Changes In Migration Policies Research Articles

АВСТРАЛИЙСКО-КИТАЙСКИЕ ОТНОШЕНИЯ: 1930-1937 ГГ.

The article is devoted to the development of relations between the Australian Union and China in the period from 1930 to 1937. The author analyzes changes in migration and economic policy towards China and explores the views of the Australian public on the Japanese expansion in China since 1931, as well as the position of the official authorities on this issue are revealed. The growth of international contradictions in the 30s of the XX century and the degree of independence in making Australian foreign policy from the former metropolis could affect Australian-Chinese relations.

Assessment of Migration Policy Measures Implemented in the Russian Far East

The present paper analyses migration policy measures implemented in the Russian Far East, namely, State Programme to Assist the Voluntary Resettlement of Compatriots Living Abroad to the Russian Federation, the Far-Eastern Hectare Programme, establishment of Priority Development Areas (PDAs) and territories with a special regime of economic activity. The synthetic control method was applied to quantitatively assess how the adopted measures affect the migration outflow from regions of the Far Eastern Federal District. According to this method and relevant statistics, constituent entities of the Far Eastern Federal District were compared with control regions of the Siberian Federal District, where these policy tools have not been introduced. Comparable areas had similar socio-economic development trends and migration flows in the period preceding the implementation of the state programmes. To analyse the impact of migration policy changes in 2011–2018, the difference between outflow values of the Far Eastern and synthetic control regions was calculated. The results showed that the average estimated values are negative and significantly different from zero. This indicates a positive effect of new migration mitigation measures on reducing the outflow from the Russian Far East. Future research will separately assess the effectiveness of each migration policy tool implemented in the Far Eastern Federal District.

Together, but Still Separated? Migration Policy in the V4 countries

Abstract The migration policies of the V4 countries present many similarities that seem to be the effect of congruent historical and economic determinants. During the migration crisis in 2015–2016, the Visegrad states partially coordinated their political communication using the same communication panels, which strongly impacted domestic political relations. The V4’s approach was a refusal of the open-door policy promoted by Germany and Sweden, and the European Union. Our main findings are that the migration crisis strengthened the cohesion among V4 countries, although the source of this cohesion was clearly a populistic stance toward the possible implications of uncontrolled migration (migrants and refugees). This communication style and the resulting political tensions were reflected in the V4 states’ resentment based on a sense of shared historical experiences rooted in Central European location and shared experience of the repercussions of communism. In this sense, a strong commitment to the idea of a sovereign nation-state, and a reluctance towards postmodern values are also important factors. This study charts the changes in V4 migration policy since 2015, highlighting the crucial developments in V4 countries’ negotiations with the European Union. It also deals with the foreign and domestic effects of the migration crisis and the V4 states’ discourse of migration, which was complemented by a debate on the future of the EU that became especially important in Hungary and Poland.

The Policy Networks of the Korean International Migration Policy: Using Social Network Analysis

This research adds value to the extant international migration policy studies by placing a greater focus on the ‘processes’ of the Korean international migration policy changes. Specifically, this study pays special attention to policy networks in the process of adopting ing the Employment Permit System for Foreigners (EPSF), one of the most important policy changes in Korean international migration policy history. On the basis of the Advocacy Coalition Framework, this research examines the policy network structure that describes the relationships between policy actors at network levels. The results found that the communication network is more hierarchical than the relational network at the global network level, a government-led advocacy coalition was influential in advocating EPSF at the coalition network, and the coordinating role of policy actors such as Office for Government Policy Coordination and New Millennium Democratic Party was significant in the policy process at the egocentric network level.

Life after crossing the border: Assimilation during the first Mexican mass migration

The first mass migration of Mexicans to the United States occurred in the early twentieth century: from smaller pre-Revolutionary flows in the 1900s, to hundreds of thousands during the violent 1910s, to the boom of the 1920s, and then the bust and deportations/repatriations of the 1930s. Using a new linked sample of males, we find that the average Mexican immigrant held a lower percentile rank, based on imputed earnings, than US-born whites near arrival. Further, Mexicans fell behind in the following decade. Mexican assimilation was not uniquely slow since we also find that the average Italian immigrant fell behind at a similar rate. Yet, conditional on geography, human capital, and initial percentile rank, Mexicans had a slower growth rate than both US-born whites and Italians. Mexican assimilation was also remarkably constant throughout various shocks, such as violence in Mexico, migration policy change in the United States, and the Great Depression. We argue that Mexican-specific structural barriers help to explain why Mexican progress was slow and similar across this tumultuous period.

Analysis of the demographics and characteristics of the Australian pharmacist workforce 2013-2018: decreasing supply points to the need for a workforce strategy.

An adequate workforce is necessary for health care delivery. The last official analysis of the Australian pharmacist workforce was in 2014 and the results of recent studies are contradictory. The objective of this work was to determine current demographic details and recent trends of the pharmacy workforce and assess the impact of changes in student numbers and migration policy. Longitudinal and descriptive analysis was undertaken of National Health Workforce Datasets and registrant data available from the Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency and the Pharmacy Board of Australia from 2013 to 2018. There was an increase in females and a trend towards hospital practice but no change in the geographic distribution of pharmacists over the period. However, the pharmacist workforce grew more slowly than comparable health professions and while the youngest pharmacist cohort (20-34 years) remains the largest, the next oldest cohort increased at a greater rate. The youngest cohort reported a decrease in intention to remain working in pharmacy. A fall in student numbers and changes to immigration policy have contributed to a low growth rate and ageing of the pharmacist workforce compared with other professions. Whether these factors along with the intentions of young pharmacists will result in a shortage is dependent on developments in demand for pharmacists and a workforce strategy is required to monitor these developments.

CITIZENSHIP AND HUMAN RIGHTS OF LATIN AMERICAN MIGRANTS IN THE CONTEXT OF HEALTH CARE EMERGENCY FOR COVID 19 IN ARGENTINA

In the context of the emergency caused by COVID 19 in Argentina, Latin American migrants have, for the most part, been excluded from the State’s Emergency Family Income in the face of the closing of borders and Preventive and Compulsory Social Isolation. The objective of this paper was the critical analysis of the reasons that led to this difference in treatment in emergency policies in Argentina. First, (I) it was studied the use of the supposed restrictive criterion of modern citizenship in "universalist" social policies, and also the conception of equality underlies them. In the second place, (II) it was deepened how the recent changes in migration policies, from the DNU 70/2017, led to the precariousness and irregularity of the situation in which the migrants were previously in the emergency by COVID 19 was deepened. Applying a multidimensional methodology, conceptual-philosophical, normative and empirical elements were addressed. By way of general conclusion, the need was raised to rethink models of belonging not limited to nationality and egalitarian, recognizing the rights of every inhabitant and resident, and moving towards new inclusive and multicultural post-national conceptions that can reverse the historical violation of migrants' human rights.

Migration Policy in the Programs of FRG’s Leading Political Parties

The presented study is devoted to the reflection of migration policy concepts in the program documents of the leading political parties in Germany. The purpose of this work is to conduct a comprehensive assessment of migration policy concepts of Germany’s leading parties, incorporated in their programs. The research methodology is based on a combination of comparative descriptive analysis and elements of case study. The empirical basis of the research is constituted by program materials of 6 parties and party blocs, whose representatives became part of the Bundestag, according to the results of the 2017 federal elections. The author believes that despite certain differences, the majority of parties hold to the consensus stance on migration policy, which may entail maintaining the current course for the foreseeable future. Significant changes in migration policy are possible only if the leadership of the CDU/CSU is able to convince the leaders of the SPD to continue tightening migration policy in terms of restricting the flow of refugees. Attempting to sustain the existing model of migration policy with the current dynamics of the socioeconomic situation can lead to an increase in the popularity of AfD. However, this course of events does not threaten the stability of German political system, provided AfD does not ally itself with another influential party.

COVID-19 Crisis and Labor Migration Policy: A Perspective From Estonia

Crises can function as catalysts for policy change, but change depends on multiple factors such as the actual content of the event, the agenda-setting power of the advocates of change, and their abilities to foster advocacy coalitions and break up policy monopolies. The COVID-19 crisis is an event that halted virtually all movement, including labor migration across the world, thus having great potential to act as a major focusing event. This article will look into the possibilities of this crisis to induce permanent labor migration policy change based on the case of Estonia. The article thus contributes to the literature on migration policy change from the Central and East European perspective.

De la ciudadanía suramericana al humanitarismo: el giro en la política y diplomacia migratoria ecuatoriana

El objetivo del artículo es examinar los cambios en la política y diplomacia migratoria en Ecuador al poner atención a las medidas implementadas a partir del incremento de arribos de migrantes venezolanos. Con la llegada al poder del presidente Lenín Moreno, en dicho país andino se pasó de un enfoque de derechos a uno de seguridad amparado en la figura del gobierno humanitario, donde se ve a los migrantes tanto como víctimas y como amenazas. Metodológicamente se realiza un análisis de los principales decretos emitidos desde 2018 y se apoya en fuentes cuantitativas sobre flujos y visas otorgadas hasta agosto de 2020. El texto deja ver cómo el gobierno utiliza la diplomacia migratoria como un elemento central de su política exterior tanto para acercarse a la agenda de Washington, alejarse del eje bolivariano —principalmente del gobierno de Venezuela— y conseguir fondos de la cooperación internacional para hacer frente a la llegada de migrantes.

Mental Health in Immigrant Children and Adolescents in Northern Chile Mental Health in Immigrant Children and Adolescents.

Approximately 1.251.225 foreign-born migrants reside in Chile, including 183.315 children. This study compares mental health indicators in immigrant and non-immigrant children to understand the mental health effects of migration. A cross-sectional study of 634 students from Chilean schools was conducted. Fifty percent of the students were immigrants. The System for the Evaluation of Children and Adolescents was used to evaluate mental health. No significant differences were observed in mental health indicators between immigrant and non-immigrant children. At both elementary and secondary levels, immigrant students had higher rates of contextual problems (family problems and problems with peers) and lower scores in integration and social consequence. Immigrant students in elementary schools scored lower in self-esteem. The higher rates of contextual problems in immigrant children should be addressed through structural changes in migration policies, such as providing support for employment of parents, welfare assistance, and access to health systems.

Economic Migration of Ukrainians to the EU: A View from Poland

The present study aims to analyze several aspects of economic migration from Ukraine to Poland in the context of the last 10 years (2007–2017). It looks at how changes in migration policy in Poland and the EU impacted the dynamics of migration to Poland, which has been for a long time one of the most popular destinations for Ukrainians. In 2014, an increased number of Ukrainians migrating to Russia was observed, although no similar increase was recorded for EU countries (excluding Poland). In 2014, Polish consular services issued over 556,500 visas to Ukrainian citizens. Since 15 September 2012, Ukrainians no longer have to pay for national visas if they intend to stay in Poland for 3 months to 1 year. Since July 2009, the Agreement on Local Border Traffic between Poland and Ukraine has been in force. Based on this agreement, Ukrainian nationals residing in the border zone – the area extending 30 km from the border – do not need visas, only local border traffic agreement has been increasing each year (13 to 40% depending on year). It amounted to 10,734,959 in 2015. My purpose is to present how migration law in Poland affects migratory waves.

Стратегии деятельности неправительственных организаций Венгрии в условиях миграционного кризиса

The general purposes of this research are attempts to trace the changes in migration policy and government rhetoric in Hungary, and their impact on the non-governmental organizations’ activities (NGOs) in the sphere of migrants’ integration. As a result of this research work, it is revealed that the initiation of anti-migration state rhetoric, has led to a number of NGOs having to adapt their activities to the new political conditions, while continuing to help migrants, and starting to respond to it with an anti- government information campaign.

Transnational terrorism and restrictive immigration policies

We investigate the relationship between transnational terrorism and the restrictiveness of immigration policies. We argue that transnational terrorism may create incentives for governments to implement more restrictive migration policies. First, more restrictive policies may make terrorism a more costly endeavor, discouraging future terrorist activity. Second, voters may hold the government accountable for the increased insecurity and economic instability terrorism produces; more restrictive migration policies may signal political resolve and meet public demand for security-providing policies, consequently reducing the government’s chances of electoral defeat. We provide an empirical analysis of the effect of transnational terrorism on migration policy restrictiveness for a sample of 30 OECD countries between 1980 and 2010. We find that a greater exposure to transnational terrorism is associated with stricter migration controls, but not stricter migration regulations regarding eligibility criteria and conditions. This finding is robust to different model specifications, estimation methods, operationalizations of terrorism, and instrumental-variable approaches. It points to the securitization of immigration, providing partial support for the notion that transnational terrorism incentivizes migration policy change towards greater restrictiveness. However, the policy response appears to be surgical (affecting only migration controls) rather than sweeping (and thus not influencing broader migration regulations) for the countries in our sample.

4 Migration research and analysis: Growth, reach and recent contributions

4 Migration research and analysis: Growth, reach and recent contributions

The effect of migration policy on growth, structural change, and regional inequality in China

Between 2000 and 2015, China’s aggregate income quadrupled, its provincial income inequality fell by a third, and its share of employment in agriculture fell by a half. Internal migration is central to this transformation, with the number of internal migrant workers reaching 300 million by 2015. Combining rich data on migration with a spatial general equilibrium model of China’s economy, we quantify the size and the impact of internal migration cost reductions in China between 2000 and 2015. During the 15-year period, China’s internal migration costs fell by forty-five percent. In addition to contributing substantially to growth, these migration cost changes account for the majority of the reallocation of workers out of agriculture and the drop in regional inequality. We compare the effect of migration policy changes with other important economic changes, including changes in trade costs, capital market distortions, average cost of capital, and productivity. While each contributes meaningfully to growth, migration policy changes are central to China’s structural change and regional income convergence. We also find that the recent slow-down in aggregate economic growth between 2010 and 2015 is associated with smaller reduction in inter-provincial migration costs and a larger role of capital accumulation.

THE IMPACT OF EU IMMIGRATION ON ECONOMIC GROWTH THROUGH THE SKILL COMPOSITION CHANNEL

The paper aims to examine the new trends of immigration and their implications on the economy of the host country, particularly on economic growth and unemployment. As the effects of aging population can be felt in many countries, especially in developed ones, migration will continue to play an increasing role in the economic growth of all countries, either sending or receiving. Given the changes in migration trends and migration policies, the impact of the process should be revised. One of the main characteristics that significantly impacts economic growth is the education and skill level of immigrants. In the light of this fact, the research aims to identify the impact of immigration on growth through the skill composition channel. We analyzed the impact of skilled and unskilled immigration on growth, also including the unemployment rate as a relevant factor for the labour market. We estimated six dynamic panel models using the system of generalised method of moments (GMM) to take into account the risk of an endogeneity bias of the migration variables. The results indicate a positive and significant effect of skilled immigration on the economic growth of the receiving country. The results also point to a 1.3 percent β-convergence rate consistent with the values found in the convergence literature which are around 2 percent.

To Stay or to Migrate? When Becker Meets Harris-Todaro

Allowing migration activity as an integral part of demographic transition and economic development, we establish a locational quantity-quality trade-off of children and explore its macroeconomic consequences. We construct a dynamic competitive migration equilibrium framework with rural agents heterogeneous in skills and fertility preferences. We then establish and characterize a mixed migration equilibrium where high-skilled rural agents with low fertility preferences always migrate to cities, low-skilled with high fertility preferences always stay, and only an endogenously determined fraction of high-skilled/high fertility preferences or low-skilled/low fertility preferences ends up moving. By calibrating our model to fit the data from China, we find interesting interactions between fertility and migration decisions in various counterfactual experiments with respect to changes in migration, population control and rural land entitlement policies. We conclude that overlooking the locational quantity-quality trade-off of children may lead to nonnegligible biases in assessing the implications and effectiveness of government policies.

Stop Them in Their Tracks: Migration Policies, Drug Markets, and Terrorism

Do migration policies shape the drug-terrorism nexus? A narrow empirical scholarship shows that drug trafficking heightens the rate of terrorism. To date, however, scholars have not investigated how state policies affect the connection between drug markets and terrorism. I address this lacuna by showing that visa and mobility restrictions temper but do not eradicate the drug-terrorism connection. While visa policies are effective, overall migration policy changes have inconclusive effects on the nexus. This article contributes to the crime-terror literature by highlighting the conditions under which the connection can be mitigated by state policies.

브라질의 신이민법과 이주정책의 변화

브라질의 신이민법과 이주정책의 변화