Changes In Appetite Research Articles

Personalized approach to prediction and prevention of haloperidol-induced metabolic syndrome

Haloperidol (HLP) is a general medication in the treatment of psychotic disorders such as schizophrenia and acute mania. One of HLP’s advantages compared to other antipsychotics, such as olanzapine or clozapine, is its relatively low risk of significant weight gain, making it more suitable for patients requiring strict weight control. However, despite this comparatively favorable profile, some patients may experience moderate weight gain with long-term use of HLP. This side effect can be attributed to several factors. First, HLP affects metabolic processes, which may lead to changes in appetite and reduced physical activity. Second, the drug can increase prolactin levels, which is associated with the development of hyperprolactinemia—a condition that may contribute to weight gain and the emergence of other components of metabolic syndrome, such as insulin resistance. Third, HLP may promote increased oxidative stress, which plays an important role in the pathogenesis of metabolic disorders. These mechanisms underscore the need for monitoring patients on HLP to promptly detect and manage potential metabolic side effects. Objective: To update the knowledge of practicing psychiatrists and clinical pharmacologists about a personalized approach to the prevention of metabolic syndrome in patients with psychiatric disorders when taking HLP. Methods: Full-text articles published from 01.09.2013 to 01.09.2024 were searched in PubMed, Science Direct, eLIBRARY.RU, and Google Scholar. Results: This review analyses and summarizes the results of foreign and domestic studies on the effect of haloperidol on the development of metabolic syndrome, the role of risk factors and hereditary predisposition in the development of HLP -induced metabolic syndrome in patients with psychiatric disorders.Conclusion: Generalized data on the effect of HLP on the development of metabolic syndrome in patients with psychiatric disorders may be required by psychiatrists and clinical pharmacologists when selecting the dose and duration of haloperidol administration. Predictive pharmacogenetic testing may help to reduce the probability of this adverse drug reaction and increase the compliance of haloperidol therapy.

Gastrointestinal side effects of Chemotherapy: Parent s’ Perception towards Children with Cancer

Background: Children before the age of 18 years are highly vulnerable to certain life-threatening diseases such as cancer, which is predicted from statistical evidence in the literature reviewed and in need of chemotherapy medications with side effects. Objectives: This study aimed to assess parents’ perception of children with cancer complaining of gastrointestinal side effects of chemotherapy. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted during the period (from October 4, 2023, to January 26, 2024) at Al-Furat Al-Awsat Oncology Hospital in Al-Najaf Al-Ashraf City using a questionnaire structured for objective achievement. The questionnaire consisted of a demographic and clinical data section and the parents’ perception of the gastrointestinal side effects of chemotherapy.Statistical and inferential analyses were performed to examine the data. Data were collected from (113) participants who selected nonprobability (convenience) by the interview researcher. Results: The study specified that mothers comprised the majority of the sample and their ages were between (41 and 50), while the sickest children were male and female. Loss of appetite and taste changes were the most effective gastrointestinal side effects of chemotherapy, and the overall perception of the parents was good. Conclusions: This study demonstrated that most patients suffer from loss of appetite and taste change, and they have a good perception of this side effect. This result emphasizes the importance of providing sufficient information to parents about any side effects that could appear in a child after a chemotherapy session.

Venlafaxine loaded novasomes for intranasal delivery: Mucoadhesion, permeation and pharmacokinetics study

Venlafaxine loaded novasomes for intranasal delivery: Mucoadhesion, permeation and pharmacokinetics study

Understanding High-Functioning Depression in Adults.

High-functioning depression (HFD) is described as experiencing depressive symptoms such as fatigue, anhedonia, poor concentration, guilt, restlessness, sleep disturbances, and appetite changes without experiencing a lack of functioning or significant distress. The purpose of this study is to characterize the clinical correlates of HFD. This study entailed a descriptive, cross-sectional design based on interviews administered to120 English-speaking participants with HFD (aged 18-75). The interview involved administering a semi-structured HFD Analysis Questionnaire, the Joseph HFD Inventory, the HFD Trauma Inventory, and the Joseph HFD Anhedonia Scale in a single, 30-minute session for each participant. Big traumas, defined as extremely traumatic events, were analyzed by the trauma inventory. Out of the 120 participants, 72 (60%) demonstrated HFD, and 17 (14%) demonstrated very HFD. A correlation was observed between symptoms of HFD, such as anhedonia and marital status, as post hoc tests showed that the average Anhedonia Scale score was higher for married or partnered participants than those who were single(p=0.038). As anticipated, the participants with higher Anhedonia Scale scores had higher HFD scores (p=0.003). These participants also experienced higher trauma inventory scores and big traumas. Furthermore, as participant education level increased, the number of big traumas reported decreased (p<0.001). Participants who were parents/caregivers of children also had the highest Anhedonia Scale and HFD scores (p=0.0126 and p=0.0210, respectively). The results supported the hypothesis that individuals with HFD have increased levels of anhedonia and trauma.However, trauma scores were inversely associated with education level in HFD.

The efficacy of anamorelin in gastrointestinal cancer with cancer cachexia: Single center experience.

815 Background: Cancer cachexia is a catabolic syndrome that causes weight loss and loss of appetite in cancer patients. Anamorelin (ANAM) is an oral drug approved in Japan to treat cancer cachexia by selectively activating ghrelin receptors. There is limited real-world data available on the efficacy of ANAM for patients with gastrointestinal cancer. We assessed its efficacy and identified associated clinical features. Methods: We retrospectively collected data from medical records and questionnaires on gastric and colorectal cancer patients who received ANAM between April 2021 and March 2023. We evaluated the change in body weight, appetite, and oral intake from the time of initiation of ANAM. We judged the responder who gained more than 0.5 kg in body weight, improved appetite, and increased oral intake, respectively. The association between clinical features and the responders was also assessed using multivariate logistic regression analysis. Results: 72 patients were included in this study. Characteristics of the patients: median age: 68 years old (range 38-85), male/female: 35/37, gastric/colorectal cancer: 39/33, PS 0-1/2 or more: 63/9, median body mass index (BMI): 18.0 kg/m 2 (range 12.3-27.9), number of prior chemotherapy regimens 1/2/3 or more: 17/22/33, ascites none/mild/moderate/severe: 42/19/7/4, median serum albumin levels (Alb): 3.2 g/dl (range 2.0-4.2). The median treatment duration of ANAM was 47.5 days (3-450 days). 57 patients (79.2%) continued ANAM for more than 3 weeks, and 9 patients for more than 12 weeks. The main reasons for discontinuation were progressive disease (39.7%), ineffective (12.7%), effective (11.1%) and adverse events of ANAM (11.1%). 33 patients (45.8%) gained weight, 41 patients (56.9%) improved appetite and 34 patients (47.2%) increased oral intake. There was a correlation found between BMI ＜ 18.0 kg/m 2 and the responders (OR 3.43, p = 0.041). Conclusions: In this study, 68.0% of patients who received ANAM for showed response, that is, gained body weight, or improved appetite, or increased oral intake. And these observations suggested that BMI was associated with effects of ANAM. Further studies involving more patients needed.

Trends in research on novel antidepressant treatments.

Mood disorders, such as major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder, are among the most common mental illnesses and a leading cause of disability worldwide. Key symptoms of these conditions include a depressed mood or anhedonia, sleep and psychomotor disturbances, changes in appetite or weight, and fatigue or loss of energy. Prolonged cognitive disturbances further impair the ability to think or concentrate and are often accompanied by persistent feelings of worthlessness or excessive guilt. Collectively, these symptoms underscore depression as a serious, long-term global health issue. In addition, clinical studies indicate a growing number of patients experiencing difficulties in responding to treatment, even in the long term. This phenomenon poses significant challenges for healthcare professionals, families, and patients alike. As a result, there is an urgent need for therapies that are both rapid-acting and safe. This review aims to summarize the prevailing trends in research on novel antidepressants, emphasizing their diversity and multi-directional mechanisms of action. The development of rapid-acting drugs is increasingly focused on achieving high efficacy, particularly for treatment-resistant depression. Such advances offer the potential for rapid therapeutic effects without the prolonged and often tedious administration of older generation antidepressants. Findings from studies using animal models of depression continue to play a crucial role in predicting and designing new therapeutic strategies. These models remain indispensable for understanding the physiological effects of newly developed compounds, thereby guiding the creation of innovative treatments.

Exploration of Appetite Regulation in Yangtze Sturgeon (Acipenser dabryanus) During Weaning.

Yangtze sturgeon is an endangered fish species. After weaning, some Yangtze sturgeon fry refuse to consume any food, which causes a low survival rate during the artificial breeding period. This study showed that the body length and body weight of failed weaning Yangtze sturgeons were significantly lower than those of successful weaning sturgeons. Since the brain is the center of appetite regulation, RNA-seq of the brain was employed to analyze the differentially expressed genes and their biological functions in successfully and unsuccessfully weaned fry. After that, 82,151 unigenes and 3222 DEGs were obtained. Based on the results of RNA-seq, appetite factors, including POMC, CART, NPY and AgRP, were cloned, and then a weaning experiment was designed to explore the changes in appetite after feeding a microcapsule diet (weaning group). The results showed that, during the weaning period, the expression of CART was increased on the 1st and 3rd days but decreased on the 5th, 6th, 8th and 10th days. The expression of AgRP was downregulated on the 1st and 3rd days but upregulated on the 5th, 6th, 8th and 10th days. These findings indicate that appetite was suppressed in the early and middle periods but enhanced in the latter period of weaning and that CART may play an important role in the appetite-suppressing effect.

Isolated and Combined Effects of Moderate Normobaric Hypoxia and Sleep Restriction on Energy Intake and Food Reward.

Hypoxia (HY) and sleep deprivation have opposite effects on appetite. As HY may alter sleep, it may be informative to assess the accumulative effects of these two stressors on hunger, energy intake (EI), and food reward. Seventeen young, active, healthy males completed four 5-hr sessions in normoxia (NO) or normobaric HY (FIO2 = 13.6%, ∼3,500m) after a night of habitual sleep (HS; total sleep time >6hr) or sleep restriction (SR; total sleep time <3hr). Subjective appetite was assessed regularly using visual analogic scales and EI during an ad libitum lunch after 3.5hr of exposure. Food reward was assessed using the Leeds Food Preference Questionnaire just before the lunch. As expected, EI was lower for the HY-HS (4.32 ± 0.71MJ; p = .048) and HY-SR (4.16 ± 0.68MJ, p = .013) sessions than the NO-HS (4.90 ± 0.84MJ) session without acute mountain sickness-related gastrointestinal symptoms. No significant effect of SR alone was observed (NO-SR: 4.40 ± 0.68MJ). Subjective appetite was not affected. Explicit liking for high-fat foods was higher with SR than HS (main effect: p = .002) and implicit wanting for high-fat foods was higher for the NO-SR, HY-HS, and HY-SR sessions than the NO-HS session (p < .006). Thus, acute SR did not modify subjective appetite or EI despite the increasing food reward for high-fat foods and did not alter the HY-induced changes of appetite or food reward.

Anxiety, depression, and quality of life of caregivers of palliative care patients with cancer

Highlights Caregivers tend to experience symptoms of overburden due to the informal nature of their work and lack of preparation for the physical and emotional challenges of caring for terminally ill patients. Anxiety and depression in caregivers can negatively impact areas of their lives, such as relationships, socialization, and work performance, especially for those who are employed as caregivers. Supporting the use of technologies among caregivers is essential to promote care access to information on guidelines for providing care. Mental health programs led by interdisciplinary teams are relevant to supporting family caregivers of terminally ill patients. Introduction: Palliative care has recently gained importance in the context of life-threatening diseases, such as cancer, that affect the mental health of patients and their caregivers. Psychological symptoms, such as anxiety and depression, are the most prevalent in this population. Objective: To determine the association between anxiety, depression, and quality of life of caregivers of palliative care patients with cancer. Materials and Methods: A quantitative, descriptive, and correlational design was used. A total of 190 primary caregivers recruited from Colombian hospitals and home care programs participated. The Quality of Life in Life-Threatening Illness-Family Carer (QOLLTI-FT) questionnaire, the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II), and the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) were used. The analysis was performed with SPSS Statistics 26.0, using descriptive and inferential statistics. Results: The predominant sex was female, and the level of education was high school. The mean age of the caregivers was 44.15 years, and the mean age of the patients was 64.51 years. The average time as a caregiver was 33.79 ± 64.77 months. The results show correlations between anxiety and caregiver status (p≤0.000), anxiety and ICT use (p≤0.006). There were also correlations between anxiety, quality of life, and caregiver status (p≤0.000) and between depression and total quality of life (p≤0.001). Discussion: Correlations were also found between depression and quality of life and between hours of daily care and the level of dependency of the cancer patient. This entails the need to manage the psychological symptoms as soon as the family member is diagnosed to prevent alterations in their quality of life that could affect their well-being. Conclusion: Caregivers with moderate or severe depression were more likely to report symptoms of sadness, punishment feelings, self-dislike, suicidal thoughts or wishes, indecisiveness, irritability, changes in appetite, concentration difficulty, and tiredness or fatigue. Among caregivers with mild depression, loss of interest in sex, agitation, and past failure were identified. Strategies for psycho-emotional counseling, education, and support for caregivers are needed. How to cite this article: Alvarado García Alejandra María, Vargas-Escobar Lina María, Arias-Rojas Mauricio, Avendaño-Vásquez Carlos Javier, Consuegra-Pareja Cesar Antonio. Anxiety, depression, and quality of life of caregivers of palliative care patients with cancer. Revista Cuidarte. 2025;16(1):e3670. https://doi.org/10.15649/cuidarte.3670

Altered food liking in depression is driven by macronutrient composition.

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is characterized by changes in appetite and body weight as well as blunted reward sensitivity (‘anhedonia’). However, it is not well understood which mechanisms are driving changes in reward sensitivity, specifically regarding food. Here, we used a sample of 117 participants (54 patients with MDD and 63 healthy control participants [HCPs]) who completed a food cue reactivity task with ratings of wanting and liking for 60 food and 20 non-food items. To evaluate which components of the food may contribute to altered ratings in depression, we tested for associations with macronutrients of the depicted items. In line with previous studies, we found reduced ratings of food wanting (p=.003) but not liking (p=.23) in patients with MDD compared to matched HCPs. Adding macronutrient composition to the models of wanting and liking substantially improved their fit (ps<.001). Compared to carbohydrate-rich foods, patients with MDD reported lower liking and wanting ratings for high-fat and high-protein foods. Moreover, patients with MDD showed weaker correlations in their preferences for carbohydrate- versus fat- or protein-rich foods (ps<.001), pointing to potential disturbances in metabolic signaling. To conclude, our results suggest that depression-related alterations in food reward ratings are more specific to the macronutrient composition of the food than previously anticipated, hinting at disturbances in gut–brain signaling. These findings raise the intriguing question of whether interventions targeting the gut could help normalize aberrant reward signals for foods rich in fat or protein.

Prevalence of Depressions and Its Association with Symptoms among Convicted Male Inmates at District Jail Attock

Depressive disorders are characterized by sadness, loss of interest, feelings of guilt or low self-worth, disturbed sleep or appetite, feelings of tiredness, and poor concentration. Mental disorders, including depression, are prevalent globally, particularly in prison populations, where conditions exacerbate existing issues. This study aims to assess the level of depression among convicted male prisoners aged 18-50 years in Attock prison using the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI).The primary objective is to find out the prevalence of depression and examine the association between depression and somatic symptoms and sociodemographic variables. A cross-sectional survey was conducted with 109 prisoner samples calculated through Open-Epi and selected through Convenience Sampling with random selection technique. A validated structured questionnaire was prepared which contains three sections i.e. demographic data, somatic symptoms of depression, and BDI. SPSS version 29 was used for data analysis where Chi-square, phi, and p-values were calculated to assess the statistical significance of the association between depression and various factors. A level of p &lt; 0.05 was used to assess significance. The prevalence of depression was Normal (11.9%), Mild-mood disturbance (19.3%), Border-line depression (22.9%), Moderate depression (35.8%), Severe depression (7.3%), and Extreme depression (2.8%).Changes in appetite, lethargy, suicidal thoughts, mood changes, and sleep disturbances were strongly correlated with the severity of depression scores p &lt; 0.05 while others like loss of interest and use of drugs/alcohol show only moderate association. Thus, study findings reveal also that 68.8% of inmates suffer from depression with 22.9% falling in the range of borderline clinical depression. There is an urgent need for targeted interventions to reduce depression rates among prisoners for societal well-being. The BDI proves to be an effective tool for measuring depression in this population.

LIGHT EXPOSURE IN NURSING HOME RESIDENTS WITH DEMENTIA: IMPACT ON AFFECT AND NEUROBEHAVIORAL SYMPTOMS

Abstract Persons with dementia are at a higher risk for circadian disturbances and need more bright light to regulate circadian rhythm due to age-related vision deficiencies and reduced activity in suprachiasmatic nuclei. However, the impact of light exposure on nursing home (NH) residents with dementia has not been well evaluated. This secondary analysis examined the associations of daytime light exposure with affect and neurobehavioral symptoms in this population. Circadian stimulus (CS) was included as a lighting measure. Data of 13-week repeated measures were from a clinical trial with 27 residents with dementia. Participants wore light sensors to measure individual light exposure (lux, CCT, and CS) and Philadelphia Affect Rating Scale and Neuropsychiatric Inventory were used to assess affect and neurobehavioral symptoms every other week. Correlation and multilevel modeling (MLM) analyses were performed. Participants’ average age was 87 and 74% were female. Results showed that higher lux levels were significantly correlated with more contentment (r=0.162, p=0.0399) and less sadness (r=-0.185, p=0.0183), less depression (r=-0.157, p=0.0459), and less anxiety (r=-0.207, p=0.0081). Higher CCT levels were significantly correlated with less delusion (r=-0.182, p=0.0205) and appetite changes (r=-0.159, p=0.0434). Higher CS levels were significantly correlated with aberrant motor behavior (r=-0.171, p=0.0293) and anxiety (r=-0.210, p=0.0072). MLM showed that CS significantly predicted decreased aberrant motor behavior (β=-5.04, p&amp;lt; 0.05), nighttime behavior (β=-4.85, p&amp;lt; 0.05), and anxiety (β=-6.08, p&amp;lt; 0.05). The results revealed the importance of light exposure in this population. The findings can guide environmental design to improve affect and neurobehavioral symptoms for NH residents with dementia.

Abdominal Obesity Increases the Risk for Depression by Sex: A Nationwide Cohort Study in South Korea.

Previous studies have investigated obesity and appetite changes in patients with depression, which consisted of a small age range of adults and used body mass index rather than abdominal obesity. The objective of this study is to examine the relationship between abdominal obesity and the risk of depression by sex and age groups. This study utilized the National Health Insurance Sharing Service (NHISS) database of South Korea, which includes those over 20 years old and who had undergone a health examination in 2009 and their claims data between 2009 and 2018. The diagnosis of depressive episodes was based on the International Statistical Classification of Disease and Related Health Problems 10th revision. Abdominal obesity was measured by waist circumference (WC) and was divided into six levels (cm). Cox proportional-hazard regression analyses were conducted to examine the relationship between abdominal obesity and the risk of depression by sex and age groups. Among 9,041,751 participants, 1,376,279 were diagnosed with depression. Those with higher WC (90 cm or higher for males, 85 cm or higher for females) showed an increased risk for depression in both sexes (hazard ratio [HR]=1.09, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.07-1.11 for males, HR=1.03, 95% CI: 1.02-1.05 for females). Underweight males (WC<80 cm) also showed an increased risk for depression (HR=1.05, 95% CI: 1.04-1.05). It has been found that higher WC was associated with increased risks of depression in both sexes. Although underweight males showed an elevated risk of depression, a healthy weight is associated with fewer depression symptoms.

Overlooked consequences of undiagnosed Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder in Pakistani women.

Madam, Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD) is a depressive disorder which comprises psychological and somatic symptoms brought on by sensitivity to fluctuations in the levels of female sex hormones throughout the menstrual cycle.1 Symptoms of PMDD present at the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle and usually resolve at the end of menstruation.1 These include but are not limited to affective lability and an increase in anxiety, anger and depressive episodes. Women with PMDD may also experience certain physical symptoms that deviate from normal physiological mechanisms such as lethargy, hypersomnia or insomnia and changes in appetite.1 Women worldwide struggle with self-harm and suicidal ideation; however, new studies suggest a possible correlation between these mental health issues and the prevalence of menstrual disorders like PMDD. A 2021 meta-analysis conducted by Divya Prasad et al. indicated that PMDD increases the likelihood of suicide attempt by almost sevenfold and of ideation by fourfold.2 The findings of this study raise grave concerns in countries such as Pakistan where discussions and studies related to both menstrual disorders and mental health are limited. A study on PMDD incidence in Pakistan's general population found no research on the topic. However, a cross-sectional study in three Karachi universities revealed that only 19% of female students were aware of PMDD, highlighting the country's lack of awareness and the taboo associated with menstruation in Pakistan's conservative society.3 Cultural perspectives often overlook PMDD symptoms due to the belief that women experience moodiness and sensitivity during menstruation. This generalization disregards hormonal pathology and views PMDD as a natural physiological phenomenon. This issue affects Pakistani women and physicians, as women may be influenced by this ideology, not considering their symptoms significant enough to warrant treatment. The Pakistani community can benefit from investigating the prevalence of PMDD in rural and urban areas to identify differential factors affecting symptoms and exacerbation. Studies have shown that higher perceived stress is linked to increased perimenstrual symptoms in women with PMDD.4 Future studies should measure the knowledge gap in physicians regarding PMDD's diagnostic criteria to prevent misdiagnosis. Recent findings highlight a single gene polymorphism in the ESR1 gene and contradictory neurobiological effects of Allopregnanolone on GABA-A receptors in women experiencing PMDD.5 This validates the symptoms experienced by women, protecting them from biased dismissals and societal stereotypes. These advancements could reduce healthcare gender disparity and foster confidence in seeking suitable treatment. Continued...

Satiety-enhancing placebo intervention decreases selective attention to food cues

BackgroundAs placebo interventions could influence appetite and satiety in first studies, they are a promising tool for the future treatment of obesity. Furthermore, individuals with heightened body weight show increased selective attention for food cues. This study aimed to investigate whether placebo induced changes of appetite and satiety can affect attention allocation and to examine correlating factors.MethodsIn a double-blind design, 63 healthy participants were randomized into one of three groups: the enhanced appetite placebo group, the enhanced satiety placebo group, or the control group. Appetite and satiety were induced by administering a placebo capsule along with a group specific expectancy manipulation. One hour later, participants performed a visual probe task to measure attentional bias by comparing reaction times for different conditions. Correlations between reaction times and subjective hunger and satiety ratings, as well as current food craving and plasma ghrelin levels, were explored.ResultsThe induction of attentional bias toward non-food stimuli was successful in women in the enhanced satiety placebo group but not in the enhanced appetite placebo group. Women of the enhanced satiety placebo group showed significantly higher reaction times for food cues compared to non-food cues. Across conditions, reaction times were associated with subjective hunger ratings and current food craving in women. No attentional bias was induced in men in either placebo group.ConclusionPlacebo-induced satiety inhibited attention allocation toward food in healthy women, potentially mediated by reduced hunger and food craving. Placebo effects on satiety could thus be demonstrated on a highly complex cognitive process.

Heterogeneous appetite patterns in depression: computational modeling of nutritional interoception, reward processing, and decision-making.

Accurate interoceptive processing in decision-making is essential to maintain homeostasis and overall health. Disruptions in this process have been associated with various psychiatric conditions, including depression. Recent studies have focused on nutrient homeostatic dysregulation in depression for effective subtype classification and treatment. Neurophysiological studies have associated changes in appetite in depression with altered activation of the mesolimbic dopamine system and interoceptive regions, such as the insular cortex, suggesting that disruptions in reward processing and interoception drive changes in nutrient homeostasis and appetite. This study aimed to explore the potential of computational psychiatry in addressing these issues. Using a homeostatic reinforcement learning model formalizing the link between internal states and behavioral control, we investigated the mechanisms by which altered interoception affects homeostatic behavior and reward system activity via simulation experiments. Simulations of altered interoception demonstrated behaviors similar to those of depression subtypes, such as appetite dysregulation. Specifically, reduced interoception led to decreased reward system activity and increased punishment, mirroring the neuroimaging study findings of decreased appetite in depression. Conversely, increased interoception was associated with heightened reward activity and impaired goal-directed behavior, reflecting an increased appetite. Furthermore, effects of interoception manipulation were compared with traditional reinforcement learning parameters (e.g., inverse temperature β and delay discount γ), which represent cognitive-behavioral features of depression. The results suggest that disruptions in these parameters contribute to depressive symptoms by affecting the underlying homeostatic regulation. Overall, this study findings emphasize the importance of integrating interoception and homeostasis into decision-making frameworks to enhance subtype classification and facilitate the development of effective therapeutic strategies.

Abordagem diagnóstica e terapêutica em enteropatia inflamatória crônica felina

Chronic Inflammatory Enteropathy in cats is defined by idiopathic chronic gastrointestinal inflammation, with clinical signs of vomiting, weight loss, diarrhea and changes in appetite for more than 3 weeks. The etiopathogenesis is unknown, but it is believed to be related to the intestinal microbiome, environmental and genetic factors and the immune system. Diagnosis involves eliminating other causes with similar gastrointestinal clinical signs through laboratory, fecal, abdominal ultrasound and histopathological examinations. Histopathological examination is performed using intestinal biopsy samples and is the gold standard for diagnosis of this pathology. Differentiating between chronic inflammatory enteropathy and low-grade alimentary lymphoma is a challenge, requiring immunohistochemistry and clonality tests in some cases. Treatment is based on dietary changes, use of antibiotics and immunosuppressants. Complementary therapies such as probiotics, prebiotics, omegas, cobalamin, fecal microbiota transplantation and mesenchymal stem cells are being studied. This paper will review the etiopathogenesis, clinical signs, physical examination, diagnostic methods, treatment and prognosis of chronic inflammatory enteropathy in cats.

Side Effects of Psychotropic Medications Experienced by a Community Sample of People Living With Severe and Persistent Mental Illness.

Psychotropic medications are a common treatment modality for people living with severe and persistent mental illness (SPMI). While effective in reducing relapse and hospitalisation, psychotropic medications cause numerous side effects, varying in nature and severity. Identification and management of side effects is crucial in the ongoing management of SPMI. To characterise the side effects of psychotropic medications, experienced by a sample of consumers living with SPMI, using a validated tool. Consumers with SPMI living in the community were recruited from all 25 community pharmacies across four Australian regions, which were allocated to the intervention arm of the Bridging the Gap between Physical and Mental Illness (PharMIbridge) randomised controlled trial (RCT). Responses to the My Medicines & Me Questionnaire (M3Q). Consumers (n = 156) most frequently reported side effects in the categories of sleep-related side effects (80.8%, n = 126), mood-related side effects (75.6%, n = 118) and weight and appetite changes (60.3%, n = 107). Daytime somnolence was the most reported individual side effect (68.6%, n = 107). Mood-related side effects were ranked as the most bothersome, followed by sleep-related side effects and weight and appetite changes. More than one-quarter (29.5%, n = 46) of consumers reported choosing not to take their medications due to side effects. Consumers more frequently told family and friends about the side effects rather than healthcare professionals. An overwhelming majority of consumers experienced at least one side effect attributed to their psychotropic medication, with many experiencing multiple. These findings highlight the critical need to regularly engage with consumers to discuss, identify and manage side effects to treatment burden, reduce risk of non-adherence and improve their treatment experience. The PharMIbridge RCT included a training programme and intervention service that was co-designed and co-delivered with people with lived experience of mental illness. The research team, expert advisory panel and mentors who supported the delivery and implementation of the training and intervention included participants who have lived experience of mental illness or caring for someone with mental illness. ANZCTR12620000577910.

Phytochemical analysis of some indigenous plant extract with their toxicological and behavioural functions in wister albino rats (Berkenhout)

In the present investigation we explored out three indigenous medicinal plants viz. Ailenthus excelsa, Calotropis procera and Chenopodium album from local region for toxicity as well as behavioural aspect to distinguished the efficacy of medicinal purposes in the wister albino rats (Berkenhout). Safety and toxicity trials in wistar albino rats at highest dose rate (150 mg/ kg body weight) showed that there was slight variation in phytochemical analysis. In case of behavioural changes Calotropis procera (leaves) extract showing moderate effect while in case of Ailenthus excelsa (leaves) and Chenopodium album (seeds) showing mild effect on scratching, thirst and salivation with no change in appetite, defecation, grazing was observed. In dermal toxicity trials there was no irritation, wound and other effects, while in case of eye toxicity redness and tear formation was seen when extract of Ailenthus excelsa (leaves), Calotropis procera (leaves) were used as compared to control rats. Considering all these results it is revealed that these plants have been used for herbal formulation without any toxicity trials. Hence, it is boon for herbal formulation for curing various diseases.. KEYWORDS :Toxicity, Behaviour, Ailenthus excels, Calotropis procera, Chenopodium album

Cannabis use and binge eating among young adults: The role of depressive symptoms.

Cannabis use and binge eating among young adults: The role of depressive symptoms.