Challenges In Development Research Articles

Transformation of International Trade in the Context of Modern Shocks

This study provides an assessment of the mechanisms and directions of transformation of international trade in the context of modern challenges of global economic development. Analysis of the latest trends in the dynamics of global trade indicates an increase in its heterogeneity in the context of participating countries and traded goods, which is largely due to the growing use of new restrictive measures in trade. The key factors affecting international trade in the context of increasing geopolitical tensions in the world are formulated. Controversial issues regarding the formation of a new international trade regime are discussed, which allowed us to draw conclusions about its gradual departure from the priorities of liberalism and economic globalization. New determinants of the transformation of international trade are identified due to a more aggressive trade policy and taking into account the growing concentration of export markets. The special role of the volatility of commodity raw materials markets in the transformation of modern international trade is shown.

Characteristics and trend analysis of cancer mortality among residents of the Xizang autonomous region, 2014–2023

BackgroundThe Xizang Autonomous Region, located in China’s southwestern frontier with an average elevation of 4000 m, faces socioeconomic development challenges influenced by its natural environment and regional disparities. Previous studies have indicated that cancer ranks as the fourth leading cause of death among permanent residents in Xizang. However, there is a paucity of research on the trends and characteristics of cancer mortality in this region. This study aims to analyze mortality data from Xizang between 2014 and 2023 to elucidate the characteristics and trends of cancer deaths and to provide a foundation for developing effective cancer prevention and treatment strategies.MethodsMortality data for cancer patients from 2014 to 2023 were extracted from the Death Information Registration and Management System of the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). The population data for Xizang were obtained from the Basic Information System of the Chinese CDC. Crude and age-standardized mortality rates were computed via SPSS software, and joinpoint regression models were employed to estimate the average annual percent change (AAPC) in mortality trends.ResultsBetween 2014 and 2023, the crude mortality rate (CMR) for cancer increased from 31.38 per 100,000 to 49.37 per 100,000, whereas the age-standardized mortality rate (ASMR) rose from 50.15 per 100,000 to 66.42 per 100,000, with annual increases of 4.59% and 2.12%, respectively. The leading causes of cancer death are liver cancer, stomach cancer, lung cancer, esophageal cancer, and cervical cancer.ConclusionCancer mortality in Xizang is increasing, with higher rates in men than in women, although the rate of increase is faster in women. Mortality rates increase with age, predominantly affecting middle-aged and elderly populations. Liver and stomach cancers are the primary contributors to cancer mortality. Given the severe cancer control situation, comprehensive prevention strategies and early diagnosis and treatment for high-risk populations are crucial.

Overview of Garlic Planting Situation and Planting Technology at Home and Abroad

Garlic (Allium sativum L.) is a perennial herb belonging to Liliaceae family, Allium genus. It has both nutritional and medicinal value and has a wide range of applications. In recent years, the planting area and output of garlic at home and abroad have increased steadily. China is the world's largest producer and major exporter of garlic, and its planting scale and output occupy a leading position in the world. In this paper, the environmental requirements of garlic planting, planting technology, common types of diseases and insect pests and their control technology, policies and support measures, future development trend, challenges and countermeasures in the planting process were summarized. This review is expected to provide theoretical basis for garlic planting and promote the development of garlic planting industry.

Artificial intelligence (AI)-poverty-economic growth nexus in selected BRICS-Plus countries: does the moderating role of governance matter?

Abstract The BRICS nations (Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa) aim to achieve Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 1 (poverty eradication) and SDG 8 (sustainable economic growth), yet the moderating role of governance in artificial intelligence (AI)-poverty-growth nexus remains underexplored. Therefore, this study investigates the AI-poverty-economic growth nexus in selected BRICS-Plus countries (2012–2023), with governance as a moderating variable, using the Cross-Sectional Augmented Autoregressive Distributed Lag (CS-ARDL) technique. The results show a long-term equilibrium among variables, with unidirectional causality: (i) from growth to AI, and (ii) from AI to poverty and governance quality. The findings highlight AI’s transformative potential in tackling poverty and governance issues, with economic growth enabling AI advancements. This underscores the critical need to integrate AI within governance frameworks to address development challenges effectively. The short-run CS-ARDL results for the growth model indicate that AI and governance boost growth, though their interaction diminishes AI's impact. In the long-run, both sustain growth, with stricter governance moderating AI's potential. For the poverty model, AI increases poverty in the short-run, while governance reduces poverty by improving resource allocation and mitigating AI's impacts. The interaction between AI and governance highlights their role in moderating AI’s adverse effects. In the long-run, AI modestly worsens poverty, while governance alleviates poverty by promoting growth and redistributing AI-driven gains. The policy implications stress improving governance to balance AI’s economic benefits and mitigate poverty, emphasizing equitable resource allocation to harness AI’s potential for sustainable growth.

Noncanonical Amino Acids Dictate Peptide Assembly in Living Cells.

ConspectusEmulating the structural features or functions of natural systems has been demonstrated as a state-of-the-art strategy to create artificial functional materials. Inspired by the assembly and bioactivity of proteins, the self-assembly of peptides into nanostructures represents a promising approach for creating biomaterials. Conventional assembled peptide biomaterials are typically formulated in solution and delivered to pathological sites for implementing theranostic objectives. However, this translocation entails a switch from formulation conditions to the physiological environment and raises concerns about material performance. In addition, the precise and efficient accumulation of administered biomaterials at target sites remains a significant challenge, leading to potential biosafety issues associated with off-target effects. These limitations significantly hinder the progress of advanced biomaterials. To address these concerns, the past few years have witnessed the development of in situ assembly of peptides in living systems as a new endeavor for optimizing biomaterial performance benefiting from the advances of stimuli-responsive reactions regulating noncovalent interactions. In situ assembly of peptides refers to the processes of regulating assembly via stimuli-responsive reactions at target sites. Due to the advantages of precisely forming well-defined nanostructures at pathological lesions, in situ-formed assemblies with integrated bioactivity are interesting for the development of next-generation biomedical agents.Despite the great potential of in situ assembly of peptides for developing biomedical agents, this research area still suffers from a limited toolkit for operating peptide assembly under complicated physiological conditions. Considering the advantages of amino acids in being incorporated into peptide backbones and modified with stimuli-responsive units, development of an amino acid toolkit is promising to address this concern. Therefore, our laboratory has been intensively engaged in designing and discovering stimuli-responsive noncanonical amino acids (ncAAs) to expand the toolkit for manipulating peptide assembly under various biological conditions. Thus far, we have synthesized peptides containing ncAAs 4-aminoproline, 2-nitroimidazole alanine, Se-methionine, sulfated tyrosine, and glycosylated serine, which allow us to develop acid-responsive, redox-responsive, and enzyme-responsive assembly systems. Based on these stimuli-responsive ncAAs, we have established complex self-sorting assembly, self-amplified assembly, and dissipative assembly systems in living cells to optimize the bioactivity of peptides. The resulting in situ assembly systems exhibit morphological adaptability to the biological microenvironment, which contributes to overcoming delivery barriers and improvement of targeting accumulation. Therefore, by utilizing the developed toolkit, we have further created supramolecular PROTACs, supramolecular antagonists, and supramolecular probes for cancer treatment and diagnosis to highlight the implications of ncAAs for biomedical usage. In this Account, we summarize our journey of in situ self-assembly of peptides in living cells utilizing stimuli-responsive ncAAs, with an emphasis on the mechanism for regulating peptide assembly and optimizing the bioactivity of peptides. Eventually, we also provide our forward conceiving prospects on the challenges for the further development of in situ assembly of peptides in living systems and the clinical translation of in situ-formulated biomaterials.

The Evolution and Effectiveness of Communicative Language Teaching: A Comprehensive Literature Review

Communicative Language Teaching has long been a prominent approach in language education, emphasizing the importance of meaningful communication in language learning. This literature review comprehensively explores the background, origins, theoretical foundations, effectiveness, challenges, and future directions of Communicative Language Teaching. Communicative Language Teaching emphasizes the cultivation of practical communication skills and the enhancement of student motivation and engagement. By examining perspectives from key proponents and critics, we gain a deeper understanding of its core concepts and features. Research indicates that Communicative Language Teaching effectively improves students’ language proficiency and stimulates their interests. Despite its advantages over traditional methods, challenges in teacher training and professional development still remain. Future research should explore innovative approaches to adapt Communicative Language Teaching to evolving educational landscapes, providing valuable insights for practice and research.

Analysis of Manchester United Club's Development from the Perspective of New Institutional Economics

This paper, from the perspective of new institutional economics, provides an in-depth analysis of the development trajectory and challenges faced by Manchester United Football Club. By employing multiple theoretical frameworks, including transaction cost theory, contract theory, property rights theory, and enterprise institutional theory, the study examines issues such as equity transactions, managerial contract management, broadcast revenue distribution, and club governance structure at Manchester United. The research reveals that the high service fees incurred during equity transactions reflect ambiguities in the definition of property rights, while the frequent turnover of head coaches highlights the limitations of incomplete contract mechanisms. Additionally, the distribution of broadcast revenue in the English Premier League is closely tied to Manchester United's league standings, underscoring the effectiveness of incentive mechanisms. The paper also points out that while the clarification of property rights at the institutional level has provided significant support for the club's market-oriented operations, issues such as property rights confusion and the unreasonable allocation of transaction costs persist in practice. Finally, the paper proposes future research directions, recommending a stronger integration of theory and practice, deeper quantitative analysis, an expansion of case study scope, and a focus on the dynamic processes of institutional change. These suggestions aim to offer more robust theoretical support and practical guidance for the development of enterprises in the sports industry.

Sustainable Quantum Dot-Vitrimer Composites: A Synergy of Quantum Dots and Dynamic Covalent Bonds.

Functional nanocomposites combining quantum dots (QDs) and polymers have garnered significant attention due to their unique optical properties. However, the presence of toxic heavy metal ions remains a significant challenge for eco-friendly material development. Here, we introduce the design and fabrication of a quantum-dot-in-vitrimer (QD@vitrimer) nanocomposite that leverages dynamic covalent bonds, providing chemical extractability of the embedded QDs from crosslinked polymers. Unlike commercially available UV-cured resins, our QD@vitrimer nanocomposite demonstrates uniform QD dispersion with minimal aggregation, as confirmed by synchrotron transmission small-angle X-ray scattering and high-resolution scanning transmission electron microscopy. The composites can be degraded via an alcoholysis process driven by built-in catalysts, enabling rapid breakdown and efficient QD extraction under neutral conditions. We achieved 99.9% QD extraction efficiency while preserving the crystal structure and photoluminescence quantum yield of the QDs, significantly enhancing the reusability of these valuable nanomaterials, as verified by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry and synchrotron X-ray absorption spectroscopy. Finally, we re-fabricated the QD@vitrimer nanocomposite using the recycled QDs, establishing a closed-loop system that extends the material's lifecycle. This work highlights the pioneering strategy for developing chemically recyclable, eco-friendly luminescent nanocomposite, offering a new direction for advancing green materials in advanced applications.

The Role of Urban Vegetation in Mitigating Fire Risk Under Climate Change: A Review

The confluence of global warming, the urban heat island effect, and alterations in the nature of underlying surfaces has led to a continuous escalation in the frequency, scale, and intensity of fires within urban green spaces. Mitigating or eliminating the adverse effects of such fires on the service functions of urban ecosystems, while enhancing the resilience of urban greening systems in disaster prevention and risk reduction, has become a pivotal challenge in modern urban development and management. Academic focus has progressively broadened from isolated urban and forest domains to encompass the more intricate environments of the Wildland–Urban Interface (WUI) and urban–suburban forests, with a particular emphasis on the distinctive characteristics of urban greening and in-depth research. This study employs a combination of CiteSpace bibliometric analysis and a narrative literature review to comprehensively examine three critical aspects of urban fire safety as follows: (1) the evaluation of the fire-resistant performance of landscape plants in urban green spaces; (2) the mechanisms of fire behavior in urban greening systems; and (3) the assessment and prediction of urban fire risks. Our findings indicate that landscape plants play a crucial role in controlling the spread of fires in urban green spaces by providing physical barriers and inhibiting combustion processes, thereby mitigating fire propagation. However, the diversity and non-native characteristics of urban greenery species present challenges. The existing research lacks standardized experimental indicators and often focuses on single-dimensional analyses, leading to conclusions that are limited, inconsistent, or even contradictory. Furthermore, most current fire spread models are designed primarily for forests and wildland–urban interface (WUI) regions. Empirical and semi-empirical models dominate this field, yet future advancements will likely involve coupled models that integrate climate and environmental factors. Fire risk assessment and prediction represent a global research hotspot, with machine learning- and deep learning-based approaches increasingly gaining prominence. These advanced methods have demonstrated superior accuracy compared to traditional techniques in predicting urban fire risks. This synthesis aims to elucidate the current state, trends, and deficiencies within the existing research. Future research should explore methods for screening highly resistant landscape plants, with the goal of bolstering the ecological resilience of urban greening systems and providing theoretical underpinnings for the realization of sustainable urban environmental security.

The Coupling Coordination Characteristics and Graded Control Measures of Cultivated Land Quality and Economic Development in the Northern Slope Economic Belt of the Tianshan Mountains Based on Future Scenarios

This paper addresses the dual challenges of food security and sustainable development by examining the balance between arable land quality and economic development. Coordinating and optimizing development models is essential for achieving sustainable agricultural and economic progress. The North Slope Economic Belt of Tianshan Mountain (UANST), a semi-arid agriculturalpastoral transition zone in northwest China, exemplifies a coupled human environment system where global sustainability targets confront regional development imperatives. Focusing on seven cities and counties within the UANST, this study employs information sensitivity indicators to quantitatively select evaluation metrics. It provides a comprehensive analysis of the current state of the coupling and coordination degree (CCD) between arable land quality and economic development in the region. Using a system dynamics model (SDM), four scenario models were developed to predict and analyze the interaction between cultivated land quality and economic development on the North Slope of Tianshan. The study proposes a model to improve coordination between cultivated land quality and economic development. The key findings are as follows: (1) “preliminary screening + information sensitivity analysis” method identified 12 arable land quality evaluation indicators and 11 economic development evaluation indicators for the North Slope Economic Belt of Tianshan. (2) The coupling coordination between arable land quality and economic development in the seven counties and cities improved from 0.469 to 0.663, reflecting a transition from “marginal imbalance” to “primary coordination”. By 2021, all regions had reached the initial stage of coordinated development. (3) Among the development models analyzed, the coordinated development model achieved the highest coupling coordination score (0.9136). This model also demonstrated lower carbon dioxide emissions and reduced water resource consumption, alleviating environmental pressures and offering an optimal solution for regional coordinated development.

Chinese Medicine in the Era of Artificial Intelligence: Challenges and Development Prospects.

Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has protected the health of Chinese people for thousands of years. With the rapid development of artificial intelligence (AI), various fields of TCM are facing both opportunities and challenges. This review discusses the development prospects and challenges of Chinese medicine in the AI era, emphasizing that AI, as an important tool in the process of Chinese medicine healthcare services, can assist doctors in making objective, rational and professional treatment decisions, and that AI has a strong potential for development in the field of Chinese medicine. However, the emotions, complex thoughts, and humanistic values of doctors are qualities that AI is currently unable to realize, so as the dominant player, the doctor is indispensable to the medical process. By summarizing and analyzing the current development status of AI in diagnosis, drug research, health management and education in TCM, this paper reveals the development prospects and potential risks of combining TCM with AI, and suggests that AI is an important aid for modernizing and improving the quality of TCM medical care in a coordinated manner.

AIRA : AI-Powered Code Review & Bug Detection System

The increasing complexity of software develop- ment presents significant challenges for developers, including bug detection, code inefficiencies, and security vulnerabilities. Traditional methods of code review and debugging often result in increased workload and reduced productivity. To address these issues, AI-powered tools are emerging as a solution to enhance code quality, streamline development, and minimize human error. Introducing AIRA (AI-powered Intelligent Review Assistant), an advanced AI-driven code review and bug detection system designed to assist developers in improving code quality and ensuring robust security. AIRA leverages advanced AI models, including Pylint, SonarQube, and Bandit, to perform real- time static and dynamic code analysis. It identifies bugs, security vulnerabilities, and performance bottlenecks, providing actionable insights to enhance code efficiency. AIRA is built on a Flask-based Python backend integrated with a React.js frontend, offering a high-performance and intuitive interface. The system supports real-time code analysis, automated code optimization, and AI-based refactoring, en- abling developers to identify and resolve issues efficiently. AIRA also features a secure authentication system using Firebase, providing multi-platform support and seamless user experience with light and dark mode options. AIRA empowers developers by automating repetitive tasks, reducing the time required for code review, and enhancing overall code quality. By combining AI-driven analysis with an intuitive user interface, AIRA aims to transform the software development process, making it faster, more secure, and highly efficient. Index Terms: AI-powered Code Review, Bug Detection, Python Development, Flask API, Security Analysis, Static Code Anal- ysis, AI-Based Code Optimization, Code Efficiency, Software Security, AIRA.

The Barriers and Enablers to Implementing Nurse-Initiated Protocols in the Emergency Department: A Focus Group Study.

To identify the barriers and enablers to implementing nurse-initiated protocols in an emergency department. Nurse-initiated protocols empower emergency nurses to autonomously initiate interventions, investigations and treatments based on predefined clinical guidelines. These protocols reduce waiting times and enhance staff and patient satisfaction. However, their uptake remains inconsistent, and the reasons for this variability are not well understood. Focus groups were conducted with emergency nurses using an interview guide informed by the theoretical domains framework to explore perceived barriers and enablers to protocol implementation. Audio recordings were transcribed and analysed using inductive content analysis. Six focus groups with 34 participants identified seven categories influencing protocol implementation. Barriers were: (i) nurses' workload and psychological stress, (ii) lack of competence, confidence and experience, and (iii) documentation burden and limited access to resources. Enablers were: (i) education and clinical support, (ii) improved clinical practice, and (iii) positive healthcare outcomes. The nurses and doctor relationship was identified as both a barrier and an enabler. Effective implementation of nurse-initiated protocols requires systemic changes that empower nurses within a well-supported, adequately resourced environment. Addressing structural and professional development challenges is crucial to ensuring these protocols are consistently integrated into emergency departments.

Patterns of spatial concentration and drivers of China’s migrant population: evidence from the Greater Bay Area hinterland

Rapid urbanization in China is closely related to the contributions of the migrant population. Dongguan, a megacity located in the hinterland of the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area (GBA), has the highest proportion of the migrant population to total population of all cities in China, and this has affected the industrial layout and the supplies of local public services. However, the mechanism influencing the spatial distribution of the migrant population in the hinterland of the GBA is underexplored. On the basis of the Dongguan Subdistrict and Township Yearbooks, migrant population data from 2021 were obtained at the community/administrative village level. Spatial autocorrelation analysis was used in combination with a geographic detector to explore the distribution characteristics and causal mechanisms of the migrant population. The results show that (1) the spatial distribution of the migrant population in Dongguan city varies significantly, revealing a distribution pattern of agglomeration along the administrative boundary of the Shenzhen Special Economic Zone and spatial mixing between urban and rural areas. (2) The “net operating incomes of grassroots governance units”, “total numbers of various types of enterprises”, and “number of industrial enterprises” have high explanatory power regarding the spatial agglomeration of the migrant population. The study shows that the flat governance structure and economic model of Dongguan together contribute to the dynamic changes in its economic and social development, but this megacity also faces the challenge of sustainable development. This study therefore provides theoretical support and policy suggestions for spatial planning and social governance.

Research on the Transition Path from Internet Celebrity Economy to Sustained Popularity Economy: A Case Study of Bengbu City, Anhui Province

This study aims to explore the paths and strategies for transitioning from the internet celebrity economy to the sustained popularity economy, with a deep analysis using Bengbu City, Anhui Province, as an example. Firstly, the paper elaborates on the definitions, development histories, and current statuses of both the internet celebrity economy and the sustained popularity economy, and conducts a comparative analysis between them. Subsequently, by detailedly dissecting the development history, current situation, and problems and chal-lenges faced by the internet celebrity economy in Bengbu City, it provides an empirical foundation for the transition research. On this basis, transformation paths such as enhancing content quality and innovation, constructing diversi-fied profit models, and strengthening brand building and word-of-mouth com-munication are proposed. Finally, through case studies of practices in Bengbu City, the study summarizes the lessons learned from successful and failed transi-tions and offers specific suggestions for future transformations.

Narratives of preterm and full-term preschool-aged children: Analyses of different narrative dimensions.

Preterm birth increases the likelihood of early language and cognitive delays, but less is known about later aspects of language development, such as narrative generation. Narrative skills involve dimensions, such as linguistic and narrative complexity, and preterm (PT) and full-term (FT) children's narrative performances may vary across these dimensions. We investigated the role of neonatal status on the total number of words produced, linguistic complexity, and narrative complexity across two presentation modes: narrative generation while seeing pictures and narrative generation after watching an animated video. Seventy-one Turkish-reared preschool-aged children (31 PT [Mage = 48.70, SD = 1.53] and 40 FT [Mage = 48.83, SD = 1.63]) participated in the study. Despite having lower expressive vocabulary skills (assessed by a standardized task) than full-term children, preterm children performed comparably in both picture and animated video-stories, except PT children tended to produce longer narratives in the picture story, possibly due to the different demand characteristics of the tasks. Overall, our findings support the possibility of interacting factors that may help PT children overcome challenges in narrative development.

PHILOSOPHY, HUMANISM AND DEVELOPMENT IN AFRICA

Since the wake of postcolonial era in Africa, philosophers have unceasingly reflected on political ideas that can serve as harbinger for social transformation and development in Africa; from socialism, Marxism, welfarism, Pan-Africanism, Ubuntuism, to humanism. Odera Oruka is one of the foremost African philosophers whose thoughts on humanism and philosophy, though less known and controverted, entail some strategic directions for addressing the challenges of development in Africa. This paper seeks to interrogate Oruka’s understanding of humanism and philosophy in Africa in order to explore its functional relation to the question of development. Oruka conceives humanism as the ultimate moral standard, which involves the quality and security of human life. Bemoaning the obscene disregard for humanism in Africa, Oruka hypothesizes a critical and dialectical philosophy as an antidote to what he called ARID (African Republic of Inhumanity and Death). Notwithstanding the fertile points in Oruka’s thought, arguments are raised in this paper that humanism is a concept with diverse interpretations, which apparently do not fit into one formula as Oruka depicts. Beyond Oruka’s discourse on philosophy and humanism in Africa (as opposed to African philosophy and African humanism), this paper discusses the view that sees African humanism as the defining element of the Africaness of African philosophy. It consequently defends the position that African humanism can serve as a positive ideological springboard for sustainable development in Africa.

Translational Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling to Predict Human Pulmonary Kinetics After Lung Delivery.

Predicting human lung exposure with reasonable certainty of orally inhaled drugs based on preclinical studies remains a challenge for drug development. We have developed a comprehensive physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) framework tailored for the pulmonary pharmacokinetic (PK) behavior in both humans and rats, aiming to bridge the translational gap. In this study, we present a mechanistic pulmonary PBPK model for rats that integrates the pulmonary disposition processes, including drug deposition, dissolution, mucociliary clearance, and mass transfer in lung tissues. Apparent permeabilities were translated to effective permeabilities (Peff) with invivo-in vitro correlation methods. Unbound tissue-plasma partition coefficients for lung (Kp,u,lung) and Peff were estimated with plasma and lung PK profiles of salbutamol and fluticasone propionate in rats. The developed PBPK model was translated by keeping the estimated parameters and switching physiological and anatomical parameters from rats to humans. Based on PK observations in rats, the estimated typical Peff and Kp,u,lung for salbutamol were 1.18 × 10-5 cm/s and 8.83 and for fluticasone propionate 1.26 × 10-4 cm/s and 1086, respectively. After interspecies translation, the model framework well predicted the mean epithelial lining fluid concentrations following oral inhalation of salbutamol and fluticasone propionate in human subjects, with fold-errors of lung-to-plasma ratios < 2. Thus, the proposed general pulmonary PBPK framework exhibits the potential to facilitate interspecies translation and can be used to predict safety and efficacy of lung-delivered therapeutics in human.

Pendampingan Perbaikan Kemasan dan Uji Kandungan Nutrisi Jus Kweni (Mangifera odorata) UMKM Indira House, Kabupaten Bogor

Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) play a vital role in the Indonesian economy. MSMEs often face challenges in business development, especially in improving product quality and their competitiveness in the market. This mentoring activity aims to assist Indira House MSMEs in Bogor Regency in improving the packaging and testing the nutritional content of kweni products to improve product quality. The nutritional tests will be listed on the new packaging label. Assistance for improving packaging quality also includes improvements to the visual aspects, color, type of letters, labeling and information, and uniqueness and functionality of the packaging. Overall, this assistance was successful in several important aspects, including an increase in consumer assessment of various aspects of packaging, from visuals, labeling, and color to functionality. The packaging improvements were well received by consumers and increased the product appeal. Sales are more stable, despite monthly fluctuations, and sales trends show that products with new packaging can attract consumer interest. Consumer trust and loyalty, clear nutritional information, and functional packaging build consumer confidence, which is important for repeat purchases and long-term loyalty. Competitiveness in the market, with more attractive packaging and clearer information, Indira House kweni juice is able to compete better in the market. This assistance provides a strong basis for Indira House MSMEs to continue developing their products and increase their competitiveness in the market. With the right marketing strategy and continuous improvement in product quality, sales and consumer satisfaction are expected to continue to increase in the future.

Effect of hexyloxy position on antagonistic properties of KH-5 (1-{2-[4-(hexyloxy)benzoyloxy]ethyl}-1-methyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridin-1-ium iodide) at muscarinic acetylcholine receptors.

Effect of hexyloxy position on antagonistic properties of KH-5 (1-{2-[4-(hexyloxy)benzoyloxy]ethyl}-1-methyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridin-1-ium iodide) at muscarinic acetylcholine receptors.