Halomonadaceae. The combined biochemical and microbial markers allows to assess the plant stress response and to deepen the knowledge on the seagrasses adaptation to harsh and changing environmental conditions, resulting useful to detect early signs of change in an organism's physiological state. Furthermore, the variation of Hsp60 expression and associated bacterial communities in response to light and temperature fluctuations support the ‘holobiont’ theory, which considers the plant/microorganisms association as a functional unit, as suggested for corals.

Corporate System Users Identification by the Keyboard Handwriting based on Neural Networks

The paper is devoted to practical information security aspects in the corporate system. Particular attention is paid for the ensuring access control problem for corporate confidential information. Solving this problem involves identifying a person trying to gain unauthorized access to the corporate system and identification of a authorized user committing illegal actions. The paper shows that a person's keyboard handwriting is determined by behavioural characteristic, which is very difficult to imitate. This means that the person identification based on the keyboard handwriting analysis is the most reliable. It is necessary to consider the possibility of accidental uncontrolled change user’s keyboard handwriting settings when it works. Such changes can be caused by changes in physiological or emotional state. Using neural networks enables to perform analysis of handwriting keyboard considering these changes at the real time. Thus, the artificial neural networks using makes it possible considerably improves the security of corporate confidential information protection from authorized user committing illegal actions. Existing methods and algorithms for user identifying by his keyboard handwriting are focused on using a multilayer perceptron. However, FAM architecture and capabilities analysis of adaptive resonance theory has identified advantages such as the ability to form associative pairs and map the rules of fuzzy inferences to clusters of neural networks in this category. Considering these characteristics was decisive in choosing the neural network intelligent system for users identification by his keyboard handwriting style. As a result of the research proposed generalized architecture Corporate System Users Identification by the Keyboard Handwriting, based on the use of Cascade ARTMAP. The scheme of rules formation in Cascade ARTMAP and the knowledge base formation scheme of Users Identification Intelligent System by Keyboard Handwriting are proposed.

Egg laying rather than host quality or host feeding experience drives habitat estimation in the parasitic wasp Nasonia vitripennis.

In variable environments, sampling information on habitat quality is essential for making adaptive foraging decisions. In insect parasitoids, females foraging for hosts have repeatedly been shown to employ behavioral strategies that are in line with predictions from optimal foraging models. Yet, which cues exactly are employed to sample information on habitat quality has rarely been investigated. Using the gregarious parasitoid Nasonia vitripennis (Walker; Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae), we provided females with different cues about hosts to elucidate, which of them would change a wasp's posterior behavior suggesting a change in information status. We employed posterior clutch size decisions on a host as proxy for a female's estimation of habitat quality. Taking into account changes in physiological state of the foraging parasitoid, we tested whether different host qualities encountered previously change the subsequent clutch size decision in females. Additionally, we investigated whether other kinds of positive experiences—such as ample time to investigate hosts, host feeding, or egg laying—would increase a wasp's estimated value of habitat quality. Contrary to our expectations, quality differences in previously encountered hosts did not affect clutch size decisions. However, we found that prior egg laying experience changes posterior egg allocation to a host, indicating a change in female information status. Host feeding and the time available for host inspection, though correlated with egg laying experience, did not seem to contribute to this change in information status.