Certain Groups Of People Research Articles

MEANS OF EVALUATING THE AUTHOR AND CHARACTER’S SPEECH (CASE STUDY OF THE LITERARY BIOGRAPHY BY W. ISAACSON “STEVE JOBS: BIOGRAPHY”)

In the paper, attention is focused on the means of expressing linguistic evaluation of the author and character’s speech. The critical and analytical review of scientific literature proves that one of the peculiarities of biographical texts is the profound concentration on the figure’s inner world. It has been established that the axiological activity of the author of the text is carried out with the help of two types of evaluation: logical (rational) and emotional (irrational). It has been proved and illustrated that the evaluation of knowledge about a phenomenon, a subject or a person can be positive and negative. Among the ways of expressing the evaluated subject, the author of the paper singles out the individual subject of evaluation, when the latter is provided by a certain person. The case study is the literary biography of W. Isaacson “Steve Jobs: Biography”. It has been found out that in this literary biography both the narrator of the text and the protagonist, Steve Jobs, act as individual subjects of evaluation as we observe both his own evaluation and the one given by the author. The position of the latter is realized in the text in the following ways: by direct reference to the people who surrounded Steve Jobs and influenced his development; through personal pronouns and word combinations with them; usage of parenthesis and parenthetical phrases. The individual subject of the evaluation of the protagonist is reflected in the literary autobiography with the help of personal pronouns, words and phrases denoting a certain group of people, etc. According to the results of the semantic analysis, a number of lexical units conveying the evaluation of the author as well as the protagonist’s speech have been revealed. The nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, and phraseological units have been singled out. At the syntactic level, we observe the following means of evaluation: comparative, parallel and attributive constructions, parenthesis, and detached clauses as well.

Physical Violence and Scapegoating Within the Family: An Exploration of Biblical Texts and Contemporary Psychology.

To understand physical violence in the family, it is important to define the role of the victim. The term "scapegoat" is a universal anthropological concept, often used in sociological theories, where a certain group of people and/or minorities are often victimized or blamed (e.g., social ills). We may note that the phenomenon of scapegoating is most clearly expressed in the Bible. Therefore, we will use relevant biblical texts that refer to parental use of corporal punishment in which a child is scapegoated and/or victimized by parental violence. In this sense, the Bible is the most profound explanation and manifestation of the cultural, social, and especially religious development of humanity. At the same time, the concept of scapegoating is also demonstrated in psychology and therapy, where it also serves as a basis for understanding, for example, physical violence in the family, and where it is also crucial to define the role of the victim. In this article, therefore, we will explain the biblical background of this concept and highlight two basic dynamics of violence against children in the family: when the child is the "scapegoat" for unresolved tensions in the family and when the child becomes the "sacrifice" or victim of the dysregulated emotional response of his or her parents.

Agency and Structure in Militarized Conservation and Armed Mobilization: Evidence from Eastern DRC's Kahuzi‐Biega National Park

ABSTRACTOngoing debates in conservation studies stress the dire consequences of ‘fortress’ and ‘militarized’ conservation at violent frontiers. Presenting evidence from Kahuzi‐Biega National Park in war‐torn eastern Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), this article shows how the park has become a focal point for armed insurgent groups in the region. Although fortress conservation has contributed to one major incident of violent resistance in recent years, it plays only a marginal role in defining the structures shaping the actions of armed groups. These structures — some of which are reproduced and (occasionally) reshaped by armed groups — include the legacies of poverty and insecurity, the geographical features of the park and the presence of illicit trading networks. This perspective emerges only when we zoom out from the park to place it within the context of the history and broader political economy of the DRC. On the one hand, these dynamics severely constrain the agency of conservation organizations, leaving militarized conservation as the only feasible form of enforcement. This approach at times generates violent outcomes for certain groups of people and produces a resource‐rich, isolated terrain which provides a staging ground for broader conflicts to play out. On the other hand, militarized conservation could provide basic law and order at the forest's edge. Ultimately, therefore, militarized conservation plays an ambivalent role vis‐à‐vis security and stability.

Variation in the Built Form of Neighborhoods of Different Socio-Economic Groups:

Unequal distribution of physical activity resources for the disadvantaged has become a major topic of discussion in today’s world. The resources include parks, urban greenery, and private facilities for recreation to name a few. Although morphological indicators such as street connectivity, block size, and block length are important for walking, limited literature explains how these built forms vary for neighborhoods of different socio-economic groups. The study can be important in Indian conditions since walking is a necessity for work as well as for leisure for a certain group of people who cannot afford to buy motorized vehicles. Assessing spatial inequality for them can contribute to recommendations for sustainable planning. This study compares four neighborhoods of different property values in Bhubaneswar, India to examine the inequality in the built-form distribution. India is specially chosen for this study because standard rules for subdivisions are almost missing there. Seven built-form indicators are compared for the four neighborhoods. The analysis shows that a variation in built form does exist between neighborhoods of different socio-economic groups. Longer blocks, higher block density, and higher plot density are observed for neighborhood of lower socio-economic status. However, neighborhood predominated by informal housing is compact and found to have the best walkability conditions.

Genesis of cultural landscape

The article highlights that the modern idea of the cultural landscape is ambiguous. Today, there are three fundamentally different interpretations of the term "cultural landscape", based on different dominant factors: natural, cultural or information environment. Thus, some researchers adhere to the traditional approach and define a cultural landscape as an anthropogenic landscape, i.e. a natural landscape of a place, changed by a person according to a certain programme, which has high aesthetic and functional qualities. The other approach is based on the understanding of a cultural landscape as a certain area that has been a place of residence for a certain group of people who are carriers of specific cultural values for a long historical period. Most often, these groups are ethnic or religious communities. There is also an understanding of this term as an informational one, based on the idea of the active role of intellectual and spiritual activity in shaping the cultural landscape; it is important to emphasize that cultural, spiritual and intellectual values that are preserved and transmitted from one generation of people to another in the form of information not only determine the formation and development of the cultural landscape, but are also part of it, being influenced by other, material components of the landscape. The complexity and ambiguity of the modern world determines a certain attitude towards the environment, requiring a new understanding and comprehension of it. Architecture and urban planning is a field that covers all manifestations of human activity, where the most important thing is that it is a space for modeling the artificial environment, which is an integral part of the holistic world. The environment is a holistic, organized space that constantly surrounds a person, with the help of architecture actively and constantly influencing the unified process of forming this twofold structure (the architectural environment models the natural one, combining into a single whole). By creating an artificial environment for human life, architecture has a multifaceted impact on people, with the strongest influence being through visual perception, as human activity is always associated with different forms of perception of the environment. A work of architecture is an idea (something fictional, imaginary) that is "dressed" in a material form in the real space of the city and reproduces the world and its structure, a mechanism for translating myths and fictions caused by modern conditions into the physical dimension, where fictions become reality through the play of forms, images and meanings.

The impact of varying the number and selection of conditions on estimated multimorbidity prevalence: A cross-sectional study using a large, primary care population dataset.

Multimorbidity prevalence rates vary considerably depending on the conditions considered in the morbidity count, but there is no standardised approach to the number or selection of conditions to include. We conducted a cross-sectional study using English primary care data for 1,168,260 participants who were all people alive and permanently registered with 149 included general practices. Outcome measures of the study were prevalence estimates of multimorbidity (defined as ≥2 conditions) when varying the number and selection of conditions considered for 80 conditions. Included conditions featured in ≥1 of the 9 published lists of conditions examined in the study and/or phenotyping algorithms in the Health Data Research UK (HDR-UK) Phenotype Library. First, multimorbidity prevalence was calculated when considering the individually most common 2 conditions, 3 conditions, etc., up to 80 conditions. Second, prevalence was calculated using 9 condition-lists from published studies. Analyses were stratified by dependent variables age, socioeconomic position, and sex. Prevalence when only the 2 commonest conditions were considered was 4.6% (95% CI [4.6, 4.6] p < 0.001), rising to 29.5% (95% CI [29.5, 29.6] p < 0.001) considering the 10 commonest, 35.2% (95% CI [35.1, 35.3] p < 0.001) considering the 20 commonest, and 40.5% (95% CI [40.4, 40.6] p < 0.001) when considering all 80 conditions. The threshold number of conditions at which multimorbidity prevalence was >99% of that measured when considering all 80 conditions was 52 for the whole population but was lower in older people (29 in >80 years) and higher in younger people (71 in 0- to 9-year-olds). Nine published condition-lists were examined; these were either recommended for measuring multimorbidity, used in previous highly cited studies of multimorbidity prevalence, or widely applied measures of "comorbidity." Multimorbidity prevalence using these lists varied from 11.1% to 36.4%. A limitation of the study is that conditions were not always replicated using the same ascertainment rules as previous studies to improve comparability across condition-lists, but this highlights further variability in prevalence estimates across studies. In this study, we observed that varying the number and selection of conditions results in very large differences in multimorbidity prevalence, and different numbers of conditions are needed to reach ceiling rates of multimorbidity prevalence in certain groups of people. These findings imply that there is a need for a standardised approach to defining multimorbidity, and to facilitate this, researchers can use existing condition-lists associated with highest multimorbidity prevalence.

The Value of Preexisting Structures for Digital Access: Modelling the Resolutions of the Dutch States General

The Resolutions of the Dutch States General (1576–1796) is an archive covering over two centuries of decision making and consists of a heterogeneous series of handwritten and printed documents. The archive, which has recently been digitised, is a rich source for historical research. However, owing to the archive’s heterogeneity and dispersion of information, historians and other researchers find it hard to use the archive for their research. In this article, we describe how we deal with the challenges of structuring and connecting the information in this archive. We focus on identifying the existing structural elements, to turn the archive from a set of pages into a set of meeting dates and individual resolutions, with rich metadata for each resolution. To deal with the challenges of historical language change, spelling variation, and text recognition mistakes, we exploit the repetitive nature of the language of the resolutions and use fuzzy string searching to identify structural elements by the formulaic expressions that signal their boundaries. We also discuss and provide an analysis of the value of extracting different types of entities from the text and argue that the choice of which types of entities to focus on should be made based on how they support relevant research questions and methods. In the resolutions, we choose to prioritise person qualifications such as profession, legal status, or title, over person names. Qualifications allow users to select certain groups of people and to meaningfully combine with other layers of metadata, whereas person names lack contextual information to disambiguate them, making it unclear which and how many persons are referred to by selecting a specific person name. We show how our methodology results in a computational platform that allows users to explore and analyse the archive through many connected layers of metadata.

Defining the Climate for Inclusiveness and Multiculturalism: Linking to Context

The purpose of this paper is to develop a better understanding of how to define a positive climate for inclusiveness that recognizes the context and social environment of participants. In order to study employees working with Indigenous people and minorities in four organizations, we used a grounded research approach to define what an inclusive environment might look like. The interview questions gathered examples of experiences which employees valued because they felt more included and not excluded from people they worked with. The experiences fell into four categories, as follows: (i) leadership engaged in supporting inclusiveness within the organization; (ii) leadership engaged in seeking inclusiveness within the community; (iii) being involved in multicultural practices within the organization and community; and (iv) participating in initiatives which encourage engagement and involvement. This paper’s conceptualization of a climate of inclusion is different from other studies, possibly because of the unique context in which service organizations are placed, as such organizations typically work with Indigenous people and minorities. Although we are especially mindful of the danger of generalizing our findings without further research, the scope of this paper might provide some direction for future studies of other organizations. We suggest that there is also a need to be open to methods which allow individuals and groups to define a climate of inclusivity that is relevant to their context; this is because context may be essential for recognizing certain groups of people.

In-service teachers mathematics conceptions through the lens of ethnomathematics

The ethnomathematical perspective brings to light epistemological issues about teachers' conceptions of Mathematics. This study explores teachers' Mathematics conceptions and the evidence in their instruction framed using an ethnomathematical lens that highlights three dimensions: a practical approach that attends to the development of relations of Mathematics to reality, a social approach that proposes a view of Mathematics as a system of meanings of quantity, relationship, and space by a certain group of people, and a cultural approach that focuses on reflections from cultural groups that represent many different perspecAtives on Mathematics. Many researchers and educators recognize the significant influence of these approaches in interpreting and implementing Mathematics curricula. It influences how teachers' conceptions of mathematics affect their approach to teaching and learning mathematics. The survey adapted from Albanese and Perales and Andrews and Hatch reveals that the three approaches were given importance by the in-service Mathematics teachers of a teacher education institution in determining and developing their conceptions of Mathematics. The findings showed that the in-service teachers' conceptions of mathematics were visible from an ethnomathematical perspective. The practical approach in their instruction was highly evident but was the least important for the in-service teachers. Future research on how these conceptions play a part in the teaching-learning process is recommended. Conducting workshops and training for teachers on including an ethnomathematics approach in their instruction will help them more effectively design a lesson and reflect on the learning environment they would create in their classrooms.

Gelar Ata (Budak) pada Masyarakat Bulukumba dalam Perspektif Hukum Islam

This study aims to: (1) describe the description of slavery in Bulukumba; (2) analyze the review of Islamic law against slavery in Bulukumba with the system of awarding the title Ata. This research is a qualitative research using library research and using a normative juridical approach. The results of the study show that: (1) slavery against Ata today is no longer the same as slavery during the kingdom, which was very thick with caste division and slavery. The current system of slavery against Ata is not much anymore and is slowly starting to fade due to the progress and developments of the times, but there are still some people in Bulukumba who apply the system of slavery against Ata because they adhere to customs and think that their slavery is legal because it is a tradition. hereditary; (2) slavery in Bulukumba with the system of giving the title Ata is an act that deprives human rights and freedoms because the essence of Islamic law aims to uphold human rights and equal rights between men and women. Islam does not discriminate against skin color and ethnicity, all are equal before Allah. Therefore, Islam is a religion that does not justify slavery by depriving human rights and freedoms, and doing injustice to others. This is similar to slavery that occurred in the Bulukumba community with the system of giving the nickname or title Ata to certain groups of people, then being enslaved for generations, which is a form of action that is not allowed in Islam.

International Terrorism: Attributes and Forms

The authors analyze the features of international terrorism. It is proven that international («external») terrorism should be recognized as an independent legal phenomenon, separate from the domestic («internal») terrorism. The authors agree with those researchers who consider international terrorism to be one of the varieties of terrorism, but believe that the suggested attributes of international terrorism should be modified. While the territorial attribute and the attribute of citizenship of the culprit generally do not raise any objections, the authors argue in support of their position regarding the specific features of the victims of international terrorism, they state that such features could be anything as long as they define a group of people that is different from the group to which the members of an international terrorist organization belong: religious, racial, ethnic, national, linguistic, political features, etc. Another attribute supported in the article is the recognition of the terrorist organization as an international one by the national judicial (law enforcement) bodies. This allows the authors to suggest that the current legislation of the Russian Federation should include a procedure for recognizing a terrorist organization as an international one. This suggestion takes into consideration the fact that the FSB, which keeps a Unified Federal List of Terrorist Organizations, differentiates between Russian, foreign and international terrorist organizations in its practical work. The authors conclude that international terrorism is characterizes by such attributes as unlawfulness, territoriality, certain citizenship of the culprit and (or) the victim of terrorism, identification of the victim with certain groups of people, recognition of the subject of terrorism (terrorist organization) as an international one. It is suggested that the Federal Law «On Counteracting Terrorism» should be supplemented by the norm that describes the concept of an «international terrorist organization». It is proven that the recognition of a terrorist organization as an international one (or a foreign one) should be exclusively within the jurisdiction of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation. As for the analysis of the forms of international terrorism, it is argued that the most dangerous ones are «Islamist» (religious) and «right» (racist, Nazi) terrorism.

A “lifeline out of the COVID‐19 crisis”? An ecofeminist critique of the European Green Deal

A “lifeline out of the <scp>COVID</scp>‐19 crisis”? An ecofeminist critique of the European Green Deal

Review Of Electricity Subsidies In Indonesia 2015-2020

To meet the adequacy of electricity needs and help people's purchasing power, the government through the State Revenue and Expenditure Budget (APBN) provides cheap and affordable electricity services for certain segments of society every year. Electricity subsidies are assistance provided by the government to consumers in the form of electricity tariffs that are lower than their economic tariffs. The difference between the subsidized tariff and the economic tariff is borne by the Government, which is then paid to PT Perusahaan Listrik Negara (PT PLN Persero). This research will review the burden of subsidy spending that must be borne by the government and the journey of electricity subsidy reform on target. In addition, it will also review the role of electricity as an instrument in handling COVID-19 in 2020. Based on data on the realization of electricity subsidy spending for the last 5 years which have been audited (2015-2020), it can be seen that starting in 2015 there was a decline in spending as policy reforms began. more targeted electricity subsidies. However, since 2018 electricity subsidies have again increased due to one of the reasons for the increase in the cost of providing electricity (BPP) of electricity in FY 2018 compared to FY 2017 and a significant increase in the number of 450 VA customers. In 2020, an increase in electricity subsidies also occurred due to the electricity discount policy for certain groups of people and business entities as part of handling the impact of COVID-19.

Impact of expenditures and corporate philanthropy disclosure on company value

PurposeThe paper aims to estimate how corporate philanthropy expenditures and corporate philanthropy disclosure (in general and in different spheres) affect investment attractiveness of Russian companies.Design/methodology/approachTo assess the degree of corporate philanthropy disclosure the authors compiled lexicons based on a set of techniques: text and frequency analysis, correlations, principal component analysis. To adjust the existing classifications of corporate philanthropic activities to the Russian market the authors employed expert analysis. The empirical research base includes 83 Russian publicly traded companies for the period 2013–2019. To estimate the impact of indicators of corporate philanthropy disclosure on company's investment attractiveness the authors utilized panel data regression and random forest algorithm.FindingsWe compiled 2 Russian lexicons: one on general issues of corporate philanthropy and another one on philanthropic activities in various spheres (sports and healthcare; support for certain groups of people; social infrastructure; children protection and youth policy; culture, education and science). 2. The paper observes that the disclosure of non-financial data including that related to general issues of corporate philanthropy as well as to different spheres affects the market capitalization of the largest Russian companies. The results of regression analysis suggest that disclosure of altruism-driven philanthropic activities (such as corporate philanthropy in the sphere of culture, education and science) has a lesser impact on company's investment attractiveness than that of activities driven by business-related motives (sports and healthcare, children protection and youth policy).Research limitations/implicationsOur findings are important to management, investors, financial analysts, regulators and various agencies providing guidance on corporate governance and sustainability reporting. However, the authors acknowledge that the research results may lack generalizability due to the sample covering a single national context. Researchers are encouraged to test the proposed approach further on other countries' data by using the authors’ compiled lexicons.Originality/valueThe study aims to expand the domains of signaling and agency theories. First, this subject has not been widely examined in terms of emerging markets, the authors’ study is the first to focus on the Russian market. Secondly, the majority of scholars use text analysis to examine not only the impact of charitable donations but also the effect of corporate philanthropy disclosure. Thirdly, the authors provided the authors’ own lexicon of corporate philanthropy disclosure based on machine learning technique and expert analysis. Fourthly, to estimate the impact of corporate philanthropy on company's investment attractiveness the authors used the original approach based on combination of linear (regression), and non-linear methods (permutation importance. The authors’ findings extend the theoretical concept of Peterson et al. (2021): corporate philanthropy is viewed as the company strategy to reinforce its reputation, it helps to establish more efficient relationships with stakeholders which, in its turn, results in the increased business value.

Label modification and bootstrapping for zero-shot cross-lingual hate speech detection

The goal of hate speech detection is to filter negative online content aiming at certain groups of people. Due to the easy accessibility and multilinguality of social media platforms, it is crucial to protect everyone which requires building hate speech detection systems for a wide range of languages. However, the available labeled hate speech datasets are limited, making it difficult to build systems for many languages. In this paper we focus on cross-lingual transfer learning to support hate speech detection in low-resource languages, while highlighting label issues across application scenarios, such as inconsistent label sets of corpora or differing hate speech definitions, which hinder the application of such methods. We leverage cross-lingual word embeddings to train our neural network systems on the source language and apply them to the target language, which lacks labeled examples, and show that good performance can be achieved. We then incorporate unlabeled target language data for further model improvements by bootstrapping labels using an ensemble of different model architectures. Furthermore, we investigate the issue of label imbalance in hate speech datasets, since the high ratio of non-hate examples compared to hate examples often leads to low model performance. We test simple data undersampling and oversampling techniques and show their effectiveness.

ANALYSIS OF SPATIAL DISPARITY OF PHARMACIES IN VIRGINIA, U.S.A.

Many scholars have studied spatial equity issues of urban service delivery facilities in the past, including the pharmacy accessibility and pharmacy deserts. However, the analysis of spatial disparity of pharmacies in Virginia is lacking. To fill this research gap, we employed both statistical and geospatial methods to examine the pharmacy disparity and desert issues in Virginia. These methods include correlation, stepwise regression, average nearest neighbor analysis, network analysis, and geographically weighted regression (GWR). We examined five vulnerable populations and their accessibility to pharmacies. These subpopulations include racial minorities (defined as non-white population in this study), persons with income below poverty level, older adults (age 65+), persons with disability, and households without vehicles. We found that spatial inequity of pharmacies exists in Virginia. At the statewide macro level, the spatial distribution of older adults is, largely, correlated with that of pharmacies. However, as revealed by GWR at local levels, the spatial pattern of pharmacy distribution is much more complicated, exhibiting both spatial inequity and social inequity (especially racial inequity, which is ubiquitous in Virginia). Pharmacies may be adequate for certain groups of people, but simultaneously inadequate for others.

Perceptions of Prices and Reference Groups in West Kalimantan Students on the Decision to Use Airplanes

In this era of progress, there are many phenomena that occur, which indicate a shift in behavior models in society where initially airplanes were only used by certain groups of people, but with the development of the times and the increasingly advanced world of technological developments, now airplanes can be enjoyed by all lines of society. Current conditions make marketers try to keep abreast of the development trend of increasingly changing consumer behavior. The purpose of this study was to look at the influence of reference group variables and price perceptions in West Kalimantan students on the decision to use airplanes. The approach used by researchers in this paper is a quantitative approach. where researchers conducted a study in the form of distributing questionnaires or questionnaires which were then filled in by respondents, namely students from the Province of West Kalimantan totaling 100 respondents. Then the data will be processed using data analysis in the form of a classical assumption test and several analytical techniques such as multiple linear regression equations, T-test, F-test to the Coefficient of Determination. The results of data processing show that price perceptions and reference groups in West Kalimantan students simultaneously have a significant influence on increasing the decision to use aircraft. Perceived prices and reference groups of West Kalimantan students partially have a significant influence on increasing the decision to use aircraft. With the results of testing the coefficient of determination, it shows that the variable influence of service quality and availability of facilities on passenger satisfaction is 0.448 (44.8%).

Assessment of knowledge, attitude and practice of medical and dental students about maintaining and disinfecting toothbrushes.

Proper toothbrush care and maintenance play an important role in oral health. This study aimed to investigate the knowledge, attitude and practice of medical and dental students regarding the maintenance and disinfection of toothbrushes. This cross-sectional descriptive study examined 824 medical and dental students of Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran. Data were collected using a researcher-made questionnaire and analysed using chi-square test and independent t-test. The level of statistical significance was considered to be <0.05. Nearly 63.7% of the students had a good level of knowledge regarding toothbrush maintenance, 62.2% had a positive attitude toward toothbrush care, and 53.7% had a good practice. The mean scores of knowledge, attitude, and practice were significantly higher in dental, clinical, and female students as compared to medical, preclinical, and male students, respectively. Based on the results, about 54.3% of the students kept their toothbrushes outside the bathroom; 68% kept them vertically with the bristles upright; and 54% kept them in a separate container. Also, 50.6% of the students believed that toothbrush disinfection was necessary, while 31.9% believed that only certain groups of people needed toothbrush disinfection. This study indicated the moderate level of knowledge, attitude, and practice of medical and dental students in maintaining and disinfecting their toothbrushes. The students' oral health habits were also at a moderate level; therefore, further improvements seem essential. To achieve this goal, educational intervention programs need to be developed in the future.

Prophetic Law and Social Engineering: The Interaction between Religious Legal System and Customary Local System in Respect to Maintain and Promote Religious Values in Indonesian National Legal System

Legal system development certainly cannot be separated from sociological developments that include customs, norms, culture, and religion. In terms of rapid economic development, no doubt, a country is required to have a rule of law that can accommodate these needs and could cover various sociological spectrums that exist and are constantly changing within its people. Indonesia as a country with the largest Muslim majority in the world, while the notion of the whole state is based on Pancasila with diverse customs and cultural norms is certainly faced with several challenges, one of which is the transformation and the implementation of living law that includes religious, as well as indigenous law into a state law. The field of economics as an example of a social event that continues to revolve, will significantly be affected in the development of legal and social science. Sharia law is no longer a codification of exclusive law limited to certain groups of people but has become a general rule not only in Indonesia but also internationally with the existence of Islamic banking system. This phenomenon certainly changes the view of the legal order that applies in society if the change is assessed through the eyes of the sociology of law in Indonesia.

Black Feminists in the Third Sector: Here Is Why We Choose to use the term Solidarity Economy

Many countries in the Global North use the term “social economy”—also known as the third sector—to describe economies run by citizens rather than by state or business actors. Over the years, many Black feminist scholars that we have worked with also share the view that the concept of the “social economy” is limited to a European understanding. It fails to acknowledge those actors in the third sector who are excluded from interacting with the government or private sector. There is an assumption that the social economy is “socially inclined” and that it is a sector able to “interact” with the state and capitalist firms. What happens when certain groups of people cannot interact with the state or private sectors due to systemic exclusion? We argue that to transform literature on the social economy, we must use the term solidarity economy. Rejecting the sanitized language of the social economy, we use critical discourse and case study analyses to show the worldwide use of the term solidarity. Our work draws on theories of community economy intentional community to argue that the solidarity economy is a site of contestation and a way to push for social change.