Changes In Mode Of Production Research Articles

Palm Oil and the Dynamics of Community Changes: Lesson Learned From Aceh and West Kalimantan

This paper argue that many experiences have occurred as a result of the introduction of oil palm as a global phenomenon in the context of fulfilling vegetable oil resources as an alternative energy for the future. By using ethnographic methods both in the process of data collection, data analysis and data representation, the authors want to show that community changes are very dynamic in relation to their response to the presence of oil palm as a cash crop. The results of the study show that there are different categories of changes that have occurred in West Kalimantan and Aceh related to the expansion of oil palms. In West Kalimantan, with the strong customary law which is an everyday value, the process of change can still be traced in detail starting from changes in settlement patterns, changes in modes of production and the dynamics that occur from the process of changing modes of production from fields, rubber and oil palm. Meanwhile in Aceh, the process of massive palm oil expansion has raised issues related to labor relations in the industrial context.

Revisiting Aguabuena Pottery-making Through Discontinuity

Discontinuity plays an important role in the social and material world of Aguabuena potters, a small rural community in the Colombian Andes. Drawing on long-term ethnographic fieldwork, I explore the changes in modes of production and gender division of work during the last decades of the twentieth century and the fractures in space, memory, and materiality to address discontinuities in ceramic production. The wheel and its transformations are taken as an important factor of these processes. Against the common trend in the archaeology of Colombia to see pottery-making as a static craft, rooted in an indigenous past, this article aims to revisit ethnoarchaeological and ethnographic data to argue how cracks and gaps, besides empirical facts, can be seen as complex analytical lenses through which to embrace ruptures and less linear narratives.

FULL AUTOMATION IN ITS INFANCY: THE SITUATIONIST AVANT-GARDE BOOK FIN DE COPENHAGUE

This article discusses Fin de Copenhague, a Situationist book experiment from 1957 by Asger Jorn and Guy Debord. By way of a contextualizing archival study with special attention to Jorn’s contemporaneous book project Pour la forme, the article demonstrates that the Russian avant-garde book was a key influence if also a point of critical departure. On this reading, Fin de Copenhague marks a turn away from the unbridled technological optimism of the historical avant-garde. In its material implications and aesthetic choices, Fin de Copenhague draws attention to crucial changes in the capitalist mode of production and challenges the then nascent discourse about “full automation.”

Frozen Histories or Narratives of Change? Contextualizing Land-Use Dynamics for Conservation of Historical Rural Landscapes.

Current research has identified extensive changes in land-use structure and land management of Central European rural landscapes due to shifting political and economic trajectories. These changes are exemplified by diverse processes of agricultural intensification, privatization and land fragmentation, land abandonment and overall changes in modes of production. The extensive record of these historically specific processes has posed a fundamental challenge for rural landscape conservation, which is addressed in this paper. First, we identify the key contradictions in rural landscape conservation, which include (i) conservation based on cultural versus environmental/ecological values, (ii) conservation based on spatial landscape patterns versus individual landscape features, and (iii) conservation based on the preservation of past landscapes versus conservation that also address the processes of change. Subsequently, we use a case study of an existing open-air museum in Zubrnice, northern Czechia, to analyze and discuss these dichotomies. In this regional case study, we first contextualize the land-use/land-cover change (LULC) reconstructed from old maps using a thorough archive (documentary proxies) and field research (survey of agrarian terraces, clearance cairns, and remnants of orchards) that enabled the construction of a narrative of specific landscape structures and features. Finally, we integrate the collected data with a novel methodological approach that allow for the spatial identification of the landscape segments that represent the narratives of historical change in modes of rural production and are therefore suitable for integration within the existing open-air museum to improve its conservation and education status.

What’s in a name? That which we call a crisis? A commentary on Michael Young’s article ‘Overcoming the crisis in curriculum theory’

Michael Young’s article ‘Overcoming the crisis in curriculum theory: a knowledge-based approach’ (JCS, 45, 2) is discussed from the starting point that the claimed crisis is constructed from a decisive solution, that is the solution determines what is a crisis. But curriculum research and curriculum theory are in need of change. Curriculum research is discussed from an international and historical perspective. The focus is on how economic changes and changes in modes of production have created demands that have been met by an increasing trust in competition between schools and nations. Curriculum construction has been globalized. Curriculum research and curriculum theory ought to problematize and analyse these changes in the conditions for curriculum construction and the politics of education. It is insight into these changes that are needed as well as a serious discussion on the meaning and direction of formation (Bildung) as a framework for research on the knowledge that has to be selected and organized for teaching.

Film and the Mechanization of Time in the Myth of the Great War Canon

Military historians claim with some justice that, since 1960s, Front of 1914 to 1918 been partitioned into a Western Front of history and a Western Front of and culture, latter being profoundly (Badsey 51, 39). Much of blame for this state of affairs is fairly placed on Paul Fussell's very influential book of 1975, Great and Modern Memory, which played a major part in teaching of war's literature. In Stephen Badsey claims, Fussell and his followers argue that Front can only be understood as a uniquely unhistorical event, taking place outside time (43). Brian Bond more generally blames teachers of English rather than history, who still have more influence in shaping of views on First World War, through teaching of poetry, and from a narrow selection of poems, especially those of Owen and Sassoon (Unquiet 88). I largely agree with Bond about necessity and justice of Britain's participation in Great (2-13) and see real merit in his idea that popular notions of First World in general, and Britain's role in particular, were largely shaped in 1960s, in part reflecting very different concerns and political issues of that turbulent decade, but [also] in part resurrecting 'anti-war' beliefs of 1930s (51). As a teacher of English and an interdisciplinary scholar of Great War, I admit to being shocked on occasion by historical ignorance, not only of students but of colleagues with expertise in Canadian and/or Modern literatures. At same time, I am troubled by historian's uncomplicated reliance on fact versus fiction, as when Bond takes the famous official film Battle of Somme as clear-cut evidence that the film helped to give viewers some idea of what was really like, strengthening resolve to persevere to achieve victory (13), or when he insists that authors of war literature at end of 1920s were concerned with individual experience, not with public record (26). In analyzing form of Battle of Somme, I detect a rather different in this film because of its embedment in industrial process. Poets and novelists who were quite bitter about their individual experience were no less bitter about a film that hailed mechanized temporality of industrial assembly and its denaturing of human body. cinematic thus became a synecdoche for vast changes taking place in mode of production and in conditions of modern life. Here, it seems to me, military historians will have to do far better than carp at postmodern culture (Badsey 43) for popularizing a myth of Great that has displaced truth (Bond 77)--first, by ceasing to privilege referent over form in which it appears, and, second, by asking how cultural change may be linked to changes in mode of communication. In turn, literary scholars will have to take a more dialectical approach to processes of cultural transformation in order to show how changes in mode of communication are linked to changes in mode of production, a method that I failed to consider in previous work. The Myth of War According to British cultural historian Samuel Hynes, First World altered ways in which men and women thought not only about but about world, and about culture and its expressions (xi). As he sees it, That change was so vast and so abrupt as to make years after seem discontinuous from years before, and that discontinuity became a part of English imaginations (xi). Yet, when Hynes turns to cinema, its cultural impact, like that of print in first decade after war, looks very traditional. British Instructional Films, leading producer of film, was set up in 1919 to recreate key military campaigns of Great War. …

Dynamic Optimal Scheduling Method and Its Application for Converter Fault in Steelmaking and Continuous Casting Production Process

AbstractIn steelmaking and continuous casting (SMCC) production process, converter fault can lead to unexpected changes to the pre-specified converter-continuous caster production mode so that the original scheduling plan becomes unrealizable. In this paper, the dynamic scheduling problem in response to converter fault is firstly analyzed. This is then followed by the establishment of a novel multi-objective nonlinear programming model (MONPM) by introducing the production mode parameter α, production schedule parameter β and χ. The proposed method considers changes in production mode, production schedule of charge, the interval characteristics of processing time. In specific, a two-stage dynamic optimal scheduling method is proposed including the production path planning of charges (PPP) and the production time scheduling (PTS). As a result, a dynamic optimal scheduling software system (DOSSS) is developed and is successfully applied to the scheduling of the largest iron and steel company (BaoSteel) in China. The real-time application shows that the proposed method can efficiently reduce scheduling time, significantly increase the outputs of converters and dramatically shorten the redundant waiting time for molten steel.

From Corn to Cash: Change and Continuity within Mayan Families

Dramatic changes in the mode of production in a community often lead to parallel changes in the home and thus significantly disrupt socialization practices and children's everyday lives. This article describes a case among Yucatec Maya corn farmers in which this did not happen. Over 20 years, several external factors made corn farming alone untenable for most families and spurred a change in mode of production. The response was to manipulate new economic opportunities to maximize the conservation of the family structure and the pattern of daily life, which maintained children's traditional position in the familly as workers and child caregivers. A comparison of these Mayan children's daily activities in 1980 and 2000 demonstrates a remarkable continuity in the face of significant economic change.

From Congregation Town to Industrial City: Culture and Social Change in a Southern Community

In 1835, Winston and Salem was a well-ordered, bucolic, and attractive North Carolina town. A visitor could walk up Main Street from the village square and get a sense of the quiet Moravian community that had settled here. Yet, over the next half-century, this idyllic village was to experience dramatic changes. The Industrial Revolution calls forth images of great factories, mills, and machinery; yet, the character of the Industrial Revolution went beyond mere changes in modes of production. It meant the radical transformation of economic, social, and political institutions, and the emergence of a new mindset that brought about new ways of thinking and acting. Here is the illuminating story of Winston-Salem, a community of artisans and small farmers united, as members of a religious congregation, by a single vision of life. Transformed in just a few decades from an agricultural region into the home of the smokestacks and office towers of the R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company and the Wachovia Bank and Trust Company, the Moravian community at Salem offers an illuminating illustration of the changes that swept Southern society in the nineteenth century and the concomitant development in these communities of a new ethos. Providing a rich wealth of information about the Winston-Salem community specifically, From Congregation Town to Industrial City also significantly broadens our understanding of how wholesale changes in the nineteenth century South redefined the meaning and experience of community. For, by the end of the century, community had gained an entirely new meaning, namely as a forum in which competing individuals pursued private opportunities and interests.

Anthropology, Imperialism and Resistance: The Work of Kathleen Gough

In November 1991 a group of friends and colleagues of Kathleen Gough came together at the meetings of the American Anthropological Association in Chicago at a symposium titled Anthropology, Imperialism and Resistance: The Work of Kathleen Gough. Six months later a similar group convened at the Canadian Anthropology Society annual meetings in Montreal in May of 1992. This special issue is the result of both symposia.(f.2) Although Kathleen Gough was trained in the heyday of British structural - functionalism, her work guided a radical reshaping of anthropology, and the integrity with which she lived has inspired many anthropologists who came of academic age since the 1960s. The long 1960s decade -- it stretched well into the 1970s -- was a time of infinite possibility when it seemed that global democracy might prevail if we all put our shoulders to the wheel. In the accompanying intellectual ferment progressives called universities to account and challenged knowledge - as - usual to meet criteria of social responsibility. Gough's work was among the first to bring Marxist perspectives to anthropology, to name imperialism and to challenge anthropology's relationship to it. Her individual counsel gave many younger scholars the courage to speak out. However, Kathleen paid a price even in the halcyon days of hope. Today when we see democracy in retreat it is easy to laugh at our optimism, to criticize the intellectual mission along with the particular works it generated. In the academy, scholarly stances of irony and cynicism do just that when they lock progressive ideals along with conventional wisdom, as if they were two varieties of the same intellectual error. Kathleen Gough never abandoned her belief that knowledge can and should serve social justice, however chilly the climate. This volume is a critical appreciation of Kathleen Gough's contributions to that agenda. It constitutes a modest tribute by friends and colleagues to a distinguished and visionary Marxist scholar. In these opening pages we would like to offer a perspective on Kathleen Gough's life and work and to introduce the contributions that make up this volume. Kathleen Gough was born in Hunsingore, Yorkshire, England on August 16, 1925, and died in Vancouver on September 8, 1990. These two dates span a life of extraordinary richness, compassion, and commitment to the cause of social justice.Throughout her life Kathleen Gough struggled for the rights of women, minorities and the oppressed of the Third World. She also made a number of significant contributions to the knowledge, theory and practice of social anthropology. Educated at Girton College, Cambridge, Gough received her B.A. in 1946 and her Ph.D. in 1950. Her doctoral dissertation, Changes in Matrilineal Kinship on the Malabar Coast, was written under the supervision of John Hutton and Meyer Fortes. Kathleen maintained a life - long interest in South Asian social formations, their continuities and their transformations under the forces of Imperialism. Her main period of field work in India in 1947 - 53 was followed by other research trips in the 1970s and 1980s. Trained during the high - water mark period of structural - functionalism, Kathleen embodied the best of that much - maligned tradition: the discipline of long field work, meticulous data gathering and careful generalizations. But operating during an era of catastophic change, she added to her field work agenda the very unBritish and unfunctionalist focus on transformative change in mode of production. Working at the village level Gough dedicated her ethnographic knowledge to the goal of expanding the options people actually had open to them for empowerment. Just as Engels' studies of Manchester led him to Marx and the cause of the proletariat, Kathleen Gough's ground - level studies of the condition of the peasantry in Tanjore led her in turn to the close investigation of and critical support for revolutionary social movements. …

Who Were the Ani-Kutani? An Excursion into Cherokee Historical Thought

Evidence assembled and examined in this article reviews a prehistoric revolt by the Cherokees against a priestly class or hereditary clan, the Ani-Kutain, whose members, according to legend, were massacred in a public uprising in response to their corruption and sexual improprieties. Some evidence relates the Ani-Kutani to the historic Cherokee clan, the Ani-gilohf; and some, to the historic Cherokee Fire priests. The author interprets the legend as a dramatic epitomization of Cherokee processes by which tendencies towards hierarchy conflicted with tendencies towards egalitarianism. The relation between tradition and history has been the subject of endless controversy.... Fred Eggan, From History to Myth The course of Southeastern prehistory and protohistory does not reflect an orthogenic development from simple social structures to complex structures. Rather, the pattern appears to be more cyclic: a build-up of energy, a concentration of wealth, more differentiated social stratification, and increased population nucleation, followed by a seemingly entropic decline, a movement toward egalitarianism, population dispersal, and abandonment of ceremonial centers. Many explanations on many different levels have been advanced to account for this cyclicity: for instance, various ecological factors and constraints on the carrying capacity of the land; changes in modes of production, distribution, and consumption; the influence of disease; the effects of migration and warfare; Kroeberian cultural fatigue; the rapid diffusion of religious movements; and periodic endogenous overthrow of civil-religious authority. The last form of internal conversion or transformation-a revolt against authority-possesses great romantic appeal. Such prehistoric or protohistoric revolts are difficult to document however, especially since one person's revolution becomes another person's evolution, involution, or devolution. Nevertheless, the Cherokees possessed a persistent and fairly widespread historical legend about a priestly class or hereditary clan whose members were massacred in a public uprising in response to their corruption and sexual impropriety. The priesthood was called the An'-Kuttni. The prefix Ani indicates a group of individuals; the etymology of the root term Kutini or Kwatcni is unknown. According to James Mooney (1900, 342), knowledge of the Ani-Kutani was rapidly perishing when he did his Cherokee fieldwork in the late 19th century. He reports two native theories as to the origins of the Ani-Kutani. One theory held that they were vestiges of a previous population of mound builders who inhabited the territory prior to Cherokee incursion into their historic homeland. This theory is consonant with the widely shared belief that indigenous peoples retain a special mystical connection with the land and its autochthonous spirits; it also helps reconcile the perception that religious language in the FOGELSON This content downloaded from 157.55.39.213 on Sat, 02 Jul 2016 04:19:04 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms

Household Composition and Headship as Related to Changes in Mode of Production: São Paulo 1765 to 1836

The relationship of household and family organization to changes in the larger economy (e.g., commercialization, industrialization) has long fascinated and baffled scholars. Data that specifically link the household and/or family unit to economic change have proved elusive, and most studies do little more than note temporal crosscultural coincidences of demographic and residential characteristics with those of economic development. The means by which the household interacted with the economy, what the patterns of interaction were and how they were determined in a given time and place are significant questions which are seldom addressed. Even less accessible are the changes in the dynamics of household organization in conjunction with economic development in terms of informal economic and social exchanges and household and family formation.