History Research Articles

Mediterranean Bioethics in the bioethically lessknown Mediterranean: a struggle for identity

Primarly as a reponse to mainstream bioethics – the one narrowed-down to issues related to medical ethics and research – various kinds of regional bioethics have emerged in an attempt to incoporate values other than those typical for the Anglo-Saxon culture. Among the most promising ones, the Mediterranean Bioethics, reflecting all the colorfulness of the Mediterranean microcosm and an expanded interest to the entire bios (faithful to the original ideas of Fritz Jahr and Van Renssealer Potter), has found its footholds particularly in Spain, Italy, Croatia, and Greece. Leaving aside those four countries with abundant literature and well-known contributions to the general history of bioethics, we wish to direct attention to other cultures and countries of the Mediterranean region, revealing a more complex struggle for identity.

“I Owe More to the Royal Favor, Than Any Merit I Posses Can Justly Claim”: The Loyalists As Transactional Leaders

Aim: This study examined the Loyalists and their embrace of transactional leadership style during the American Revolution. Methods: The study relied on primary and secondary historical sources and scholarship on transactional leadership. These included general histories, biographies, memoirs, sermons, public statements, and diaries. Results: In their efforts to oppose the American Revolution, the Loyalists relied on transactional tactics. Despite their prominence, wealth, offices, and connections, the Loyalists proved ineffective in opposing the transformational forces unleashed by the Revolution. Conclusion: While they included some of the most prominent political and religious leaders in the colonies, the Loyalists failed to stop the American Revolution, mainly due to their reliance on transactional leadership style. Recommendations: Studying the Loyalists offers insight into how transactional leadership can prove ineffective in transformational times and settings. When voters and followers demand reform, transactional leadership style and leaders who embrace it will fail to deliver. Scholars should look at the Loyalists as transactional leaders in their efforts to understand the American Revolution.

The Historical Changes and Evolutionary Logic of Transitional Community Governance in China

Effective transitional community governance is an objective requirement for achieving efficient grassroots governance. Analyzing the basic context, internal logic, and development drivers of transitional community governance changes is of positive significance for promoting the modernization of the national grassroots governance system and governance capabilities. Based on the perspective of historical institutionalism, China's transitional community governance has roughly gone through three stages: a government led unitary control system, a core diversified system, and a community governance system. The basic logic of its transformation is from "management" to "governance", from "extensive" to "refined", and from "government led" to "diversified co governance". Further looking ahead to the governance of transitional communities, the main directions lie in three aspects: firstly, continuously absorbing diverse entities and balancing the governance structure of transitional communities; The second is to empower communities with technology through digital empowerment; The third is to promote community cultural construction and eliminate the tension of community governance.

Diffusion hysteresis in unsaturated porous media: A microfluidic study

In unsaturated flow studies, water saturation is commonly used as the sole descriptor for macroscale flow models. However, this approach often results in hydraulic hysteresis in capillary pressure and relative permeability during drainage and imbibition processes. Furthermore, the effects of these behaviors on solute diffusion remain unclear. To address this knowledge gap, we conducted microfluidic experiments to investigate these hysteresis relationships. We firstly implemented drainage and imbibition processes in the micromodel to establish pore-scale water configurations. Subsequently, we upscaled the capillary pressure and diffusion coefficients to the Representative-Elementary-Volume scale. Our results revealed that, at the same saturation levels, the unsaturated diffusion coefficients during drainage were at least 6.1 % higher than during imbibition, indicating the presence of diffusion hysteresis. We observed that this hysteresis was influenced by capillary number and residual water saturation. An increase in the capillary number reduced diffusion hysteresis, similar to the capillary pressure hysteresis. While a decrease in residual saturation rose diffusion hysteresis. We also proposed a quadratic polynomial model that effectively predicts the diffusion coefficient by incorporating both saturation and capillary pressure. This research emphasizes the importance of historical changes in unsaturated water flow, which hold significant implications for modeling solute transport processes.

Application of Big Data in College Student Education Management Based on Data Warehouse Technology and Integrated Learning

Integrated learning has attracted much attention from industry and academia. In the new era, colleges and universities need to discuss information management in light of actual conditions, integrate different data in each information system into the same database, so as to form a data warehouse based on the integrated database which can truly reflect the historical changes of data and provides support for managers' decision-making. This paper analyzes the clustering effect of standard differential evolution algorithm, improved differential evolution algorithm and K-means algorithm. The algorithm is tested using Iris and Wine database marts, the results show that the K-means algorithm is a relatively poor algorithm and its accuracy is significantly lower than the other two. Based on big data, multi-factor interactive variance analysis technology is used to analyze different data indicators and influencing factors. Therefore, colleges and universities can use the database to better understand the problems and advantages in management, thus to improve management efficiency and teaching level.

Detection and attribution of changes in precipitation extremes in China and its different climate zones

Abstract Based on the observations and the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 6 (CMIP6) multi-model simulations, we conducted a detection and attribution analysis for the observed changes in intensity and frequency indices of extreme precipitation during 1961-2014 over the whole of China and within distinct climate regions across the country. A space-time analysis is simultaneously applied in detection so that spatial structure on the signals is considered. Results show that the CMIP6 models can simulate the observed general increases of extreme precipitation indices during the historical period except for the drying trends from southwestern to northeastern China. The anthropogenic signal (ANT) is detectable and attributable to the observed increase of extreme precipitation over China, with human-induced greenhouse gas (GHG) increases being the dominant contributor. Additionally, we also detected the ANT and GHG signals in China’s Temperate continental, Subtropical-tropical monsoon, and Plateau mountain climate zones, demonstrating the role of human activity in historical extreme precipitation changes on much smaller spatial scales.

Taxonomic Impediment for Conservation: The Case of Bees in an Undersampled Tropical Mid-Elevation Site, San Martín, Peru.

In this first field survey of an entire bee fauna for any part of Peru, we report a total of 1796 bees belonging to 181 species or morphospecies in four families. The taxonomic impediment was pronounced with only 80 species of 181 that could be named. With such a high proportion of undetermined species, it is not possible to adequately compare pollinator communities across different studies, assess historical changes or analyze endemism patterns to document ecology, behavior and evolution of the species and genera. This information is required to provide a sound basis for policymakers to protect habitats for the conservation of native pollinators.

Geniusz rozkładu. Nikołaj Bierdiajew wobec sztuki Pabla Picassa

Picasso occupied a very special place within Nicolai Berdyaev’s philosophical considerations. What motivated him to assess avant-garde art was an exhibition at the art gallery owned by Sergey Shchukin in 1914. The Russian thinker became personally acquainted with the exhibition. In his attitude towards Picasso’s art, Berdyaev shows the universal category of assessment which he had applied earlier to random artistic phenomena. The philosopher gives avant-garde art the status of the verifier of spiritual changes, at the same time pointing to the evolution of people’s attitude towards both the surrounding reality and themselves. By paying so much attention to the works of the Spanish artist, Berdyaev formulates a thesis concerning the spiritual crisis of the culture occurring in statu nascendi. That is to say that he perceives avant-garde art as, on the one hand, the foreshadowing of inevitable socio-political changes and, on the other hand, a graphic equivalent of the spiritual changes which are about to happen. In the role of category which should present the direction of assessing not only Picasso’s works, but also, in a broader sense, the historical and cultural changes, Berdyaev uses the terms of crisis, freedom, beauty, humanism and spirituality. The Russian philosopher considers Picasso a helpless exposer of illusions of materialized and synthesized beauty, whose paintings are the proof of the crisis occurring in art, self-awareness and, in a broader sense, also within humanity.

The Historical Change of the Vowels а/ә/е in Turkic Languages

The Historical Change of the Vowels а/ә/е in Turkic Languages

An evolutionary knowledge transfer framework for solving workgroup reconfiguration problem in aircraft final assembly

Final assembly is a crucial aspect of aircraft manufacturing. The introduction of reconfigurable workgroups to aircraft final assembly lines (AFALs) significantly increases assembly flexibility and efficiency. However, the number of reconfigurations and their corresponding assignments in the constraint-complex AFAL must be considered jointly during the assignment of reconfigurable workgroups. This presents a great difficulty when optimizing the reconfiguration strategy. In this study, an optimization framework based on evolutionary knowledge transfer (EKT) is proposed to efficiently search the metameric-encoded search space. EKT extracts and transfers valuable knowledge in different reconfiguration sub-problems according to the temporal relations between encodings. Meanwhile, the scope of the EKT is constrained based on the historical individual changes of different sub-problems and different regions of the objective space. The experimental results show that the proposed framework outperforms state-of-the-art algorithms on real-world production data. The behavior and mechanism of the EKT approach during the optimization process are also investigated in detail.

Investigating the impact of urban growth on land use using spatial autocorrelation methods in Konya/Türkiye.

Land use land cover (LULC) change, global environmental change, and sustainable change are frequently discussed topics in research at the moment. It is important to determine the historical LULC change process for effective environmental planning and the most appropriate use of land resources. This study analysed the spatial autocorrelation of the land use structure in Konya between 1990 and 2018. For this, Global and Local Moran's I indices based on land use data from 122 neighbourhoods and hot spot analysis (Getis-Ord Gi*) methods were applied to measure the spatial correlation of changes and to determine statistically significant hot and cold spatial clusters. According to the research results, the growth of urban areas has largely destroyed the most productive agricultural lands in the region. This change showed high spatial clustering both on an area and a proportional basis in the northern and southern parts of the city. On the other hand, the growth in the industrial area suppressed the pasture areas the most in the north-eastern region of the city, and this region showed high spatial clustering on both spatial and proportional scales.

Effect of a comprehensive geriatric assessment nursing intervention model on older patients with diabetes and hypertension.

The Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment (CGA) was introduced late in China and is primarily used for investigating and evaluating health problems in older adults in outpatient and community settings. However, there are few reports on its application in hospitalized patients, especially older patients with diabetes and hypertension. To explore the nursing effect of CGA in hospitalized older patients with diabetes and hypertension. We performed a retrospective single-center analysis of patients with comorbid diabetes mellitus and hypertension who were hospitalized and treated in the Jiangyin Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine between September 2020 and June 2022. Among the 80 patients included, 40 received CGA nursing interventions (study group), while the remaining 40 received routine nursing care (control group). The study group's comprehensive approach included creating personalized CGA profiles, multidisciplinary assessments, and targeted interventions in areas, such as nutrition, medication adherence, exercise, and mental health. However, the control group received standard nursing care, including general and medical history collection, fall prevention measures, and regular patient monitoring. After 6 months of nursing care implementation, we evaluated the effectiveness of the interventions, including assessments of blood glucose levels fasting blood glucose, 2-h postprandial blood glucose, and glycated hemoglobin, type A1c (HbA1c); blood pressure indicators such as diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and systolic blood pressure (SBP); quality of life as measured by the 36-item Short Form Survey (SF-36) questionnaire; and treatment adherence. After 6 months, the nursing outcomes indicated that patients who underwent CGA nursing interventions experienced a significant decrease in blood glucose indicators, such as fasting blood glucose, 2-h postprandial blood glucose, and HbA1c, as well as blood pressure indicators, including DBP and SBP, compared with the control group (P < 0.05). Quality of life assessments, including physical health, emotion, physical function, overall health, and mental health, showed marked improvements compared to the control group (P < 0.05). In the study group, 38 patients adhered to the clinical treatment requirements, whereas only 32 in the control group adhered to the clinical treatment requirements. The probability of treatment adherence among patients receiving CGA nursing interventions was higher than that among patients receiving standard care (95% vs 80%, P < 0.05). The CGA nursing intervention significantly improved glycemic control, blood pressure management, and quality of life in hospitalized older patients with diabetes and hypertension, compared to routine care.

Non-book history of book by Julia Shcherbinina

Book rewiew: Shcherbinina Yu. V. The book as an illusion: Caches, false libraries, art objects. Moscow: Alpina non-fiction,2023. 384 p.

"The Coming of the Book" Lucien Febvre's and Henri-Jean Martin's: the French book history in the 20th and at the beginning of the Early 21st centuries

The article presents the history of the creation of the French monograph L’apparition du livre ("The Coming of the Book", 1958), which has not been translated into Russian. The research traced the paths of its authors – French scholars L. Febvre, an innovator of historical science in the 20th century, and A.-J. Martin, the founder of the French school of book history. The role of the ideas and results of French book historians for the further development of Western book science in the end of the last century and in the early of the 21st century is outlined. The purpose of the article is to provide an analysis of this work, emphasizing its impact for the formation of the social history of the book. This article considered the importance and prospects for including this fundamental and already classic work in the research field of present-day Russian book studies as well as in educational practices.

Exploring historical changes in mountain river hydrodynamics induced by human impact

During the 20th-century many mountain rivers in Europe were subjected to intensive human impacts which substantially modified their channel morphology. How these changes affected river hydrodynamics and response to floods remains uncertain. In this work, we perform hydraulic modelling using data from archival aerial photos to explore relations between hydraulic parameters of floods and human-induced channel incision occurring on the Czarny Dunajec River (Polish Carpathians) between 1964 and 2012. Data on vertical position of the channel used for two-dimensional modelling of flood flows were extracted (as Digital Elevation Models DEMs) from archival aerial photos from 1964 and 1983 and ALS (Airborne Laser Skanning)-derived DEM from 2012. Water depth, flow velocity, bed shear stress, and sediment critical diameter were modelled for four flood scenarios (2-year, 5-year, 20-year, and 50-year floods) as well as the extent of flooded area and additionally the grain size of channel sediment was calculated. The values of water depth, flow velocity, bed shear stress and sediment critical diameter increased significantly between 1964 and 1983, especially for 20-year and 50-year floods. Only the flow velocity within the floodplain zone did not increase for the two largest flood scenarios due to the expansion of riparian forest in the second half of the twentieth century. The increase in flow rate was accompanied by a progressive reduction of the extent of flooded area, especially between 1964 and 1983, as well as by increase in mean grain size of channel sediment. Between 1983 and 2012 changes in hydraulic parameters were less pronounced, and coarser and well packed channel sediment dominated on the river bed. Our work demonstrates that reconstruction of past river hydrodynamics, rather than river state at time horizons, can give essential insights into functioning of the river channel and floodplain during the intensification of human impacts after 1950s.

Age of First Exposure to Contact Sports Is Not Associated With Worse Later-In-Life Brain Health in a Cohort of Community-Dwelling Older Men.

To evaluate whether early age of first exposure to contact sports (AFE-CS) is associated with worse long-term brain health outcomes. A cross-sectional, survey study of older men with a history of contact sport participation was completed. Tertiary care facility. A cohort of community-dwelling older men dichotomized by using AFE-CS (<12 years vs ≥12 years). Independent variables included a dichotomized group of AFE-CS (<12 years vs ≥12 years). Brain health outcomes measured by depression, anxiety, cognitive difficulties, and neurobehavioral symptoms. Endorsements of general health problems, motor symptoms, and psychiatric history were also collected. Age of first exposure groups was compared using t tests, χ2 tests, and multivariable linear regressions, which included the following covariates: age, number of prior concussions, and total years of contact sport. Of 69 men aged 70.5 ± 8.0 years, approximately one-third of the sample (34.8%) reported AFE-CS before age 12 years. That group had more years of contact sports (10.8 ± 9.2 years) compared with those with AFE-CS ≥12 (5.6 ± 4.5 years; P = 0.02). No differences were found after univariate testing between AFE-CS groups on all outcomes (P-values >0.05). Multivariable models suggest that AFE-CS is not a predictor of depression or anxiety. Those in the AFE-CS <12 group had fewer cognitive difficulties (P = 0.03) and fewer neurobehavioral symptoms (P = 0.03). Those with AFE-CS <12 to contact sports did not have worse long-term brain health outcomes compared with those with AFE-CS ≥12. Individuals with AFE-CS <12 had significantly lower British Columbia Cognitive Complaints Inventory and Neurobehavioral Symptom Inventory scores compared with those with AFE-CS ≥12. The benefits of earlier AFE-CS may outweigh the risks of head strikes and result in comparable long-term brain health outcomes.

Islamisasi Di Asia Tenggara: Proses Kedatangan, Kepribadian Dan Karakteristik Islam Di Asia tenggara

This research aims to find out about the process of the arrival of Islam, the personality and characteristics of Islam in Southeast Asia. This research is qualitative research using the library study method (literature study), by collecting sources that contain research coverage that has been previously examined and is relevant, consisting of textbooks, periodicals, scientific journals, articles and other relevant research. The research results explain the first few points. The process of Islam's arrival in Southeast Asia is a complex and varied phenomenon, involving various channels such as trade, missionary preaching and political interaction. This process has shaped an Islamic identity in Southeast Asia, which includes a fusion of Islamic teachings with local culture and traditions, as well as a dynamic response to historical and social change. Second, there are four main theories about the origins of Islam in Southeast Asia that are debated in discussing the arrival, spread and Islamization of Southeast Asia, namely Indian Theory, Arab Theory, Chinese Theory and Persian Theory. Third, the character of Islam in Southeast Asia is reflected in the diversity of culture, beliefs and religious practices that are characteristic of Southeast Asia.

Changing the Aesthetic Taste in Two Modern Kurdish Songs

Human being always looking for changes and experiencing new things. Since the art directly connected to the social and psychological phenomena, the meaning of aesthetics keeps changing. Therefore, it is common to see that the individual constantly looks for new styles, abandoning the old music and songs. This study, Changing Aesthetic in Two Modern Kurdish Song, is analyzing the differences between the two selected songs within the last twenty years regarding text, melody, rhythm, and song. It highlights that to what extent the songs are connected to the aesthetic feeling of their times. The importance of this research is that it clarifying the aesthetic feeling in the Kurdish modern music and song, revealing that it is a principal issue that never should be neglected in any art criticism. Therefore, the study is about aesthetic in art in general and modern music and song in particular. In addition to the introduction, and abstract, the research is composed of three chapters. The first chapter is about the general structure of the research including the problem and the importance of the research, the goal of the research, the tools and the limits of the research, and the terminology. In the second chapter, the structure of the research divided into different subjects such as aesthetic feeling, Aesthetic types, change in the aesthetic feeling, and the introduction to the historical changes in the Kurdish song. The third part is devoted to the implementation if the outcomes of the research which is composed of illustration and analyzing the case studies, analyzing the text, and practical music. The research ends with the result and the list of resources.

Two decades of molecular surveillance in Senegal reveal rapid changes in known drug resistance mutations over time

BackgroundDrug resistance in Plasmodium falciparum is a major threat to malaria control efforts. Pathogen genomic surveillance could be invaluable for monitoring current and emerging parasite drug resistance.MethodsData from two decades (2000–2020) of continuous molecular surveillance of P. falciparum parasites from Senegal were retrospectively examined to assess historical changes in malaria drug resistance mutations. Several known drug resistance markers and their surrounding haplotypes were profiled using a combination of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) molecular surveillance and whole genome sequence based population genomics.ResultsThis dataset was used to track temporal changes in drug resistance markers whose timing correspond to historically significant events such as the withdrawal of chloroquine (CQ) and the introduction of sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP) in 2003. Changes in the mutation frequency at Pfcrt K76T and Pfdhps A437G coinciding with the 2014 introduction of seasonal malaria chemoprevention (SMC) in Senegal were observed. In 2014, the frequency of Pfcrt K76T increased while the frequency of Pfdhps A437G declined. Haplotype-based analyses of Pfcrt K76T showed that this rapid increase was due to a recent selective sweep that started after 2014.Discussion (Conclusion)The rapid increase in Pfcrt K76T is troubling and could be a sign of emerging amodiaquine (AQ) resistance in Senegal. Emerging AQ resistance may threaten the future clinical efficacy of artesunate-amodiaquine (ASAQ) and AQ-dependent SMC chemoprevention. These results highlight the potential of molecular surveillance for detecting rapid changes in parasite populations and stress the need to monitor the effectiveness of AQ as a partner drug for artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) and for chemoprevention.

Climate, weather, and child health: quantifying health co-benefits

Climate change affects human health negatively in a number of complex ways, and children are particularly vulnerable. Quantifying the negative impacts of climate change on health, and identifying locations where children are at greater risk, can aid evidence-based policy making. We combine high-resolution climatic data with a dataset on infant and child mortality, wasting, and stunting, from more than a hundred countries, to estimate the effects of both gradual and acute climate change, focusing on drought and heatwaves, to plausibly attribute changing child health outcomes to historical climate change. Our results suggest a non-linear relationship between temperature and children’s health, adverse effects of increases in acute events, and a strong regional heterogeneity in these impacts. Our findings also highlight the importance of poverty reduction. Greater wealth is associated with better child health outcomes, and partially mitigates the negative impacts of climate change on child health. Finally, using updated warming scenarios, our projections show that there are substantial health co-benefits from achieving low emissions scenarios.