Ceramic Complex Research Articles

Новые погребения предскифского времени с территории Волгоградской области. Проблемы интерпретации

The article is devoted to the publication and analysis of new burial materials of the pre-Scythian period (9th – 7th centuries BC), obtained as a result of excavations of several burial mounds in the Volgograd region. The work was carried out by the expedition of Volgograd State University from the end of the past to the beginning of the present century. The burial mounds were located on the coastal terraces of the Don river and some of its tributaries, as well as on the steppe watersheds associated with the Don basin. The sample includes seven pre-Scythian burials, the burial rite and clothing material of which allows us to correlate them with the previously discovered monuments of the Chernogorovskaya Culture of the southern Russian steppes and date them within the boundaries of the initial stage of the early Iron Age. According to archaeological and anthropological data, various components were involved in the formation of this culture in the Lower Volga region and the neighbouring Don and the Volga-Ural regions. The basis was autochthonous substrates of the Late Bronze Age, as well as cultural formations derived from them at the final stage of the Late Bronze Age. The combination of local and imported cultural traditions is also reflected in the grave inventory of the studied series, especially in the ceramic complex, which shows technological and typological features of various origin. The variety of elements of the funeral rite and the mixed nature of the accompanying inventory of the presented burial series reflect the complex processes of cultural genesis in the Lower Volga region in the pre-Scythian period during transition to a nomadic economy.

Ранние комплексы поселения Айлинка VIII

The article discusses the results of a reconnaissance study of the Aylinka VIII site, located on the right-bank terrace of the Shish River, the right tributary of the Irtysh River, in the territory of the village of Aylinka. During the work, materials from several cultural and chronological periods were revealed. The earliest complex is represented by fragments from thick-walled, flat-bottomed profiled dishes, ornamented mainly with shallow rounded indentations forming multidirectional straight lines. The section of the corolla is beveled inwards and slightly bent. The profile of the bottom part is concave, with a protrusion along the edge of the bottom, ornamented with indentations. Such ceramics have parallels in the materials of the sites from the Baraba forest-steppe, which were attributed by V.V. Bobrov to the Boborykino culture, and later by V.I. Molodin to the Baraba Early Neolithic culture (the 7th millennium BC). Another ceramic complex from the site is represented by fragments of vessels of the Ekaterininskaya culture, ornamented mainly by horizontal rows of oblique combed and smooth stamps and pits. The last of the early ceramics complexes contains flat-bottomed dishes of the Early Bronze Age, ornamented with a comb stamp. During the excavations, a collection of stone products was also obtained, which was represented mainly by the products made of quartzite (plates, scrapers), and a microplate made of jasper. The multilayered nature of the site and the priority choice of the studied habitat by the population during the Neolithic-Early Bronze Age were established. Probable pits of dwellings associated with early horizons of habitation have been identified. The Early Neolithic ceramic complex presented in the publication not only closes the gap between the Mesolithic and the Late Neolithic in the Middle Irtysh region, but also expands the area of distribution of the sites with flat-bottomed Neolithic ceramics in the southwestern Siberia. Its correlation with any archaeological culture is currently within the framework of the discussion that has unfolded in the recent years about the cultural affiliation of the complexes with flat-bottomed profiled Neolithic ceramics in the territory.

Русская деревня Ананьино: археологические хронологии

Chronology of archaeological monuments of Modern times, despite the available written sources, are as important and relevant as for early archaeology. Archival materials provide ambiguous information about the time of appearance and periods of the development of the Russian villages in Western Siberia. Therefore, the archaeological study of rural monuments makes significant adjustments to the reconstruction of their history. Materials obtained during the excavations of 2021 in the Russian settlement of the 17th-19th centuries Ananyino-I in the Tarsky District of the Omsk Region together with the results of previous years of study of the monument allowed us to build a chronological scale for the history of this village. Three periods were conditionally allocated. The 17th century is the time of the emergence of the village, the formation of the population, its life support system and historical ecology. This period is represented by chronological markers such as a coin of the end of the century which refers to the joint rule of Peter Alekseevich and his brother Ivan. Another dating finds are Chinese porcelain, a stirrup, an arrowhead, counting token of Cornelius Lauffer, a pottery glazed rattle “from Rus”, fragments of chain mail and lamellar armor and other items and data of dendrochronology that allow dating individual dwellings in the excavated part of the monument. The 18th century is the heyday of the village, when it had the largest population, which is reliably dated by numismatic finds, starting with the coins of Peter I in 1709 and ending with coins of 1793, Chinese porcelain and status items of that time. The 19th century is the period when the population of the village left this place. Unfortunately, the materials of this period have not yet been found in the excavated part of the settlement. In future, a ceramic complex may become a promising chronological marker.

БАСЬЯНОВСКИЙ АРХЕОЛОГИЧЕСКИЙ КОМПЛЕКС ЭПОХИ НЕОЛИТА ЛЕСНОГО ЗАУРАЛЬЯ: ИСТОРИЯ ИЗУЧЕНИЯ

The article is devoted to the analysis of the history of exploring the Bas’yanovo archaeological complex of the Neolithic in the forest Trans-Urals. At the turn of the 20th and 21st centuries A. F. Shorin and V. A. Arefiev identified this ceramic complex initially as an independent type of ceramics based on materials from the Koksharovsky hill sanctuary. The authors of the first researches showed the markers of this ceramic complex, its similarity and difference from the vessels of the Boborykino culture. After the excavations of the Vtoroy poselok I site, the features of the stone industry of this new archaeological phenomenon, similar and distinguishing features of it from the Boborykino culture, were highlighted. The data on the relative stratigraphy of Koksharovsky hill, as well as the analysis of the base of radiocarbon dates, made it possible to determine the chronological framework of this cultural phenomenon within the last quarter of the 6th–5th millennium BC, i. e. the late Neolithic of the Trans-Urals. However, at present, based on materials from the excavations of the Beregovaya II site on the Gorbunovsky peat bog, the age of the Bas’yanovo cultural tradition is proposed to be dated to the turn of the 7th–6th millennium BC, i. e. attributed to the very beginning of the Neolithic in the region. The status of this cultural phenomenon in the accepted archaeological definitions can be assessed as a local variant of the Boborykino culture. The assessment of the ratio of the Boborykino and Bas’yanovo complexes of the Trans-Urals can also be interpreted from the standpoint of another culturological approach — the concept of “archaeological continuity”.

КЕРАМИЧЕСКИЙ КОМПЛЕКС ЭПОХИ БРОНЗЫ СВЯТИЛИЩА МАЛАЯ СОПКА НА НИЖНЕМ ДОНУ

The paper contains an analysis of the ceramic collection of the bronze age sanctuary Malaya Sopka. The sanctuary is located in the Oktyabrsky district of the Rostov region and was investigated in 2017. A little more than 10,000 square meters of the cultural layer of the сentral part of the monument were studied, which is about two-thirds of the total area. On the entire territory of the excavation, there were no dwellings, buildings, household pits, and hearths. However, 10 religious complexes were studied on the site, in the form of a system of ditches of various configurations (ring, rectangular, double ring), 12 objects (stone slabs and layouts, ruins of vessels), which gave reason to call Malaya Sopka a place of worship or a sanctuary. The weakly saturated cultural layer contained tools and products made of stone, bone and bronze. The main part of the finds is represented by ruins and fragments of bronze age ceramics and fragments of cattle bones. The ceramic complex of the site was formed at the turn of the middle and late Bronze age at the base of two different cultural traditions: the local Babino (multi-ribbed) and the newcomer Don-Volga Abashevo culture. The syncretic ceramic complex marks the stage of formation of the early Srubnaya (Timber-grave) culture and supplements the data on the cultural genesis of the middle-late Bronze age with the materials of the cult site.

ПРЕДВАРИТЕЛЬНЫЕ ИТОГИ ОХРАННЫХ РАБОТ НА ПАМЯТНИКЕ МГК-2/6-3 В 2019 Г

The article is devoted to the results of studies of the Maly Gonbinsky Cordon-2/6 complex, located in the Talmenskiy district of the Altai Region in 2019. At the previously recorded destroyed area of the archaeological site, rescue operations were carried out and an excavation was laid at the 48 sq. m. Excavations have investigated two objects - a dwelling and the end of the ditch with a structure above it. The dwelling discovered during the excavations most likely represented a structure deepened into the ground, the structure above the ditch had a sub-square shape in the center of which a trapezoidal ditch was fixed in section. In the course of the work, a ceramic complex was obtained, represented by round-bottomed vessels with a rim bent outward, and also several fragments of indeterminate animal bones and horse teeth were recorded. Based on the material found, the site can be preliminarily attributed to the 2nd half of the 5th - 6th centuries AD. Culturally, the ceramic complex belongs to the Odintsovo culture. Keywords: ancient settlements, emergency excavations, preservation of sites, early Middle Ages

Предметный комплекс поселения Купчегень-1 (Центральный Алтай

Abstract: The paper presents the results of the chronological attribution of a complex of objects obtained during exploration work at the Kupchegen-1 settlement, located on the outskirts of the village of the same name in the Ongudai district of the Altai Republic. The settlement is located on a small site in a closed hollow, in the place of a seasonal watercourse. Due to this location, the cultural layer of the site is destroyed by a large gully, in which the locals collected lifting material in the form of fragments of ceramic vessels, iron products, animal bones and pieces of slag. In 2020, the ravine was cleaned up and additional material was obtained, allowing the dating of the main layer of the settlement. Based on the consideration of analogies of individual finds, in particular, an iron armor plate, a ceramic complex and a blank quiver loop, the materials of the settlement were tentatively dated to the 9th-13th centuries AD. It is possible that the materials received also contain a few items related to other periods. The studied complex can become a reference for the study of the settlements of the Turkic and pre-Mongol times of Altai. Keywords: settlement; Middle Ages; Turkic time; pre-Mongol time; ceramics; quiver; armor plate Acknowledgements: The research was carried out with the financial support of the Russian Science Foundation (project No. 20–78–00035).

Опыт изучения форм керамических сосудов методами геометрической морфометрии (на примере Николаевского могильника эпохи бронзы из Башкирского Приуралья)

The article considers the possibilities of the ‘envelope’ and geometric morphometry methods exemplified by the analysis of 47 whole forms of vessels from the Nikolayevskiy burial ground of Srubnaya culture from Bashkir Fore-Urals. Purpose. The purpose of this work is to reveal the morphological characteristics of the ceramic complex of the necropolis with the isolation of the reference forms of vessels using the ‘envelope’ method and methods of geometric morphometry. Consideration of their possibilities will allow for the further construction of a general typology of the vessels of Srubnaya culture of the Urals. The authors are convinced that only the publication of the results of the study of the morphology of the vessels of individual complexes, processed according to a unified technique, will make it possible to proceed with the study of ceramics of the Late Bronze Age cultures of the entire Southern Urals. The use of the ‘envelope’ method proposed by Clive Orton made it possible to highlight the leading forms of the considered collection. The obtained classification scheme includes six groups of pot-shaped vessels and four groups of jar-shaped vessels. Results. The results of the principal component analysis allow for the conclusion that the majority of the sample vessels are similar to each other in general proportions. A small group of vessels of Srubnaya culture low in heigh and a number of vessels with a foreign cultural component, in particular those with features characteristic of Alakul culture, stand out from the rest. There is no clear connection between the distribution of pottery groups among burials and mounds. Only two points stand out. The finds of vessels of the first group of pots prevail in the embankment of mound 1, while pots of the second group appear only in burials of mounds 3 and 5. In mound 3, the finds of these vessels are concentrated in the burials of the northwestern sector, which probably reflects a certain stage in the functioning of the burial ground. Conclusion. The studied variations of pot forms in the analyzed collection, the presence of vessels with the so-called early-Srubnaya signs, and their mutual occurrence with the vessels of the Srubno-Alakul appearance, reflect the processes of the influence of the Alakul pottery stereotypes on the dominant Srubnaya component of the Urals.

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MORPHOLOGICAL AND TYPOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF THE BOWLS FROM TIGRANAKERT OF ARTSAKH The ceramics of the Classical period revealed from Tigranakert of Artsakh dating back to the I century BC – III century AD is presented in this article in wide morphological and functional variability. In the ceramic complex of Tigranakert there is a separate group of pottery that was used as tableware. In this paper we revise one of the most common types of this cookware – the bowls. The bowls were discovered within the layers of the Classical period both in the citadel area, and in the living quarters. This kind of ware has flat bottom and widening upwards body. The bowls of Tigranakert presented by a rich collection are morphologically similar and slightly differ only in their rim shapes. According to the studies of morphological peculiarities and aesthetic treatment of the bowls revealed from Tigranakert of Artsakh, we can venture a hypothesis that in the I century BC – III century AD its population was presented by urban-dwellers who had cultural relations and led an active trade not only with other cities of Armenia and neighboring countries of the Greco-Roman world, but also with Iranian centers.

Лепная керамика периода поздней бронзы поселения Бурла-3

The article deals with the results of a comprehensive analysis of the molded ceramics of the Burla-3 settlement of the Late Bronze Age, carried out according to the method of A. A. Bobrinsky. Based on the study of molding masses (FM) of ceramic vessels, it has been established that the pottery tradition is represented by several groups associated with populations of different origins. The main one is the autochthonous technology for the use of chamotte as additives, at the same time, foreign cultural methods for the use of gruss are distinguished. The methods of designing vessels made it possible to reveal that the technological scheme of the Sargary-Alekseevsk culture is dominant. Correlation of the obtained data with the ornamental scheme of the ceramic complex made it possible to distinguish several technological groups: “Sargary-Alekseevskaya”, “Dongal”, “Irmenskaya”, and hybrid types between them. Keywords: Burla-3, Ob-Irtysh interfluve, steppe Altai, ceramics, technical and technological analysis, Late Bronze Age Acknowledgments: The article was prepared with the financial support of the Russian Science Foundation, project No. 20–18–00179 “Migration and the Processes of Ethnocultural Interaction as Factors in the Formation of Multiethnic Societies on the Territory of the Greater Altai in Antiquity and the Middle Ages: an Interdisciplinary Analysis of Archaeological and Anthropological Materials”.

ЮРИНСКИЕ ДРЕВНОСТИ. ПРОДОЛЖЕНИЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЙ, НАЧАТЫХ А.Х. ХАЛИКОВЫМ

The article discusses and analyzes the results of field work of the Mari archaeological expedition and the author on a seasonal hunting site of the Stone and Early Bronze Age. Polyanskaya V site, located in the Western part of the Republic of Mari El, was attributed by its discoverer (A.H. Khalikov) to the circle of monuments of the Balakhna Neolithic culture, represented by hundreds of settlement monuments in the Middle Volga region. The main ceramic complex of the site consists of fragments of walls and corollas of vessels with pit-comb ornamentation. In the late 1970s, the Polyanskaya V site was partially destroyed during the creation of engineering protection of the Yurinskaya lowland from flooding by the waters of the Cheboksary reservoir. Due to the lack of possibility to conduct stationary excavations of the monument, V.V. Nikitin (Mari archaeological expedition) and we regularly collected lifting material. These fees were most effective in 2000-2005. The collection of flint inventory of the Polyanskaya V site has been significantly expanded. Thanks to our findings of throwing tools in the damaged by wind erosion cultural layer of the site, it was possible to more accurately determine the cultural identity of porous ceramics, which are also found on the monument square. Visiting the site by groups of hunters of the Eneolithic era is illustrated by flint arrow that have analogies in the inventory of Volosovo type settlements of the Mari Volga region. Keywords: Balakhna culture, stone tools, ceramics, archaeological collection

Полевые исследования в Крутихинском районе (итоги полевого сезона 2021 года)

The article is devoted to the introduction into scientific circulation of materials obtained during the field work of the Verkhneobsky archaeological detachment of the Altai State Pedagogical University in the Krutikhinsky district of the Altai Territory in the summer of 2021. In the course of the conducted research, the Maslyakhinskaya Hill was monitored. A bronze ring was found in the scree of its collapsing part. The ongoing archaeological supervision in the village of Krutikha allowed to expand the selection of fragments of the Russian ceramic complex from this locality. Copper-cast Old Believers’icons and a cross were obtained from local residents, which may tentatively date from the end of the XVIII — beginning of the XX century.

Культурный палимпсест в кургане № 5 могильника Уйтаг-3 (Республика Хакасия)

In 2021, as a part of rescue archaeological work in the Askiz district of the Republic of Khakassia a unique burial complex was studied. Kurgan No. 5 at the Uytag-3 burial ground was a cultural-chronological palimpsest. A mound of the Afanasyevo culture with two graves was located at the base of the site. Its territory was used by the Tagar people for the construction of their mound. A powerful fence with corner and paving stones, an earthen platform made of blocks of loam with sod, 4 burial vaults covered with larch logs, and passages were erected. During the Tesinsky stage, another burial vault with a dromos was built at the central part of the embankment. All the tombs functioned for a long time for the burial of new deceased. Despite the disturbance (and partial robbery) of the complexes in antiquity, many details of the funeral rituals characteristic of several chronological stages of the Tagar culture, from the Saragashenskiy (IV—III centuries BC) to the Tesinsky stage (II-I centuries BC), remained intact. Field research yielded abundant assemblage of burial goods including bronze daggers, battle hammer-axes, awls, mirrors; bronze and iron knives and belt plates with pendants; costume decorations in the form of hemispherical bronze plaques, beads, perforated clothing decorations and deer plaques. A variety of ceramics was found in each grave: from large jars to small vessels-incense burners. An interesting ceramic complex was also excavated from the Afanasyevo burials. The unique clay-plaster funerary masks portraying the deceased were cleaned up and secured at the Tesinsky vault. Almost all of the masks displayed Caucasian features. Samples of wood from burial structures were taken for analysis, and the anthropological collection was replenished. It is worth noting the Okunevo stele with a face carved on its side edge used in the fence of the Tagar mound.

Керамічна збірка трипільського поселення Шипинці А в контексті видозміни розписного посуду на межі етапів ВІ та ВІ-ВІІ

Attention is paid at the article to ceramic ware of Trypillia settlement of Shypyntsi A, which belongs to stage BI. Some of the materials were processed in Historical Museum of Lviv, other part are taken from O. Kandyba's works. This site is interesting because it belongs to the final period of Trypillia BI and is promising for examination of changes in the shape and ornamentation of tableware during the end of stage BI – beginning of BI–BII and determining basis for the formation of Zalishchyky group of sites. Only «tableware», usually painted, is represented at the collection. There are no finds with deepened ornaments among the collections of museum, but O. Kandyba wrote about its presence in the ceramic complex of Shypyntsy A. Painted ceramic ware are represented by the following forms: goblets, lids, bowls, pear-shaped ware, cups on a pallet, binocular-shaped ware, spoons or scoops. To analyze the ornament on ceramic ware classification scheme of styles of painting, developed by G. Schmidt and supplemented by other researchers is used. The following styles are distinguished among the ornamental compositions of ceramics of Shypyntsy A: ABα, αα², α¹, α², α³, β². Among them ABα, αα² are the oldest. Volutes, spirals, circles, meanders and broken lines that form triangular shaped figures are dominated among the motifs. Some of the ornamental motifs characteristic of Shypyntsi A are also represented on the ceramic ware of later Zalischyky sites. Subgroups of styles of painting α, β, which appeared at the stage of Trypillia BI – Kukuten` A4, for some time continued to exist on Zalischyky ceramics, along with new styles of painting. On the stage of Trypillia BI-BII changes of shapes of ceramic ware took place – rejection of ceramic ware on a pallet and appearance of new forms of ceramics. Pear-shaped ware and goblets have changed, but in parallel the old versions of both pear-shaped ware and goblets were used. Forms of lids and bowls from Shypyntsi A can be also found on Zalischyky ceramics. It is obvious that Shypyntsi A belongs to the settlements of the end of BI, which influenced the formation of Zalischyky sites of BI–BII stage. Key words: Shypyntsi A, Trypillia, painted tableware, stage BI, stage BI-BII.

THE SETTLEMENT MOLYUKHIV BUHOR IN THE WORKS OF D. YA. TELEGIN AND ACCORDING TO MODERN DATA

The materials of Molyukhiv Buhor, obtained during excavations in 1955—1956 by V. M. Danylenko, were constantly used by D. Y. Telegin in his scientific works particularly in the monograph «Dnipro-Donetsk Culture. To the History of the Population of the Neolithic Epoch — Early Metal of the South of Eastern Europe» 1968; in the monograph «Seredni Stoh Culture of the Copper Age» in 1973; in the article «Cultural identity and dating of supine Eneolithic burials of the Steppe Dnieper» 1987; in the book «Neolithic Burial Grounds of the Mariupol Type» 1991; in the publication «Settlements of the Dnieper-Donetsk Ethnocultural Community of the Neolithic Era» 1998 (co-authored by O. M. Titova); in the book «Seredni Stoh and Novodanilivka cultures of the Eneolithic of the Azov-Pontic region: an archaeological-anthropological analysis of materials and catalog of sites» 2001 (co-authors A. L. Nechitaylo, I. D. Potekhina, Y. V. Panchenko). The conclusions of the scholar according to the first two monographs became the basis for the recognition of Molyukhiv Buhor as one of the outstanding sites of Ukraine in the Neo-Eneolithic Age.
 Since 1992 the archeological study of Molyukhiv Buhor has been carried out by the author who has discovered on the settlement the system of «moats» and «pillars», the remains of Neolithic dwellings, residential-economic complex of the late Neolithic age, the ancient burial ground with 6 different graveyards, 44 economic pits of different historical periods, etc.
 A diverse collection of archaeological materials, the total number of which is more than 103700 finds, is the ceramic complex, flint tools, stone tools, horn and bone products, copper products, and allows to describe fully and comprehensively the material culture of the inhabitants in the Neolithic and Eneolithic periods.
 Thus, new research allows us to clarify, supplement and expand our understanding of the material culture of the tribes of Dnieper-Donetsk and Seredni Stoh cultures, compare them with the research of D. Ya. Telegin 1960—1970 and note that many conclusions of the scholar of 50 years ago find their confirmation in new studies of Molyukhіv Buhor.
 Archaeological studies of the settlement are being continued. In recent years, they have focused on the excavation of a large residential and commercial complex in the north of the settlement.

ВВЕДЕНИЕ В ОСМАНСКУЮ АРХЕОЛОГИЮ КРЫМА. О ПРЕДМЕТЕ НАУЧНОЙ ДИСЦИПЛИНЫ И ОСНОВНЫХ НАПРАВЛЕНИЯХ СОВРЕМЕННЫХ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЙ

The article deals with the theoretical and source-related block of issues related to the Ottoman archaeology of the Crimea, as a special scientifi c discipline that studies the material antiquities of the Ottoman period in its history (about 1475–1783). The subject of research and the content of the term "Ottoman archaeology" and its relationship with other similar, but not identical, concepts in archaeological science are analyzed. The main stages of archaeological research of monuments of the late XV-XVIII centuries in the region are reconstructed. The paper presents an overview of the main directions of modern ottoman archaeology of the Crimea, starting from the 90s of the XX century. It is concluded that in recent decades, the greatest progress has been made in the study of the archaeology of Ottoman fortresses in the Crimea and the capital of the Crimean Khanate – the city of Bakhchisaray, as well as in the fi eld of archaeological material science, especially in relation to the structure of the ceramic complex of this time.

Preliminary results of study of the inlet burials on the Besinshitobe in Otrar oasis

The proposed publication aims to the introduction into scientific circulation, systematization and analysis of the burials of Besinshitobe. To date, about 50 graves have been studied. The analysis of burial materials allows the author to distinguish three main types of burial complexes. The chronological identity of the graves was made on the basis of analogies to the inventory. Their dating is still preliminary. The earliest burial complex is characterized by single burials with accompanying equipment. Five buried had the traces of artificial deformation of the ring type on their skulls. In two burials, an incomplete cremation ritual was performed. The earliest burials of this complex belong to the 4th–5th centuries A.D. The second complex combines burials in large earthen vessels placed in pits. All the burials were children’s, one of which was collective. On the basis of analogies, this group can be attributed to the 7th – 8th centuries A.D. The third, medieval burial complex is characterized by single Muslim burial grounds. A common sign for him is the lack of accompanying inventory, orientation of the deceased's head to the north-west and north-north-west. The use of incomplete scorching in the burial ritual is a known case. The ceramic complex obtained from the level I of the tier of the excavations at Besinshitoba allows the author to attribute Muslim burials to the 9th –11th and 13th –15th centuries A.D.

Керамика могильника андроновской (федоровской) культуры Чекановский Лог-2 (комплексный анализ)

The paper discusses the results of a comprehensive analysis of the ceramic complex of the Chekanovsky Log-2 burial ground of the Andronovskaya (Fedorovskaya) culture, located in the North-Western foothills of Altai. In the course of morphological analysis, three forms of vessels were identified: pots, jars, and pot-jars. The leading method of ornamentation was stamping. Seven basic elements of the ornament and 27 different motives were used for ornamenting. Some differences are recorded in the technique of ornamentation and compositional schemes of the two sections of the burial ground. A technical and technological analysis showed that for the production of crockery local potters preferred medium-iron clays, mostly medium-plastic. The leading recipe for the preparation of molding masses at the site was clay + grit + fireclay + organic matter. At the same time, in the north section, there are vessels made only with the addition of chamotte as a mineral admixture. Thus, the materials of the site demonstrate the process of mixing different traditions in pottery. Most likely, on the territory of the North-Western foothills of Altai during the developed Bronze Age, there was an active interaction and mutual influence of the population of different geographical zones: foothill and lowland, which probably belonged to various local variants of the Andronovo cultural and historical community: East Kazakhstan and Ob.

Ceramic Complex of the Early Iron Age Settlement of Allak 1

The article deals with ceramic complex of the Early Iron Age settlement Allak 1. The authors have studied the design of corollas, ornaments, conducted technical and technological analysis and divided the complex into 2 groups. One of them relates to the Kamenskaya archaeological culture, the second to the group of ceramics of the second stage of the Novosibirsk version of the Kulaiskaya archaeological culture. The second group of ceramics is characterized by vessels with flat corollas cut inside, having small thickenings both on the outside and on the inside, decorated with elements of ornament not found on the ceramics of the Kamenskaya culture (the imprint of the corner of the spatula, etc.), making up ornamental compositions of several ornamental lines, which also have not been found on the Kamenskaya ceramics. Groups also differ by the source raw material. Finds of ceramics from the second group indicate the penetration of the Kulaiskaya culture population into the territory of the forest-steppe Altai. The obtained data supplemented the ideas about the initial settlement of the forest-steppe Altai by the Kulaiskaya culture tribes. Along with the migration wave of the population of the Sarovskii stage of the Kulaiskaya culture from the territory of the Tomsk Ob region, one can talk about quite intensive contacts with the population of the second stage of the Kulaiskaya culture of the Novosibirsk Ob region.

Beer, Pottery, Society and Early European Identity

Beer is not only a favourite drink for many archaeologists, but is increasingly the subject of their research. Brewing and beer consumption have played a significant role in prehistoric human cultures around the world. Beer was a tasty, nutritious food, a substance affecting the mind, medicine, a religious symbol, as well as a social medium and an accelerator. Alcohol relieved the pain and prevented the spread of infection. Beer was a safe and healthy drink compared to contaminated water. At the time when our ancestors began to domesticate agricultural crops, they commonly produced not only bread but also beer. It is probable that the first ceramic vessels in the Near East were created precisely out of the need to more effectively control the technological process of beer production. Similarly, in the Central European Copper Age, beer production and its growing social significance influenced the emergence of the set Ceramic complex that lasted continuously for more than three millennia. Beer has entered almost all aspects of social life, from everyday consumption and social interactions to initiation ceremonies and major religious celebrations. The study of beer and other fermented beverages sheds light on many aspects of the biocultural development of humans on this planet.