Chamomile Extract Research Articles

Assessing polylactic acid nanofibers with cellulose and chitosan nanocapsules loaded with chamomile extract for treating gram-negative infections.

This study presents the development and characterization of a novel nanocomposite wound dressing material based on polylactic acid (PLA) nanofibers incorporating chitosan nanocapsules loaded with chamomile extract and cellulose nanoparticles. The nanofibers were fabricated using a three-step synthesis and electrospinning techniques, resulting in uniform, bead-free fibers with an average diameter of 186 ± 56nm. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy confirmed the successful incorporation of all components, while tensile strength tests demonstrated improved mechanical properties by adding nanoparticles. Water contact angle measurements revealed enhanced surface wettability of the PLA-Cellulose-Chitosan complex compared to pure PLA nanofibers. In vitro biocompatibility assessments using MTT assays showed excellent cell viability and proliferation, with the optimized composite exhibiting the best performance. Scanning electron microscopy imaging confirmed robust cell adhesion and interaction with the nanofibers. The nanocomposite demonstrated significant antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli, with a 20mm inhibition zone observed for chamomile extract-loaded samples. Additionally, the material showed superior hemostatic ability compared to commercial gauze and high hemocompatibility. These comprehensive results indicate that the developed nanocomposite is a promising candidate for advanced wound management applications, offering a multifunctional approach to wound healing by combining antimicrobial activity, cell compatibility, and hemostatic properties.

Comparison of liposomal gel with and without chamomile to prevent radiation dermatitis in breast cancer patients: arandomized controlled trial.

To compare aliposomal gel with and without chamomile extract for the prevention of radiation dermatitis in breast cancer patients undergoing radiotherapy. This study was adouble-blind randomized clinical trial. Atotal of 100 participants undergoing radiotherapy for breast cancer were recruited. The primary outcome was the occurrence of dry desquamation. Cumulative dose of ionizing radiation at the first occurrence of dry desquamation, occurrence of erythema, moist desquamation, global radiation dermatitis, and any signs and symptoms self-reported by participants were secondary outcomes. Dry desquamation occurred in 6.0% of the participants using chamomile liposomal gel and 12.2% of those using liposomal gel (p = 0.32). The mean cumulative dose of ionizing radiation for the first occurrence of dry desquamation was 45.1 Gy in the chamomile liposomal gel group and 43.7 Gy in the liposomal gel group. There were no differences between the two gels in the occurrence of erythema, dry desquamation, moist desquamation, and radiation dermatitis compared to liposomal gel. There was alower proportion of reported symptoms in the chamomile liposomal gel group compared to liposomal gel group in the first 3weeks of radiation, especially for itching (p = 0.05). No statistically significant differences between the two gels were found in radiation dermatitis occurrence and dose at first occurrence. Comparing to the literature, it seems that both interventions may be effective, which might explain the lack of statistical difference between the groups.

A multifunctional polyacrylonitrile fibers/alginate-based hydrogel loaded with chamomile extract and silver sulfadiazine for full-thickness wound healing

Most conventional wound dressings do not meet the clinical requisites owing to their limited multifunctionality. Herein, a bilayer wound dressing containing both hydrogel and fibrous structures with multifunctional features was developed for effective skin rehabilitation. Sodium alginate (SA)/gelatin (Gel) hydrogel comprising Matricaria chamomilla L extract and silver sulfadiazine (AgSD) drug as antibacterial agents was cross-linked using genipin and CaCl2. Then, the surface of the hydrogel was covered by electrospun polyacrylonitrile (PAN) nanofibers to fabricate a bilayer dressing. FESEM images revealed formation of continuous, smooth, and bead-free PAN nanofibers with excellent compatibility between hydrogel and fibers. The bilayer wound dressing exhibited satisfactory mechanical virtues including elastic modulus (2.4 ± 0.2 MPa), tensile strength (6.2 ± 0.5 MPa) and elongation at break (21.8 ± 1 %) as well as suitable swelling ratio. Such bilayer dressing revealed biodegradability, cytocompatibility and effective antibacterial performance against gram positive and gram negative strains. Release kinetics of AgSD drug followed a Fickian diffusion mechanism, ensuring sustained drug release. In vivo studies demonstrated bilayer dressing could promote rate of wound closure, re-epithelialization and collagen deposition, facilitating the replacement of damaged skin with healthy tissue. Such engineered wound dressing has a high potency for inducing skin repair and could be used in skin tissue engineering.

Chamomile Extract Reduces Cardiac Toxicity in Female Mice with Ehrlich Solid Carcinoma.

Cancer is the most serious disorder that may affect a person and is also the leading cause of mortality. Worldwide, breast cancer continues to be the leading cause of cancer-related deaths in women. The popularity of treating diseases using alternative and complementary medicines has increased in recent decades; many of these are derived from plants. Chamomile has a beneficial effect in treating many diseases, there for the purpose of this work is to study how chamomile protect against cardiac damage and toxicity brought on by Ehrlich solid tumor (EST) in adult female mice. 40 female mice were distributed in 4 groups (control, chamomile, EST, EST+chamomile). The research results indicated that EST caused significant alterations in cardiac function and structure. EST induced a significant elevation in serum creatine kinase (CK), creatine kinase MB (CK-MB), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and myoglobin (MB), potassium, chloride ions, cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), cardiac tissue damage, apoptotic P53 and Caspase 3 expressions while levels of sodium ions and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) were significantly decreased. Treatments of EST with chamomile improved the biochemical, histopathological, and Immunohistochemical alterations. This suggests that chamomile may be useful as an adjuvant for the treatment and prevention of cardiac toxicity.

In vivo Evaluation of Antioxidant Activity of Chamomile Extract against Procyclidine-Induced Oxidative Stress: Potential Application in Cancer Prevention.

The study aimed to investigate the effect of the aqueous extract of the chamomile plant on oxidative stress induced by procyclidine in rats. 30 rats were randomly divided into five groups, with 6 rats in each group. The first group was given distilled water only, while the second group was administered procyclidine (1 mg/kg body weight) in three doses daily for a period of 60 days. The third group was given procyclidine in the same doses as the second group for 30 days. Afterward, they were administered an aqueous extract of chamomile (300 mg/kg) for another 30 days. The fourth group was administered the aqueous extract (300 mg/kg) for 30 days. Subsequently, they were given procyclidine in the same doses as the second group for another 30 days. On the other hand, the fifth group was administered the aqueous extract of chamomile (300 mg/kg) for a period of 60 days to investigate the potential effects of the extract. Afterward, blood samples were drawn to measure various biological parameters, including Total Oxidant Status (TOS), Malondialdehyde (MDA), Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST), Alanine Transaminase (ALT), and Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity. Finally, an anatomical study was conducted on the kidneys, brain, and liver to enhance the research. The results displayed a significant increase in the levels of TOS, MDA, AST, ALT enzymes, and Ach-E activity in the second group compared to the first group. Groups 3 and 4 significantly decreased compared to the second group based on the same standards. In regard to Group 5, there are no significant moral differences between it and Group 1. Finally, this study demonstrated the importance of using chamomile extract as an antioxidant and its potential in cancer prevention against the oxidative stress induced by excessive doses of procyclidine. (p ≤ 0.005).

THE EFFECT OF HERBAL APPROACHES ON ORAL MUCOSITIS IN ADULT CANCER PATIENTS - A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF NURSING STUDIES

Objective: to examine the effects of herbal approaches on oral mucositis in adult cancer patients. Method: systematic review following Cochrane guidelines, with a search for experimental and randomized studies from 2013 to 2023. English studies on herbal interventions in patients over 18 years were included. Results: eight studies that used herbal interventions to treat oral mucositis were evaluated. The herbs tested included aloe vera, althaea root, turmeric, chamomile, grape vinegar, rose water, fruit/vegetable juice, and mulberry extract. The interventions varied in frequency and duration but showed positive results, reducing oral mucositis intensity, pain, and other symptoms. Some interventions were as effective as conventional treatments like chlorhexidine. Conclusion: the research suggests that herbal approaches can be beneficial in managing oral mucositis in cancer patients, but more studies are needed to confirm these results.

Comparison of liposomal gel with and without addition of chamomile for prevention of radiation dermatitis in head and neck cancer patients: A randomized controlled trial

Background and purposeHead and neck cancer patients frequently develop radiation dermatitis (RD) during radiotherapy. We compared liposomal gel with and without chamomile extract for the prevention and management of RD in head and neck cancer patients undergoing radiotherapy. Materials and methodsSixty participants undergoing radiotherapy for the first time for head and neck cancer were recruited in a double-blind randomized clinical trial. Primary outcomes were the occurrence of dry desquamation and the cumulative dose of ionizing radiation at the first occurrence of dry desquamation. Secondary outcomes were the occurrence of erythema, moist desquamation, global RD, and participant self-reported symptoms. ResultsDry desquamation occurred in 76.9 % (95 % CI: 57.9, 89.0) of participants in the chamomile liposomal gel group and in 88.9 % (95 % CI: 71.9, 96.1) in the liposomal gel group (p = 0.43). The median cumulative dose of ionizing radiation when dry desquamation occurred was 48.0 Gy in the chamomile liposomal gel group and 40.0 Gy in the liposomal gel group. Fewer symptoms were reported in the chamomile liposomal gel group. ConclusionNo statistically significant differences in outcomes were found between the two groups, though the chamomile liposomal gel group presented with lower grades of RD than the liposomal gel group. In addition, when compared to the literature on other topical interventions to manage RD, our results show that chamomile liposomal gel has potential for better management and prevention of RD in this population, which should be further tested. This study provides crucial information to design future studies.Clinical Trials Registration (REBEC): RBR-92cts3.

Study of the epithelial state of the oral mucosa in patients with recurrent aphthous stomatitis

Relevance. Recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS) is one of the most common diseases affecting the oral mucosa. It is characterized by the recurrent appearance of ulcers (aphthae) and a prolonged course with periodic exacerbations.Purpose. To study the condition of the oral mucosa epithelium in patients with recurrent aphthous stomatitis undergoing treatment with antiseptics and reparative agents.This study examined samples of buccal epithelium from 64 patients, who were randomly divided into two equal groups: the first group used chlorhexidine as a mouthwash (control group); the second group used octenidine + phenoxyethanol for 7 days. For pain relief, patients in both groups applied a gel containing lidocaine + chamomile extract. After 7 days, the therapy continued with reparative agents (a hydrogel-based material with sodium alginate, Derinat, and lidocaine, deproteinized calf blood extract, and sea buckthorn oil). Each group was further divided into three subgroups for this part of the therapy. The condition of the buccal epithelium was assessed three times: before treatment, on the 7th day, and on the 21st day of therapy. Buccal epithelium preparations were prepared and analyzed using standard methods.Results. The analysis of cytogenetic and karyological indicators of buccal epithelial cells in patients with CRAS revealed that, at the peak of the inflammatory process, cells with micronuclei and various forms of nuclear protrusions were more frequently observed. During therapy, there was a notable reduction in buccal epithelial cells exhibiting these pathological features.Conclusion. Before therapy, patients with RAS exhibited cytogenetic instability and various karyological anomalies in the buccal epithelial cells of the oral mucosa. These anomalies included significantly higher occurrences of micronuclei, karyopyknosis, karyolysis, nuclear vacuolization, intercellular bridges, and chromatin condensation. During the different therapy regimens for RAS, normalization of the epithelial state of the oral mucosa was observed, with the most pronounced improvements seen with the use of octenidine + phenoxyethanol in combination with a hydrogel-based material containing sodium alginate, Derinat, and lidocaine.

Formulation and Development of Herbal Soap

This study aims to formulate and evaluate the efficacy of a herbal soap enriched with natural botanical extracts for skincare. Object: The primary objective is to assess the antimicrobial activity and sensory attributes of the herbal soap compared to commercially available synthetic soaps. Materials: The soap formulation included botanical extracts of lavender (Lavandulaangustifolia), chamomile (Matricariachamomilla), and calendula (Calendula officinalis), sourced locally. Other materials included base oils, sodium hydroxide, and distilled water. Methods: The soap was produced using the cold-process method, wherein oils were mixed with lye solution, followed by the addition of herbal extracts at appropriate stages. Antimicrobial efficacy was evaluated against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli using agar well diffusion method. Sensory evaluations were conducted through a panel of volunteers for attributes such as fragrance, lather quality, and skin feel

Evaluation of Corrosion Inhibition of Low-Carbon Steel Using Chamomile Plant Extract

The investigation focused on elucidating the corrosion inhibition mechanism of chamomile extract, serving as an environmentally sustainable inhibitor, across various concentrations (0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1.0 w/v %) applied to carbon steel immersed in a 0.6 M NaCl variations in temperature affect the solution. (303, 313, 323, 333 K). The analytical approach involved Assessment of weight reduction metrics complemented by sophisticated techniques, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS), and Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS) were used to analyze the carbon steel surface with and without the extract. The principal aim was to conduct a detailed examination of the development of a layer of adsorption layer. The obtained results consistently validated a positive correlation between inhibition efficiency and extract concentration. SEM imaging visually substantiated a more extensive protective film at higher inhibitor concentrations, and EDS analysis corroborated these findings by detailing the elemental composition of the adsorbed layer. The observed reduction in inhibition efficiency with elevated temperatures suggests a thermodynamic effect, where increased temperatures diminish the adsorption of the inhibitor onto the metal surface. This comprehensive investigation establishes the potential of chamomile extract as an eco-friendly inhibitor for effectively mitigating corrosion on carbon steel in corrosive environments. The pinnacle of inhibition efficiency, reaching 96.55%, was achieved at the concentration of the inhibitor.

Effect of ginger, chamomile, and green tea extracts on prostate cancer cells

Prostate cancer (PCa) is a prevalent form of malignancy in males and is a significant contributor to cancer-related mortality worldwide. Because of this, studying the molecular processes of PCa cell growth and death is crucial. Hence, it is imperative to conduct further research on the regulatory mechanism underlying the progression of PCa to enhance our comprehension and identify innovative therapeutic targets. The present study investigates an experimental approach that utilizes cost-effective and environmentally sustainable plant extracts sourced from Egypt, namely ginger, chamomile, and green tea, which have been solubilized in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), then characterized by using different analytical means and techniques, such as HPLC and GC–MS. The present study employed MTT assay, ELISA, and qRT-PCR techniques to assess the possible impact of the investigated extracts on PCa in PC-3 cells. The findings indicate that ginger exhibited a noteworthy cytotoxic impact on PC-3. Remarkably, the treatment of PCa cells with ginger significantly increased relative lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) production compared to those treated with chamomile and green tea extracts. Autophagy may play a crucial role in the context of chemotherapy. Modifying autophagy through its induction or inhibition is a promising and innovative approach to controlcancer progression. Accordingly, it was found that ginger extract affects protein expression levels of autophagy markers LC3B, ATg12, and pro‐apoptotic signaling, including the Caspase-3 signaling pathway. The ELISA findings revealed a significant rise in the average levels of IL-1β and IL-8 after a 12-hour interval. To conclude, it can be inferred that ginger extract possesses the capability to control the production of inflammatory cytokines. Alternatively, utilizing herbal remedies containing ginger as a viable and secure means of treating PCa as an anticancer agent is possible.

Effect of Hydroalcoholic Extract of Chamomile, Aloe Vera, and Green Tea on the Diabetic Wound in Rats

Effect of Hydroalcoholic Extract of Chamomile, Aloe Vera, and Green Tea on the Diabetic Wound in Rats

Development and preliminary stability evaluation of serum with <i>Aloe vera</i> and <i>Matricaria chamomilla</i> extracts

The use of phytocosmetics has been increasing in the beauty industry, in various treatments such as anti-aging, whitening and anti-acne. Serum is a pharmaceutical form similar to a gel, with greater fluidity, as well as soothing and anti-inflammatory actives, which can be suitable candidates for acne-prone skin. Thus, the objective of this study was to carry out the development of formulations based on Natrosol® serum containing extracts of aloe vera and chamomile in five different concentrations and to evaluate their preliminary stability. For this, tests were carried out in 6 ice-thaw cycles in which the samples were subjected to temperatures of 45±2°C and 5±2°C, each for 24 hours, totaling one cycle. During the end of each cycle, the samples were evaluated according to organoleptic characteristics, pH and density, being compared with the control (which remained at room temperature). All analyzed parameters remained according to specifications throughout the test, except for odor, which showed a slight change. It is suggested that during the conditions of this study, the stability was maintained, according to the stability guide and therefore the formulations can proceed to further steps such as the long-term stability test.

Comparative analysis of whole plant, flower and root extracts of Chamomilla recutita L. and characteristic pure compounds reveals differential anti-inflammatory effects on human T cells.

Chronic inflammation is a hallmark of chronic wounds and inflammatory skin diseases. Due to a hyperactive and prolonged inflammation triggered by proinflammatory immune cells, transitioning to the repair and healing phase is halted. T cells may exacerbate the proinflammatory milieu by secreting proinflammatory cytokines. Chamomilla recutita L. (chamomile) has been suggested for use in several inflammatory diseases, implying a capability to modulate T cells. Here, we have characterized and compared the effects of differently prepared chamomile extracts and characteristic pure compounds on the T cell redox milieu as well as on the migration, activation, proliferation, and cytokine production of primary human T cells. Phytochemical analysis of the extracts was carried out by LC-MS/MS. Primary human T cells from peripheral blood (PBTs) were pretreated with aqueous or hydroethanolic chamomile extracts or pure compounds. Subsequently, the effects on intracellular ROS levels, SDF-1α induced T cell migration, T cell activation, proliferation, and cytokine production after TCR/CD3 and CD28 costimulation were determined. Gene expression profiling was performed using nCounter analysis, followed by ingenuity pathway analysis, and validation at protein levels. The tested chamomile extracts and pure compounds differentially affected intracellular ROS levels, migration, and activation of T cells. Three out of five differently prepared extracts and two out of three pure compounds diminished T cell proliferation. In line with these findings, LC-MS/MS analysis revealed high heterogeneity of phytochemicals among the different extracts. nCounter based gene expression profiling identified several genes related to T cell functions associated with activation and differentiation to be downregulated. Most prominently, apigenin significantly reduced granzyme B induction and cytotoxic T cell activity. Our results demonstrate an anti-inflammatory effect of chamomile- derived products on primary human T cells. These findings provide molecular explanations for the observed anti-inflammatory action of chamomile and imply a broader use of chamomile extracts in T cell driven chronic inflammatory diseases such as chronic wounds and inflammatory skin diseases. Importantly, the mode of extract preparation needs to be considered as the resulting different phytochemicals can result in differential effects on T cells.

Chamomile: functional properties and impacts on poultry/small ruminant health and production – A Review

Abstract Chamomile oil or extract, derived from the chamomile flower, is a natural remedy with various therapeutic properties. This review summarizes the current knowledge regarding the medicinal properties of chamomile oil or extract including its antimicrobial, antidiabetic, antitumor, and anti-inflammatory activities. Chamomile oil has exhibited antibacterial and antifungal properties against various microbes, involving Escherichia coli, Candida albicans, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus. It has also been found to regulate blood sugar levels in animal and human studies, making it a potential candidate for diabetes treatment. Moreover, chamomile oil has antitumor properties, as it can induce apoptosis in cancer cells and inhibit their growth. In addition, chamomile oil has anti-inflammatory features, making it a possible option for treatment under inflammatory circumstances such as eczema, arthritis, and inflammatory bowel diseases. Chamomile oil has also been found to have valuable impacts on poultry farming due to its antimicrobial properties. It may be utilized as an organic substitute for antibiotics in chicken production. It is effective against common poultry pathogens, including Salmonella and E. coli, and can also improve poultry growth and feed conversion rate. In conclusion, chamomile oil or extract are promising natural remedy with various therapeutic properties and useful impacts on poultry and small ruminants.

Characterization of carbonated beverage fortified with chamomile herbal extract.

The current study was planned to provide nutrient dense carbonated beverage fortified with chamomile herbal extract that was rich in healthy nutrients and best to use. Infusion method was used to prepare chamomile herbal extract. After adding flavor and sugar syrup, carbonation was done. Different treatments were prepared (T0, T1, T2, T3, T4, and T5). The antioxidant potential, physiochemical properties, and sensory attributes of beverage were assessed. Results showed that addition of chamomile enhanced the antioxidant and physiochemical properties of beverage. The DPPH activity, total phenolic content, and total flavonoid content were observed as 49.23 ± 0.03 (%), 136.92 ± 0.06 (mg GAE/L), and 1989.47 ± 0.07 (mg QE/L), respectively, among T5 with 12% of chamomile extract. Moreover, the acidity increases from T0 to T5 (0.191 ± 0.01 to 0.220 ± 0.01). Furthermore, the overall acceptability of T4 was highest among sensory attributes.

Effect of 100% Chamomile Extract on The Number of Staphylococcus Aureus Bacterial Colonies in Orthodontic Bracket (In Vitro Study)

Abstract
 Background: Fixed orthodontic appliances in malocclusion treatment consist of several components. Bracket components in fixed orthodontic appliances cause side effects such as gingivitis due to retention of Staphylococcus aureus bacterial plaque. Chamomile flower extract contains antibacterial compounds, α-bisabolol. Objective: To analyze 100% chamomile extract effectiveness of Staphylococcus aureus bacteria colonies in orthodontic bracket. Methods: This study using post test only control group design. Chamomile extract procure from percolation methods. Eighteen orthodontic brackets were divided into three groups, soaked in artificial saliva for 1 hour, contaminated with Staphylococcus aereus, then immersed in 100% chamomile flower extract solution, 0,2% chlorhexidine (positive control), and aquadest (negative control) for 30 minutes. Total of 0,1 ml of multilevel serial dilution from three different groups was dripped and streaked onto Brain heart infusion agar, incubated for 24 hours at 37oC for further colony counting tests. Results: S. aureus bacteria colonies in orthodontic bracket group with 100% chamomile flower extract solution was not significantly different from 0,2% chlorhexidine group (p>0,05), but significantly lower than aquadest group (p<0,05). Conclusion: The 100% chamomile extract solution as effective as Chlorhexidine 0,2% in reducing number of Staphylococcus aureus colonies in orthodontic braket.
 Keywords: Staphylococcus aureus, the 100% chamomile extract, Chlorhexidine 0,2%, orthodontic brackets.

Apigenin: a natural molecule at the intersection of sleep and aging.

NAD+, a pivotal coenzyme central to metabolism, exhibits a characteristic decline with age. In mice, NAD+ levels can be elevated via treatment with apigenin, a natural flavonoid that inhibits the NAD+-consuming glycoprotein CD38. In animal models, apigenin positively impacts both sleep and longevity. For example, apigenin improves learning and memory in older mice, reduces tumor proliferation in a mouse xenograft model of triple-negative breast cancer, and induces sedative effects in mice and rats. Moreover, apigenin elongates survival in fly models of neurodegenerative disease and apigenin glycosides increase lifespan in worms. Apigenin's therapeutic potential is underscored by human clinical studies using chamomile extract, which contains apigenin as an active ingredient. Collectively, chamomile extract has been reported to alleviate anxiety, improve mood, and relieve pain. Furthermore, dietary apigenin intake positively correlates with sleep quality in a large cohort of adults. Apigenin's electron-rich flavonoid structure gives it strong bonding capacity to diverse molecular structures across receptors and enzymes. The effects of apigenin extend beyond CD38 inhibition, encompassing agonistic and antagonistic modulation of various targets, including GABA and inflammatory pathways. Cumulatively, a large body of evidence positions apigenin as a unique molecule capable of influencing both aging and sleep. Further studies are warranted to better understand apigenin's nuanced mechanisms and clinical potential.

The Acute Effect of Chamomile Intake on Blood Coagulation Tests in Healthy Volunteers: A Randomized Trial.

Chamomile administration may have desirable effects in the perioperative setting. Current practice, however, discourages perioperative chamomile use due to a theoretical increase in bleeding. Therefore, we evaluated if chamomile acutely (within 4 h of ingestion) prolongs coagulation assays. Eight healthy volunteers were randomized to receive 2 interventions in a crossover design: (a) single dose of chamomile extract capsule (500 mg) and (b) single dose of chamomile tea (3 g in 150 mL water). Interventions were separated at least 3 days apart from each other. Blood was sampled pre-ingestion, 2 h post-ingestion, and 4 h post-ingestion for each intervention. The primary outcome was the maximal change in prothrombin time (PT) before vs after each intervention. Secondary outcomes included changes in international normalized ratio, activated partial thromboplastin time, thrombin time, reptilase time, and fibrinogen levels. All 8 subjects completed the study. The average pre-ingestion PT values for tea and capsules were 11.9 (1.1) s and 12.0 (0.9) s, respectively. Tea significantly increased the average maximum PT by 0.7 (0.2) s (P = 0.0078). Extract capsules increased the maximum PT by 0.3 (0.2) s (P = 0.06). Neither PT prolongation met the predefined 10% threshold for clinical significance. No significant changes in secondary outcomes were observed. Chamomile tea ingestion prolongs PT. However, the clinical significance of this is unclear at this time and warrants further investigation. ClinicalTrials.gov Registration Number: NCT05272475.

Biogenic harmony of biocompatible silver nanoplatforms using chamomile extract and apigenin-7-glucoside for solid tumor therapy

This study focuses on tumor therapy using two biocompatible silver nanoplatforms of chamomile extract and its active ingredient apigenin-7-glucoside. Chamomile silver nanoparticles (Ch-AgNPs) and apigenin 7- glucoside silver nanoparticles (Ap-AgNPs) were synthesized and characterized using different analytical techniques. On a stable nanoplatform with spherical nanoparticles in a narrow size range, both Ch-AgNP and Ap-AgNP exhibit potent cytotoxic effects against two different cell lines (HepG2 and MCF7). The synthesized NPs were radiolabeled with 131I giving high radiochemical purity. Biodistribution studies in tumor-bearing Albino mice showed higher accumulation in tumor sites compared to normal muscle. In conclusion, after further preclinical studies, both chamomile silver nanoparticles (Ch-AgNPs) and apigenin-7-glucoside silver nanoparticles (Ap-AgNPs) can be used as potential drugs for tumor theranostics.