Changes In Root Length Research Articles

Does the Timing of Orthognathic Surgery Affect the Level of External Root Resorption?: Surgery-First Approach Versus Conventional Orthognathic Surgery.

This study aimed to compare external root resorption levels, both linearly and areally, on panoramic radiographs in Class III patients whose treatment was completed with the conventional orthognathic surgery and the surgery-first approach. The study included 20 patients (10 female, 10 male; 23.98±2.63y) treated with conventional orthognathic surgery and 18 patients (8 female, 10 male; 27.5±3.42y) treated with surgery-first approach was included. Linear and area measurements were made on the digital panoramic radiographs taken before and at the end of the treatment of 38 patients who constituted the sample of the study. The mean changes observed in each group were evaluated using a paired t test. The chronological ages, skeletal features (type of Class III malocclusion), treatment durations, initial values, and mean changes that occurred in each group were compared using independent t test. When the changes in root lengths and root surface areas were evaluated in all teeth in both groups, a significant loss in size was measured (P<0.001). More resorption was observed in teeth 12 and 22 in the conventional surgery group (P<0.05). When the amount of resorption in both groups was compared, there was significantly more resorption in tooth number 12 in the conventional surgery group (P<0.05). The study showed that there was external root resorption in all teeth in both protocols, but the root lengths of the lateral teeth were shortened more in both groups.

Comparative evaluation of alveolar bone remodeling and root length changes in fixed appliances versus clear aligners: A retrospective cohort study on skeletal Class III malocclusion treatment

The retrospective study examined changes in the root length and alveolar bone surrounding maxillary incisors in patients with skeletal Class III malocclusion treated by surgical orthodontic treatment with either fixed appliances (FAs) or clear aligners (CAs). A total of 60 subjects were divided based on appliance type used. Cone beam computed tomography scans were taken at three stages: before treatment, after presurgical orthodontic treatment, and post-treatment for both groups. Vertical alveolar bone level and horizontal alveolar bone thickness (ABT) were measured at four heights (3, 6, and 9 mm from the cementoenamel junction, and the root apex), along with root length, at these time points. Both groups showed a decrease in root length, with the CA group experiencing a significantly smaller reduction (0.4 ± 0.79 mm) compared with the FA group (0.64 ± 0.8 mm; P = 0.02). The FA group demonstrated more significant reduction in palatal ABT (P < 0.05) and greater root resorption, whereas the CA group exhibited considerable labial marginal bone resorption (P = 0.007) and a notable decrease in labiolingual inclination (P = 0.042). The findings suggest that FA and CA might lead to decreased ABT and significant root resorption, with FA therapy likely resulting in more pronounced effects. Both modalities led to notable vertical bone loss, particularly, on the labial side of the maxillary incisors in the CA group during postsurgical orthodontic treatment. Preventing iatrogenic deterioration of periodontal support surrounding the incisors is crucial during presurgical and postsurgical phases.

Nd: YAG laser irradiation in the treatment of live pulp preservation in pediatric cariogenic pulpitis.

Dental pulpitis significantly impacts oral function and quality of life. Treatments like direct pulp capping aim to preserve pulp vitality. This study aims to investigate the application value of Nd:YAG laser irradiation in preserving pulp vitality in children with caries-induced pulpitis. This study, conducted from June 2019 to June 2023, included 89 children undergoing pulp vitality preservation treatment for caries-induced pulpitis. The children were divided into two groups using sealed envelopes: 44 in the control group received pulp capping treatment, while the study group received Nd:YAG laser-assisted pulp capping treatment. The efficacy, oral indicators, oral function, changes in root apex diameter and root length, changes in gingival crevicular fluid inflammatory factors, and incidence of complications were compared between the two groups before and 3 months after treatment. The total effective rates were 97.78% in the study group and 95.45% in the control group, with no significant difference between the groups (p> 0.05). Before treatment, there were no differences in gingival index, plaque index, and probing bleeding index between the groups (p> 0.05). After treatment, both groups showed decreased periodontal indexes compared to before treatment, with the study group showing lower values than the control group (p< 0.05). Chewing and biting function scores were similar between the groups before and after treatment (p> 0.05), but both groups showed decreased scores after treatment (p< 0.05). The study group had a higher percentage decrease in root apex diameter and a greater increase in root length compared to the control group (p< 0.05). During treatment, one case of tooth discoloration occurred in the study group (2.27%), while the control group had two cases of tooth discoloration and one case of secondary caries, resulting in a complication rate of 6.67%. There was no significant difference in the incidence of complications between the groups (p> 0.05). Nd:YAG laser irradiation effectively preserves pulp vitality in children with caries-induced pulpitis, improving periodontal health, reducing root apex diameter, and increasing root length with high safety.

More molar distal movement than pretreatment cone-beam computed tomography posterior space available at the root level in mandibular dentition distalization with microimplants.

To compare the mandibular posterior space available before treatment and the distance of molar distalization achieved after mandibular dentition distalization with microimplants. A total of 66 Class I or III adult patients (mean age = 24.46 ± 4.89 years) who underwent molar distalization using microimplants were retrospectively included. The posterior space available distal to the second molar before treatment and the distance of distalization achieved after treatment were measured using axial cone-beam computed tomography images (0, 2, 4, and 6 mm apical to the second molar root furcation). Changes in lingual cortical thickness and molar root length after treatment were examined. Paired t-test or Wilcoxon signed-rank test was performed to compare measurements before and after treatment. Spearman correlation analysis was performed to assess the relationship between thinning of the cortical plate and root resorption. Achieved distalization distance was significantly greater than pretreatment posterior space available by 0.8 mm at all root levels (P < .001). The difference was greater toward the root apex level and greater in the Class III group than the Class I group. Lingual cortical thickness was significantly decreased after treatment along with resorption of the second molar distal root (P < .001). In addition, a positive correlation was found between thinning of the cortical plate and distal root resorption of the molar (P < .001). Achieved distalization distance of the mandibular molar using microimplants was greater than the pretreatment posterior space available. Thinning of the lingual cortex and root resorption were observed after distalization.

Tillage Practices Effect on Root Distribution and Variation of Soil CO2 Emission under Different Cropping Strategies

Conservation soil management strategies, particularly no-tillage and cropping strategies, have become an effective and widely adopted practice that has a direct influence on root parameters and mitigation of greenhouse gasses. However, the effect of different tillage and cropping strategies on root growth in field conditions is rarely studied. The study aimed to quantify and characterise the relationship between root network development and CO2 emission and how these parameters are affected by different cropping and tillage strategies. Five different crop rotations were tested, with or without the inclusion of catch crops (CC), by growing them in the soil where different tillage practices were applied. Selected cropping strategies differed among themselves in terms of the frequency of CC grown per rotation. The data revealed that in NT treatments, the CO2 emission (both autotrophic and heterotrophic simultaneously) was 25% higher than in CT. The cropping strategies were identified as an important factor influencing CO2 emissions. An increase in CO2 emission varied between 30 and 35% depending on the share of legume and CC inclusion. The frequency of CC grown per rotation has had an effect on the rate of CO2 emission. The cropping strategy when CC was grown every year showed the lowest amount of CO2 (by 26%), while in other cropping strategies, when CC was grown once or twice per rotation, significantly higher CO2 emissions were observed. Root growth and their development were significantly affected (p &lt; 0.05) by soil depth and cropping strategies concerning root length and root volume changes. The inclusion of CC into the rotations led towards a decrease in root volume (by 21%). Root length (R2 = 0.45; p &lt; 0.05) and root volume (R2 = 0.82; p &lt; 0.05) had a significant impact on soil CO2 emissions. The results collected from 2021 to 2023 experiments indicated that cropping strategies and CC management areas are important tools not only for the improvement of root parameters but also for understanding how they affect CO2 emissions. The main message for stakeholders is that the cropping strategies diversification with the inclusion of CC every year in a winter oil-seed rape, spring wheat and pea crop rotation (R/W/P + CC) had demonstrated the possibilities to reduce CO2 emission and improve the root network parameters as compared to the monoculture strategy.

Changes in Organic Acid Composition, Proton Efflux and Root Length in Rice Genotypes Differing in Grain Zinc Accumulation Efficiency

Changes in Organic Acid Composition, Proton Efflux and Root Length in Rice Genotypes Differing in Grain Zinc Accumulation Efficiency

Integrated Transcriptomic and Metabolomic Analysis Reveals the Molecular Regulatory Mechanism of Flavonoid Biosynthesis in Maize Roots under Lead Stress.

Flavonoids are secondary metabolites that play important roles in the resistance of plants to abiotic stress. Despite the widely reported adverse effects of lead (Pb) contamination on maize, the effects of Pb on the biosynthetic processes of flavonoids in maize roots are still unknown. In the present work, we employed a combination of multi-omics and conventional assay methods to investigate the effects of two concentrations of Pb (40 and 250 mg/kg) on flavonoid biosynthesis in maize roots and the associated molecular regulatory mechanisms. Analysis using conventional assays revealed that 40 and 250 mg/kg Pb exposure increased the lead content of maize root to 0.67 ± 0.18 mg/kg and 3.09 ± 0.02 mg/kg, respectively, but they did not result in significant changes in maize root length. The multi-omics results suggested that exposure to 40 mg/kg of Pb caused differential expression of 33 genes and 34 metabolites related to flavonoids in the maize root system, while 250 mg/kg of Pb caused differential expression of 34 genes and 31 metabolites. Not only did these differentially expressed genes and metabolites participate in transferase activity, anthocyanin-containing compound biosynthetic processes, metal ion binding, hydroxyl group binding, cinnamoyl transferase activity, hydroxycinnamoyl transferase activity, and flavanone 4-reductase activity but they were also significantly enriched in the flavonoid, isoflavonoid, flavone, and flavonol biosynthesis pathways. These results show that Pb is involved in the regulation of maize root growth by interfering with the biosynthesis of flavonoids in the maize root system. The results of this study will enable the elucidation of the mechanisms of the effects of lead on maize root systems.

The applicability of scanner method to investigate rhizosphere in wetlands

Temporal changes in rhizosphere, including roots and rhizomes, are prerequisites for understanding plant community dynamics, while observation methods have room for development. Monitoring roots and rhizomes by non-destructive methods is desirable, particularly in wetlands, because plants often develop shallow roots that are determined by the water level. Here, we examined the applicability of flatbed scanner method, which allows for least destructive monitoring. The examination was performed on a post-mined peatland in Sarobetsu mire, northern Japan, where herbaceous plants are dominant. Photos (297 mm in height × 216 mm in width) were taken periodically using a scanner in transparent boxes installed in peat layers from 2020 to 2023. Most photos taken by the scanner showed clear for image analyses and were analyzed for temporal changes in root area and length of dominant species. Although root extraction was conducted automatically using open-source software, manual operations were required to increase root detectability and identification. The belowground plant organs were separated into main roots, fine roots, adventitious roots and rhizomes. The roots were mostly distributed within the photo planes, except for the deep rhizomes of Phragmites australis, indicating that this method captured most roots. In total, 62% of the roots were distributed above the groundwater level of which average was 7 cm below the peat surface. The examined species fluctuated in root area and length with upward trends and developed at different depths. We conclude that the scanner method proposed in this study is applicable to monitoring root dynamics, evaluated by the recruitment and growth at species level for the long term and provides a new insight into understanding rhizosphere dynamics in wetland ecosystems.

A study on effects of cell phone tower-emitted non-ionizing radiations in an Allium cepa test system.

Considering enormous growth in population, technical advancement, and added reliance on electronic devices leading to adverse health effects, in situ simulations were made to evaluate effects of non-ionizing radiations emitted from three cell phone towers (T1, T2, and T3) of frequency bands (800, 1800, 2300MHz), (900, 1800, 2300MHz), and (1800MHz), respectively. Five sites (S1-S5) were selected near cell phone towers exhibiting different power densities. The site with zero power density was considered as control. Effects of radiations were studied on morphology; protein content; antioxidant enzymes like ascorbate peroxidase (APX), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), guaiacol peroxidase (POD), and glutathione reductase (GR); and genotoxicity using Allium cepa. Mean power density (μW/cm2) was recorded as 1.05, 1.18, 1.6, 2.73, and 12.9 for sites 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5, respectively. A significant change in morphology, root length, fresh weight, and dry weight in Allium cepa was observed under the exposure at different sites. Protein content of roots showed significant difference for samples at all sites while bulbs at sites S4 and S5 when compared to control. Antioxidant activity for root in terms of APX, GST, and POD showed significant changes at S4 and S5 and GR at site S5 and SOD at S1, S2, S3, S4, and S5. Similarly, bulbs showed significant changes at sites S4 and S5 for APX while at sites S3, S4, and S5 for POD and S2, S3, S4, and S5 for SOD and S5 for GR and GST. Genotoxicity study has shown induction of abnormalities at different stages of the cell cycle in Allium cepa root tips. The samples under exposure to radiation with maximum power density have shown maximum induction of oxidative stress and genotoxicity.

Comparison of the impact of orthodontic treatment on pulp volume in adolescents and adults

Objective: To compare the impact of orthodontic treatment on pulp volume in adolescents and adults. Methods: Cone-beam CT data of 62 patients undergoing orthodontic treatment at the Department of Orthodontics, Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, from January 2019 to March 2022 were collected. Patients were divided into two age groups (31 patients in each group): adolescent group (aged 13-17, 17 males and 14 females) and adult group (aged 21-25, 12 males and 19 females). Pre-and post-treatment reconstructions of the pulp and dental tissues of upper first molars (UM1) and lower central incisors (L1) were performed. Measurements included pulp volume for UM1 (UM1 P) and L1 (L1 P), pulp chamber volume (UM1 PC) and root canal volume (UM1 RC) for UM1, root length for L1 (L1 RL), and mesiobuccal root length for UM1 (UM1 RL), as well as chamber heights at specific landmarks [the lengths from the central fossa fusion site to the roof of the pulp chamber (H1), the floor of the pulp chamber (H2), the nearest point of root divergence as well as crown-root bifurcation (H3), the farthest point of root divergence (H4), and the pulp chamber height (H5)] in UM1. Changes in these indices were calculated and analyzed using paired and independent sample t-tests for within-group and between-group differences, respectively. Pearson correlation was used to assess potential associations among H5, root length, and pulp volume changes. Results: Before and after orthodontic treatment, no significant difference was observed in the adult group for L1 P (t=-0.03, P=0.975), while significant differences were noted for UM1 P, UM1 PC, and UM1 RC (t=9.98, P<0.001; t=9.04, P<0.001; t=6.69, P<0.001). In the adolescent group, significant differences were found for both L1 P and UM1 P (t=2.25, P=0.029; t=6.30, P<0.001). After orthodontic treatment, the absolute value changes of UM1 P, UM1 PC, and L1 P in the adolescent group were (19.75±9.58), (15.07±7.65) and (1.89±6.29) mm3, respectively, and in the adult group were (13.33±9.41), (9.16±7.05) and (0.02±4.66) mm3, respectively (t=3.77, P<0.001; t=4.48, P<0.001; t=2.34, P=0.048). There was no significant absolute difference in the amount of UM1 RC between the two groups after orthodontic treatment (t=0.86, P=0.391). Before and after orthodontic treatment, the absolute value changes of L1 RL, H1 and H5 in the adolescent group were (0.54±0.41), (0.38±0.27) and (0.71±0.33) mm, respectively, and the absolute value changes in the adult group were (0.78±0.62), (0.26±0.20) and (0.57±0.28) mm, respectively (t=-2.43, P=0.017; t=2.96, P=0.004; t=2.57, P=0.011). Whereas no significant differences were observed for UM1 RL, H2, H3, and H4 (t=-0.85, P=0.400; t=0.43, P=0.669; t=-0.50, P=0.619; t=1.46, P=0.148). Additionally, significant correlations were found between changes in H5 and UM1 RL with UM1 P (r=0.35, P<0.001; r=0.19, P=0.030), but not between Changes in L1 RL and L1 P (r=0.11, P>0.05). Conclusions: The effect of orthodontic treatment on pulp volume in adolescents and adults were different.

Biological Control Effect of Antagonistic Bacteria on Potato Black Scurf Disease Caused by Rhizoctonia solani

Potato black scurf, caused by Rhizoctonia solani, is a severe soil-borne disease that affects the quality and production of potatoes worldwide. In our study, we used Paenibacillus polymyxa YF and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens HT to determine the antagonistic ability of R. solani, with a particular focus on the antagonistic action of P. polymyxa YF to R. solani and its biocontrol effect on potato black scurf. In fermentation, filtrate assay, 50% filtrate of P. polymyxa YF and B. amyloliquefaciens HT inhibited the growth of R. solani by 85.55% and 82.86%, respectively. Microscopic observations showed notable morphological changes with mycelial collapse, atrophy, and deformation following treatment with the antagonistic filtrates. Moreover, cell membrane permeability results showed increased conductivity in bacteria-treated samples compared to the control. P. polymyxa YF exhibited stable colonization on potato plants and secreted various extracellular enzymes (protease, amylase, and cellulase), along with the synthetic substances with growth-promoting effects, such as siderophores and Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA). Whether it is in the excised tissue inoculation or potted experiment, the negative control showed the highest rank of disease symptoms. In the pot experiment, after YF treatment, physiological parameters showed remarkable changes in plant height, root length, stem thickness, and dry and fresh weight. Compared to blank control, the activities of the four resistant enzymes increased significantly in the P. polymyxa YF treatment group. The upregulation in the P. polymyxa YF group was 4.04, 0.54, 0.46, and 3.10 times, respectively. PCR analysis identified genes in both bacterial strains coding for antimicrobial lipopeptides, including fenB, ituC, and srfAA, which are associated with fengycin, iturin, and surfactin synthesis. These findings demonstrated that P. polymyxa YF has a prominent antagonistic effect on R. solani, suggesting its potential as an effective biological control agent for controlling potato black scurf.

Cone-beam computed tomographic evaluation of biodentine apexification for traumatized necrotic immature permanent incisors: One-year clinical study

Aim: The aim of this study was to assess the outcome of biodentine apexification for the management of traumatized immature teeth with necrotic pulp over a period of 12 months. Methods: Eighty-five human maxillary incisors with traumatized immature necrotic pulp in patients aged 10–50 years were selected for this study. Root canal treatment was initiated and the biodentine apexification procedure was performed in a single appointment for all teeth. Intraoral preoperative and postoperative periapical radiographs were used to assess periapical (PA) changes, changes in root length (RL), and radiographic root area (RRA). Preoperative and postoperative cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) images were used to assess the three-dimensional (3D) volumetric changes. Patients were recalled at 12 months posttreatment for the evaluation of clinical symptom, percussion, and palpation examination. Descriptive statistics was computed for preoperative demographic, patient-centric data, and treatment success. Paired t-test was used to compare the preoperative and 12-month postoperative changes in RRA, RL, and 3D volumetric changes of the parameters. Results: Forty-eight out of the 49 teeth that completed the study were asymptomatic and functional. Comparing the preoperative and the 12-month review radiographs using the periapical index scores based on the size of the lesion, completely healed lesions were 79.16% while lesions in the process of healing were 20.83%. There was a significant (P &lt; 0.05) increase in RL (14.17%), RRA (40.87%), and dentin volume (26.63%). Conclusion: 3D volumetric analysis suggests that biodentine apexification has the ability to deposit hard tissue 3-dimensionally, and it is an effective alternative to the conventional apexification materials.

The effect of calcium hydroxide and double antibiotic paste on radiographic outcomes and periapical MMP-8 levels in regenerative endodontic procedures: a randomized clinical trial.

The primary goal is to evaluate the effects of two different intracanal medicaments, calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2] and double antibiotic paste (DAP), on radiographic outcomes during regenerative endodontic procedures (REP) of immature permanent mandibular first molars with symptomatic irreversible pulpitis and symptomatic apical periodontitis (SIP/SAP). Additionally, the secondary goal was to evaluate MMP-8 levels during REP using two different intracanal medicaments. The study included 20 patients with immature mandibular first molars exhibiting SIP/SAP. Participants were randomly assigned into two groups based on the applied intracanal medicament. Ca(OH)2 (n=10) was prepared by mixing it with sterile distilled water, while the same amount of powdered metronidazole and ciprofloxacin were mixed and combined with sterile distilled water for DAP (n=10). MMP-8 in periapical samples were measured at baseline and on the 14th day using immunofluorometric assay. Image-J software with TurboReg plug-in was utilized to determine changes in root length, root width, radiographic root area (RRA) during the 12-month follow-up period. Data were analyzed by SPSS 25.0 (p<.05). Significant increase in MMP-8 on the 14th day compared to baseline in both groups (p<0.001). There was no significant difference between the two groups in terms of the increase in MMP-8 (p>0.05). Root length significantly increased in both groups (p=0.001), with Ca(OH)2 showing a greater increase (p=0.046). Root width and RRA increased similarly in both groups at 12th month. Both Ca(OH)2 and DAP applications resulted in a significant increase in periapical MMP-8 levels. Increase in radiographic root width and root area was similar between two groups, but Ca(OH)2 led to a significantly greater increase in root length. Further studies with larger sample sizes are necessary to validate our findings during REP of vital immature permanent mandibular molars. Clinical Trials database: NCT05581706.

Influence of synthetic chelators and LMWOAs on the yield and quality attributes of Panicum maximum Jacq. (Poales: Poaceae) in chromium phytoextraction

Phytoextraction is a cost-effective technology for contaminated site remediation. The study was carried out to investigate the potential of Panicum maximum (Jacq.) to remediate Cr-contaminated soil in tannery industries. Using chromium chelators and hyperaccumulating plants (Guinea grass), efforts have been made to decontaminate the chromium-contaminated tannery sites. To evaluate, the pot experiment was conducted, and Guinea grass’s yield and quality parameters were analyzed. The changes in root length, shoot length, and number of tillers were studied for three months, and the maximum values were 12.6 cm, 163.6 cm, and 12.6 cm, respectively, in the treatment with citric acid. The fodder quality parameters such as crude protein (9.2%), crude fibre (27.24%), and green leaf yield (370.3 g/plant) were magnificent in the treatment with citric acid as the chelator. Indeed, maximum hexavalent chromium (2.94 ± 0.06) and total chromium (17.98 ± 0.05) were observed in the citric acid treatment. Among all the treatments analyzed, the low-molecular-weight organic acids (LMWOAs), especially citric acid at 5 mmol/kg, were the best ones that could be recommended for improving the chelating process in the phytoremediation of chromium by Guinea grass. However, among the synthetic chelators, EDTA has resulted in higher chromium chelation and yield attributes such as root length (10.7 cm), shoot length (153.6 cm), number of tillers (10.3), and quality parameters like Guinea grass such as crude protein (8.1%), crude fibre (28.03%), and green leaf yield (342.6 g/plant). The study indicates that the chelators are enhancing Guinea grass growth and incorporating that may assist in the phytoremediation process.

Does maxillary sinus proximity affect molar root resorption during distalization using Invisalign? a CBCT study

BackgroundThis study aimed to assess the correlation between maxillary sinus proximity to root apices of maxillary molars and root resorption during molar distalization using clear aligner therapy (CAT).Materials and methodsThirty-eight cone beam computed tomography scans (CBCTs) obtained pre- (T0) and post-treatment (T1) from 19 adult patients (36.68 ± 13.50 years), who underwent maxillary molar distalization using Invisalign® aligners (Align Technology, Inc., San José, CA, USA) with a minimum of 2 mm distalization, were evaluated in this study At least 22 h of aligner wear per day was a main inclusion criterion. Sinus proximity and changes in root lengths were measured for 61 molars (183 roots). Spearman coefficient analysis was used for assessing correlation between sinus proximity and root resorption. The level of significance was set at p ≤ 0.05. The reproducibility of measurements was assessed by intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC).ResultsSpearman coefficient revealed no significant correlation between sinus proximity and molar root resorption for mesiobuccal, distobuccal or palatal roots (p = 0.558, p = 0.334, p = 0.931, respectively).ConclusionThere was no correlation between maxillary sinus proximity to root apices of maxillary molars and root resorption.

Phosphate starvation regulates cellulose synthesis to modify root growth.

In the model plant Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), the absence of the essential macro-nutrient phosphate reduces primary root growth through decreased cell division and elongation, requiring alterations to the polysaccharide-rich cell wall surrounding the cells. Despite its importance, the regulation of cell wall synthesis in response to low phosphate levels is not well understood. In this study, we show that plants increase cellulose synthesis in roots under limiting phosphate conditions, which leads to changes in the thickness and structure of the cell wall. These changes contribute to the reduced growth of primary roots in low-phosphate conditions. Furthermore, we found that the cellulose synthase complex (CSC) activity at the plasma membrane increases during phosphate deficiency. Moreover, we show that this increase in the activity of the CSC is likely due to alterations in the phosphorylation status of cellulose synthases in low-phosphate conditions. Specifically, phosphorylation of CELLULOSE SYNTHASE 1 (CESA1) at the S688 site decreases in low-phosphate conditions. Phosphomimic versions of CESA1 with an S688E mutation showed significantly reduced cellulose induction and primary root length changes in low-phosphate conditions. Protein structure modeling suggests that the phosphorylation status of S688 in CESA1 could play a role in stabilizing and activating the CSC. This mechanistic understanding of root growth regulation under limiting phosphate conditions provides potential strategies for changing root responses to soil phosphate content.

Is Etiology a Key Factor for Regenerative Endodontic Treatment Outcomes?

IntroductionThis study aimed to evaluate treatment outcomes of regenerative endodontic treatment (RET) in nonvital immature permanent teeth due to developmental malformation and trauma, and to analyze the influence of etiology on the prognosis. MethodsFifty-five cases were included and divided into a malformation group (n = 33) and a trauma group (n = 22). Treatment outcomes were classified as healed, healing, and failure. Root development was evaluated in terms of root morphology and the percentage changes in root length, root width, and apical diameter during a follow-up period of 12–85 months (mean 30.8 months). ResultsThe mean age and the mean degree of root development in the trauma group were significantly younger than that in the malformation group. The success rate of RET was 93.9% (81.8% healed, 12.1% healing) in the malformation group and 90.9% (68.2% healed, 22.7% healing) in the trauma group, showing no statistically significant difference. The proportion of type I–III root morphology in the malformation group (97%, 32/33) was significantly higher than that in the trauma group (77.3%, 17/22) (P < .05), whereas there was no significant difference in the percentage changes of root length, root width, and apical diameter between the 2 groups. Six cases (6/55, 10.9%) showed no significant root development (type IV–V) (1 in the malformation group and 5 in the trauma group). Six cases (6/55, 10.9%) revealed intracanal calcification. ConclusionsRET achieved reliable outcomes regarding the healing of apical periodontitis and continued root development. The etiology seems to influence the outcome of RET. Malformation cases presented with a better prognosis than trauma cases after RET.

Outcome of Regenerative Endodontic Procedures in Nonvital Immature Permanent Teeth Using 2 Intracanal Medications: A Prospective Randomized Clinical Study

IntroductionThis randomized clinical trial aimed to assess and compare the long-term clinical and radiographic outcomes of regenerative endodontic procedures (REPs) in treating nonvital immature permanent teeth using 2 intracanal medicaments. MethodsForty-five patients yielding a total of 50 anterior and posterior nonvital immature teeth were randomly divided into 2 groups. REPs using either nonsetting calcium hydroxide (Ca[OH]2) (n = 25) or modified triple antibiotic paste (TAP) (n = 25) as intracanal medicaments were performed. NeoMTA Plus (Avalon Biomed Inc) was applied for coronal sealing. Cases were followed up clinically and radiographically for 36 months. The survival rate, success rate, and clinical outcome measures were analyzed. Preoperative and recall radiographs were evaluated for dimensional changes in root length, dentin thickness, apical diameter, and periapical radiolucency. ResultsAt the 36-month follow-up, the success and survival rates were 81.6% and 100%, respectively, in which 79.4% of cases showed complete resolution of periapical radiolucency with no significant difference between the nonsetting Ca(OH)2 and modified TAP groups (P > .050). The cumulative changes in root length, root dentin thickness, and apical diameter throughout the study period were observed in 47.9%, 77.1%, and 89.6% of cases, respectively, with no significant differences between groups (P ≥ .39). Intracanal calcifications were detected in 60% of cases with no significant difference between groups (P = .77). ConclusionsREPs, using either nonsetting Ca(OH)2 or modified TAP as the intracanal medicament, exhibited high success and survival rates over a follow-up period of 36 months with equally favorable clinical and radiographic outcome data.

Treatment outcomes of immature permanent necrotic evaginated teeth: A retrospective study comparing regenerative endodontic procedures with apexification.

Few studies have compared the outcomes of regenerative endodontic procedures (REPs) and calcium hydroxide apexification focusing on necrotic teeth with dens evaginatus. To qualitatively and quantitatively compare the treatment outcomes of REPs and calcium hydroxide apexification in teeth with dens evaginatus. Immature permanent necrotic evaginated teeth treated with REPs or calcium hydroxide apexification for a follow-up period of at least 12 months were included. Tooth success and survival rates were analyzed. Changes in radiographic root length, apical diameter, and radiographic root area (RRA) were quantified. Prognostic factors that might influence RRA were identified via multivariate linear regression analysis. A total of 112 teeth (50 REP cases and 62 apexification cases) with a median follow-up period of 26.5 months were included. Regenerative endodontic procedures and calcium hydroxide apexification exhibited similar satisfactory success and survival rates (p > .05). Additionally, 88 teeth were quantitatively analyzed. The REP group presented a significantly greater percentage increase in RRA and less decrease in apical diameter than the calcium hydroxide apexification group (p < .05). Teeth treated with REPs and with Stages 7 and 8 of root development showed a better gain in RRA (p < .05). While REP and calcium hydroxide apexification had similar success and survival rates, teeth with REPs showed an increase in RRA, indicating that REP is the preferred choice.

CBCT evaluation of apical root resorption in maxillary and mandibular anterior teeth in orthodontic patients

Introduction: One of the drawbacks of getting braces is root resorption. CBCT's high spatial resolution makes it a useful tool for gauging the extent to which external root resorption has occurred. Aim: Patients with bimaxillary protrusion receiving fixed orthodontic therapy will have CBCT scans taken of their upper and lower anterior teeth to check the degree of apical root re-sorption. Materials and Methods: This article focuses on retrospective data of 15 patients with dento-alveolar protrusion treated with all initial premolar extraction and fixed orthodontic mechanotherapy. Each patient had pretreatment &amp; post-retraction CBCT scans of upper and lower anteriors which were compared to measure changes in root length, root volume and root apex displacement. Results: Mean root length of maxillary and mandibular anteriors showed significant difference from pre-treatment to post-retraction. The root volume of maxillary anteriors and mandibular anteriors except for the root volume of mandibular lateral incisor showed statistically significantly decrease at post-retraction. Angular mean root apex displacement of canine and mandibular &amp; maxillary central incisor, also lateral incisor showed significant differences from pre-treatment to post-retraction. Conclusion: Roots of teeth can be altered with orthodontic therapy. After retraction, there was a decrease in root length in root volume, although these alterations were within a clinically feasible range.