Chaetodon Striatus Research Articles

MAINTENANCE OF THE BUTTERFLYFISH Chaetodon striatus (PERCIFOMES: CHAETODONTIDAE) IN A RECIRCULATION SYSTEM

The hight extractivism of marine fish to supply the demand of the aquarium market has worried the researchers and, in this context,, the aquaculture consists of an alternative to the problem. The family Chaetodontidae represents one of the main families of ornamental marine fish and has not received enough attention on their cultivation research. Considering the absence of this information about the butterflyfish Chaetodon striatus, the present work had the objective of obtaining information about the species in captivity. The fishes were kept in tanks of 100, 200, 300 and 1,000 L, with 6 fishes in each tank, with 3 repetitions for each volume, totaling 72 individuals and were observed for 30 days, being offered living small invertebrates and frozen and fresh mussels for the feeding. Also, for the attempt of reproduction in captivity, two couples, collected directly from the sea, with the entry of only two adults in the trap at a time, were used. Each couple was acclimated in a 100 L tank and we observed their behaviors for 8 hours a day. There was no mortality in tanks of 300 and 1,000 L and, for feeding, small invertebrates and fresh mussels were well accepted. Some behaviors were observed, most of which were already described for chaetodontids. This is the first report of C. striatus in captivity and this contribution may provide subsidies for a future technologi­cal package.

Impact of captive conditions on female germinal epithelium of the butterflyfish Chaetodon striatus (Perciformes: Chaetodontidae).

Chaetodon striatus is a cosmopolitan seawater species present in aquaria all over the world and its extractivism is quite high. The lack of studies on the reproductive biology of C. striatus contributes to the difficulty in managing the species outside its natural habitat. Without knowledge of the mechanisms that control or affect gonadal changes, reproduction of C. striatus in captivity has become almost impossible, considering that the species is quite sensitive and the effect of captive conditions on its reproductive biology is unknown. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the effect on its reproductive biology of the animal's confinement and possible alteration in structure of the ovaries. In C. striatus, after oocyte development, for animals confined in small spaces, maturing oocytes undergo atresia. During atresia, ovarian follicles were at different stages of degeneration, characterized by the progressive loss of the basement membrane and disorganization of the follicle complex. In the advanced stage of follicular atresia, there was total loss of the basement membrane, culminating in degradation of the follicle complex. In unconfined animals, oocyte development and maturation were not affected. Confinement also affected the cell structure of the germinal epithelium, which showed large numbers of apoptotic bodies. The difference in cortisol and glucose levels between the unconfined and confined groups was significant, which may have to do with the change found in the ovaries, such as extensive follicular atresia and loss of the basement membrane.

Cellular development of the germinal epithelium during the female and male gametogenesis of Chaetodon striatus (Perciformes: Chaetodontidae).

Butterflyfish Chaetodon striatus is highly sought after in the marine ornamental aquarium, although studies about its reproductive biology are scarce. Therefore, to contribute to a better understanding of the reproductive aspects of C. striatus, we describe in detail with the use of high resolution histology the cellular dynamics of the germinal epithelium during the reproductive life history of this species. Based on the activity of the germinal epithelium, this study describes different stages of the gonadal development, similar to the reproductive phases found in other fish, to determine the reproductive period of C. striatus. In characterization of gonadal development, the following germ cells are described for males: spermatogonia, spermatocytes, spermatids and spermatozoa. Oogonia, early, primary, secondary, full-grown and maturing oocytes are described for females. Female germinal epithelium of C. striatus showed substantial changes over the study period, indicating that there was an active spawning period. Male germinal epithelium also presented relevant alterations, indicating reproductive activity in the testicular lobules. Morphological data confirm how informative was the cellular dynamics of the germinal epithelium for understanding gonadal development during adult reproductive life of fish in general. Although Chaetodon are a popular species, previous studies have only produced superficial and rough histological analyses. Therefore, this study demonstrates important information on germinal epithelium of Chaetodon. This knowledge could be a fundamental tool for development of new strategies for breeding of several species in captivity, especially butterflyfishes.

Phylogeography of the banded butterflyfish, Chaetodon striatus, indicates high connectivity between biogeographic provinces and ecosystems in the western Atlantic

ABSTRACT Among the four butterflyfishes of the genus Chaetodon present in the western Atlantic, the banded butterflyfish Chaetodon striatus has the largest distribution range, spanning 44 degrees of latitude (from Massachusetts, USA to Santa Catarina, Brazil). Although the ecology of the banded butterflyfish has been well studied over its entire range, nothing is known about its phylogeography and how biogeographic barriers structure its populations. To assess the level of genetic connectivity among populations from distinct biogeographic provinces and environmental conditions, we collected samples from seven localities: Puerto Rico, in the Caribbean, and Tamandaré, Salvador, Abrolhos, Trindade Island, Arraial do Cabo and Florianópolis, in Brazil. One nuclear (rag 2) and two mitochondrial (control region and cyt b) molecular markers were sequenced. Our findings are consistent with a recent population expansion, around 30-120 thousand years ago, which was found for all populations. Haplotype network analyses point to the Caribbean as a refugium before the population expansion. Results show no geographic pattern of genetic diversity. Indeed, a lack of population structure was found and no isolation was observed across oceanographic barriers, as well as between coral and rocky reef ecosystems. Furthermore, no directionality in the migration pattern was found among populations. Since ecological and environmental characteristics are very diverse across such a vast geographic range, the lack of genetic differentiation suggests that C. striatus evolved ecological plasticity rather than local adaptation in the western Atlantic.

Fish escape behavior as a monitoring tool in the largest Brazilian multiple-use Marine Protected Area

Understanding the decision-making process of fish when they escape from approaching spearfishers has a crucial role in elucidating the management conflicts in reef systems. Here, we used the Flight Initiation Distances – FID metric to assess how the management strategies, including fishing and tourism reef sites, could distinctively influence the escape behavior of the target reef fish. This work presents the differences in wariness of three reef fish species with a distinctive history of catches by spearfishing, Epinephelus adscensionis, Acanthurus bahianus, and Chaetodon striatus, in a multiple-use Marine Protected Area (MPA) in the Brazilian Northeastern coast. Our findings demonstrate that the protection level has a consistent effect on wariness of the target species, but the use of tourism sites as a conservation strategy to fishing pressure could be controversial. Furthermore, the species-specific traits can clearly express how the risk perception varies among species and can simplify the understanding of flight measure results. Taken together with other data, e.g. quantitative data (biomass, abundance), changes in the fish behavior, such as escape decisions, may add important knowledge to the monitoring of marine protected areas, especially in the Brazilian coast where the effectiveness of these MPAs is often questioned. The use of FID measurements as a management tool could improve the monitoring policies in MPAs, and reveal reefs systems where human activities should be reduced or banned.

Resource partitioning by two syntopic sister species of butterflyfish (Chaetodontidae)

Resource partitioning is considered one of the main processes driving diversification in ecological communities because it allows coexistence among closely related and ecologically equivalent species. We combined three complementary approaches, i.e. the evaluation of foraging behaviour, diet composition and nutritional condition (RNA:DNA ratio), to assess feeding by two closely related (sister) butterflyfishes that are syntopic in Puerto Rico. Chaetodon capistratus had a higher abundance and higher bite rate and selected octocorals and hard corals for feeding, whereas Chaetodon striatus fed preferentially on sandy substrates. Cnidarians and polychaetes were the most representative diet items for both species, but C. capistratus preferred the former (Feeding Index of 74.3%) and C. striatus the latter (Feeding Index of 60.4%). Similar RNA:DNA ratios for both species suggest that, although they differ in feeding rates and diet, C. capistratus and C. striatus have similar nutritional fitness. Therefore, these species are both zoobenthivores but show clear differences in their substrate selection. The differences in the use of foraging substrate by C. capistratus and C. striatus, despite their close phylogenetic relationship and similar diets, suggest that these species coexist by resource partitioning.

Abundance, diet, foraging and nutritional condition of the banded butterflyfish (Chaetodon striatus) along the western Atlantic

The feeding behaviour and diet plasticity of a given species are usually shaped by the relationship between species physiology and the quality and availability of resources in the environment. As such, some species may achieve wide geographical distributions by utilizing multiple resources at different sites within their ranges. We studied the distribution and feeding of Chaetodon striatus, the most widespread butterflyfish in the Atlantic, by assessing its density and foraging rates in eight sites enclosing 44° of latitude. We also evaluated the relationship between fish density and foraging rates with nutritional condition and diet across study sites, and the gut length relative to body size. Density and foraging rates did not differ among studied sites. In 169 stomachs analysed, we found 52 different items (12–23 per site). Polychaeta and Cnidaria were the most important items in seven study sites. Therefore, C. striatus may be considered as a non-coral generalist feeder, as it feeds on a wide variety of items and substrata along the studied range, with no consistent selectivity pattern for foraging substratum across sites. Individuals from all sites but Salvador (NE Brazil) had similar RNA/DNA ratios, suggesting that C. striatus nutritional condition is similar along its extensive distribution. Our findings highlight the importance of assessing different sites within the distribution range of generalist butterflyfishes, and different variables, to a better comprehension of the feeding ecology of these species.

Effect of phase shift from corals to Zoantharia on reef fish assemblages.

Consequences of reef phase shifts on fish communities remain poorly understood. Studies on the causes, effects and consequences of phase shifts on reef fish communities have only been considered for coral-to-macroalgae shifts. Therefore, there is a large information gap regarding the consequences of novel phase shifts and how these kinds of phase shifts impact on fish assemblages. This study aimed to compare the fish assemblages on reefs under normal conditions (relatively high cover of corals) to those which have shifted to a dominance of the zoantharian Palythoa cf. variabilis on coral reefs in Todos os Santos Bay (TSB), Brazilian eastern coast. We examined eight reefs, where we estimated cover of corals and P. cf. variabilis and coral reef fish richness, abundance and body size. Fish richness differed significantly between normal reefs (48 species) and phase-shift reefs (38 species), a 20% reduction in species. However there was no difference in fish abundance between normal and phase shift reefs. One fish species, Chaetodon striatus, was significantly less abundant on normal reefs. The differences in fish assemblages between different reef phases was due to differences in trophic groups of fish; on normal reefs carnivorous fishes were more abundant, while on phase shift reefs mobile invertivores dominated.

Comparative analysis of free and scuba diving for benthopelagic and cryptic fish species associated with rocky reefs

This work aimed to assess, through experimental comparisons between free and scuba diving performed in Arraial do Cabo city, RJ, Brazil, the abundances of Scartella cristata e Chaetodon striatus -two reef fish species of contrasting behaviors- in different depth layers of sheltered and exposed rocky reefs. C. striatus was homogeneously distributed through all the depth strata (0-10 m) and scuba diving should be preferred over free diving to assess the abundance of this species at exposed rocky shores, undergoing continuous effects of waves and winds. Both free and scuba diving can be used indistinctly and with no data biases to appraise the abundances of C. striatus in non-turbulent reefs or in shallow zones (i.e., ≤5 m) of exposed reefs, and, for S. cristata, in all depth layers (i.e., up to 10 m) of both sheltered and exposed reefs. Although the abundances of S. cristata did not significantly differ between free and scuba diving, contrasting with most previous studies that stressed the risk of the first method to underestimate the abundance of small and cryptic species, it should be considered that the previous experience of the diver and the nature of our study (i.e., focused specifically on a cryptic species) may have contributed to our findings. Further studies are, however, necessary to test our findings in different conditions (i.e., depths, hydrodynamic characteristics, and habitat complexity) and for other tropical reef fish species, in order to increase the truthfulness of underwater visual census and reduce the risk of failure of fish conservation and management programs potentially based on biased data.

Extensive chromosome conservatism in Atlantic butterflyfishes, genus Chaetodon Linnaeus, 1758: Implications for the high hybridization success

Chaetodontidae is a family of marine butterflyfishes phylogenetically derived within the Perciformes, whose representatives are important members of coral reef ecosystems worldwide. Biological aspects of Chaetodontidae have been intensively studied, except for chromosomal analyses. Although previous reports indicate a conserved perciform-like karyotype in butterflyfishes, it remains unclear if this pattern extends to the chromosomal microstructure. New cytogenetic data are presented for two Chaetodontidae species (Chaetodon striatus and Chaetodon ocellatus) from the Western Atlantic, including karyotyping, C-banding, Ag-NOR, CMA3/DAPI staining, and two-color-FISH for mapping of 18S and 5S ribosomal genes. All populations of both species shared a karyotype with 2n=48 acrocentric chromosomes, with pericentromeric C-positive heterochromatin and 5S and 18S rDNA located in the same region on the long arms of pairs 10 and 21, respectively. The cytogenetic similarities within and between both Chaetodon species reinforce their remarkable stability also in the chromosome microstructure. Therefore, speciation in this genus was not followed by significant karyotypic changes. Both ecological and chromosomal properties, combined with recent diversification, might be responsible for the apparent karyotype stasis and high hybridization levels found in marine butterflyfishes.

Thermal impact of a nuclear power plant in a coastal area in Southeastern Brazil: effects of heating and physical structure on benthic cover and fish communities

The influence of a nuclear power plant’s cooling water and physical structure on benthic cover and fish communities were assessed in a coastal area in Southeastern Brazil. We hypothesised that thermal discharges decrease benthic cover and consequently, change the associated rocky reef fish assemblage structure and that physical structure is directly associated with fish richness and diversity. Twelve sites at different distances (close, near and far) from thermal discharge and types of physical structure (low and high) were sampled by visual census. The average surface temperature at the most impacted sites (close) ranged from 30.5 to 31°C, while at far sites it ranged from 25.5 to 28.5°C. Although thermal influences have decreased benthic cover, and consequently, decreased fish richness and diversity, we found that in near and far sites that had complex habitat structures (physical and benthic cover) fish communities were unaffected. The greatest abundances of Eucinostomus argenteus, Mugil curema and Sphoeroides greeleyi were associated with the highest temperatures at the most impacted sites. In contrast, Abudefduf saxatilis, Chaetodon striatus, Stegastes fuscus, Diplodus argenteus and Malacoctenus delalandii were more abundant at high structured sites far from thermal discharges. Our data support the hypothesis that thermal discharge decreases benthic cover, fish richness and diversity but physical structure, when coupled with high diversity and abundant benthic cover, minimised thermal effects on fish communities.

Banded butterflyfish Chaetodon striatus (Chaetodontidae) cleaning the green turtle, Chelonia mydas (Cheloniidae)

This paper reports on four banded butterflyfish Chaetodon striatus cleaning a juvenile green turtle Chelonia mydas in a rocky shore located at Baia de Todos os Santos, Bahia State, north-east Brazil.

Fish responses to increasing distance from artificial reefs on the Southeastern Brazilian Coast

Artificial reefs have been deployed worldwide in shallow marine environments to enhance attraction and capture of fish, but, despite their potential as a fishery management option, few studies addressed whether fish assemblages will change with distance from a reef. We experimentally assessed the relationship between fish abundance and richness to increased distance (0, 25, 100, and 300 m) to reef balls deployed on a flat and homogeneous bottom, 9-m deep, on the north coast of Rio de Janeiro, Southeastern Brazil. A total of thirty fish species was associated with the reefs and the variation in species composition with sampling period or technique did not account for changes in fish assemblages with reef distance. Fish abundance and richness were significantly greater at the nearest distances (0 m and 50 m) to the reefs than at 300 m, but while the first dependent variable decreased exponentially with reef distance the later diminished linearly. Fish responses to reef distance were clearly species-specific and the tomtate ( Haemulon aurolineatum — the dominant species that probably used the reefs for shelter purposes) strongly influenced the exponential decreasing pattern found for the total number of fishes and abundance of Haemulidae. The abundance of the close congener Haemulon steindachneri, and of Chaetodon striatus, Serranus flaviventris and serranid species as a group also decreased, but linearly, with reef distance, probably related to variation in home-range. Acanthurus chirurgus and Scorpaena isthmensis decreased linearly in number with reef distance, probably due to feeding rather than refuge purposes. The abundance of Isopisthus parvipinnis tended to increase with reef distance, suggesting that artificial reefs might be unprofitable for those species less dependent on clear water or structurally complex habitats to obtain refuge or food. Overall, our study indicates that artificial reefs are a promising management tool to enhance fish capture in the oligotrophic waters and structureless bottoms of the north coast of Rio de Janeiro, but with varied rates of success, depending on the target species and fishing distance from the reefs.

A rapid new method for assessing sustainability of ornamental fish by-catch from coral reefs

The ornamental fish trade has considerable potential for damaging reef environments. Nearly 120 species are currently harvested in the Brazilian trade and little attention has been paid to the effects of the accidental catch of these species. Records of ornamental fish by-catch and the susceptibility and resilience of species from the major Brazilian families in the aquarium trade were examined to test a method and determine the sustainability of these catches. Each species was assessed based on two groups of criteria: (1) relative vulnerability to capture; and (2) population resilience to mortality due to fishing efforts. Each species was also ranked (1–3) for criteria regarding ecology, biology, catchability, numbers of individuals exported by aquarium companies and mortality index. These criteria were then weighted and each species rank in the two groups of criteria was plotted. Nineteen species from 10 families were recorded. The species least likely to have sustainable catch rates included Holacanthus tricolor, H. ciliaris, Chaetodon striatus and Pomacanthus paru. This approach is a useful alternative for management efforts and the assessment of catch sustainability in newly developed multi-species fisheries with limited available data, which occur in areas of high species richness such as reefs.

Genetic diversity of three ornamental reef fishes (Families Pomacanthidae and Chaetodontidae) from the Brazilian coast

Reef fishes of the families Pomacanthidae (angelfish) and Chaetodontidae (butterflyfish) are popular ornamental species, intensively harvested for the aquarium trade. The impacts of such activity on intra-specific diversity and reef ecosystems are still poorly understood in the south Atlantic. In the present work, a fine-scale genetic analysis using RAPD markers was performed in distinct samples of the queen angelfish (Holacanthus ciliaris), French angelfish (Pomacanthus paru), and banded butterflyfish (Chaetodon striatus) along the Brazilian coast. Most of the genetic variation in the three species was related to intra-population diversity. However, AMOVA results demonstrated that H. ciliaris presents a subtle population structure (phi(st)=0.132, P=0.003), while P. paru and C. striatus present low genetic differentiation, especially remarkable in the latter (phi(st) = 0.090, P=0.001 and phi(st)=0.041, P=0.028, respectively). Gene flow (Nm) was also higher in C. striatus than in the angelfish species. The reported patterns of genetic differentiation contrast with the similar pelagic stage of the selected species, suggesting that larval dispersal per se is a poor predictor of population structure in these reef fishes. Ecological features coupled with biogeographic history and distinct local selective pressures might play a major role on the genetic composition of each species. Although preliminary, the present results provide a baseline for monitoring the genetic variability in these reef species. These differences in the genetic structure among co-occurring species should be taken into consideration for the conservation of eventual evolutionary units along the Brazilian Province.

Reef fish community structure on coastal islands of the southeastern Brazil: the influence of exposure and benthic cover

Patterns of community structure in the marine environment are strongly influenced by population relationships to biotic and physical gradients. The aim of this work is to explore the relationships of tropical rocky reef fish assemblages to wave exposure and benthic coverage in a gradient of distance from the coast. The study was conducted on the Guarapari Islands, southeastern Brazilian coast. Fish were sampled by underwater visual census (166 transects) and benthic cover was estimated with quadrats (223 replicates). Two main kinds of habitats were found to be derived from the close interrelation between exposure and benthic coverage: (1) exposed areas subjected to major hydrodynamic forcing, and (2) sheltered or moderately exposed areas. The first group is associated with mid-water schooling species like planktivorous labrids and Chromis, piscivorous Caranx, as well as gregarious omnivores like Abudefduf and Diplodus. In terms of benthic composition, macroalgae and encrusting calcareous algae prevail in this high-energy habitat. The second group is characterized by site-attached and reef associated species like territorial pomacentrids, invertebrate feeders such as Halichoeres poeyi and Chaetodon striatus, and small cryptobenthic fishes (e.g. blenniids and labrisomids). Turf algae, zoanthids and massive corals dominate this environment. Environmental plasticity is also common with some genera showing high abundances in all habitats (e.g. Holocentrus, Haemulon, Acanthurus). Examples of the coupling of food availability and fish abundance were found. Planktivores, territorial herbivores, macroalgae browsers and spongivores were positively related with the abundance of their preferred food items along the exposure gradient. Within-family analyses of Pomacentridae and Labridae showed that niche partitioning is likely occurring and seems to be mediated by swimming ‘ability’ and associated feeding performance.

Fish distribution and ontogenetic habitat preferences in non-estuarine lagoons and adjacent reefs

We surveyed fish distribution in three lagoons and adjacent forereefs in the British Virgin Islands recording about 28,000 fish from 40 families and 118 species. Canonical correspondence indicated that rock, sand, fleshy algae, gorgonians, mangroves and live hard coral were the most important habitat types influencing fish assemblage composition. About 47% of fishes occurring at more than 10 stations displayed evidence of ontogenetic partitioning between reefs and lagoons but post-settlement ontogenetic life history strategies were quite varied depending on the species. For example Chaetodon striatus juveniles occurred exclusively in lagoons and all sexually mature adults were found on reefs. Some differences were less pronounced as seen in Halichoeres bivittatus where individuals of all sizes occurred on reefs and lagoons, but when analysed it was found that reefs had larger individuals than lagoons. Some species, such as Acanthurus bahianus, were primarily reef species whose juveniles also used lagoon habitats while others, such as Gerres cinereus, were generally lagoon species whose adults occasionally moved onto reefs. Even with all this variation in life-history strategies, all the species that exhibited bay-reef partitioning used the lagoons as juveniles then moved onto reefs as adults and not vice versa, supporting the hypothesis that bays are important nursery areas for reef-dwelling fishes. These results show that a detailed review of the natural life-history strategies and habitat requirements are required before making further generalisations about the role of near-shore habitat types as nurseries for reef fishes. This is especially important given the rapid changes in tropical near-shore habitats around the world.

Meals for two: foraging activity of the butterflyfish Chaetodon Striatus (perciformes) in southeast Brazil

The banded butterflyfish (Chaetodon striatus) from the tropical and subtropical western Atlantic is a territorial, diurnal forager on benthic invertebrates. It is usually seen moving singly or in pairs, a few meters above the sea floor. We studied the foraging activity of C. striatus on rocky reefs in southeastern Brazil. This fish spent about 11 h and 30 min per day on feeding activities, and preferred colonies of non-scleratinian anthozoans over sandy and rocky substrata while foraging. The lowest feeding rates were recorded in the early morning and late afternoon, but we found no further differences between feeding rates throughout the day. We also found no differences between the feeding rates of paired and single individuals.

A revision of F. R. Irvine's Ghanaian marine fishes in the collections of The Natural History Museum, London

Some 180 species of marine fish were reported from Ghana in F. R. Irvine's The Fishes and Fisheries of the Gold Coast, an important milestone in West African ichthyology published in 1947. Although the book has been a major source of records for subsequent workers, the underpinning collections have been largely ignored. Two hundred and ninety-two specimens from 139 species collected by Irvine and colleagues were located within The Natural History Museum collections and are reported here with notes on their zoogeography. These were re-identified in the light of the intervening half century of research and have allowed us to examine the basis for most of Irvine's records by matching Irvine's collection numbers (referred to in his book) to BMNH registration numbers. In addition to registered material some 26 jars of unregistered material containing 46 specimens were discovered. About 20% of the species were found to have been misidentified. Six of the marine species collected by Irvine were described by J. R. Norman as new species between 1930 and 1935. These remain valid as: Rhinobatos albomaculatus Norman, 1930; Rhinobatos irvinei Norman, 1931; Serranus accraensis (Norman, 1931); Spicara nigricauda (Norman, 1931); Branchiostegus semifasciatus (Norman, 1931) and Pontinus accraensis Norman, 1935. A further nine species collected by Irvine were at the time unknown to science and have since been described by others as new species. Of particular interest is a specimen of Panturichthys isognathus Poll, 1953 which appears to be only the second adult specimen reported. Most of the 39 species for which material could not be located represented uncontentious records. However, there were eight species listed by Irvine, for which no voucher specimens could be located, which are unlikely to occur off Ghana, and a further two species (Carcharodon carcharias and Alopias vulpinus) for which Irvine's records cannot be considered a basis for a Ghana record. Five species (Conger conger, Umbrina cirrosa, Scorpaena scrofa, Chaetodon striatus and Liza ramada) are considered as doubtful records based on misidentifications. Three other species (Dentex macrophthalmus, Sphyrna zygaena and S. tudes) appear unlikely records for Ghana but cannot be totally dismissed. Inter alia this study demonstrates the critical importance of voucher specimens in museum collections to support biodiversity research.

Critical comments on the South Atlantic puzzle of reef fish biogeography [J.‐C. Joyeux, S.R. Floeter, C.E.L. Ferreira & J.L. Gasparini (2001) Biogeography of tropical reef fishes: the South Atlantic puzzle. Journal of Biogeography, 28, 831–841

Critical comments on the South Atlantic puzzle of reef fish biogeography [J.‐C. Joyeux, S.R. Floeter, C.E.L. Ferreira &amp; J.L. Gasparini (2001) Biogeography of tropical reef fishes: the South Atlantic puzzle. <i>Journal of Biogeography</i>, 28, 831–841