Ceramic Cement Research Articles

Complex Characterization and Behavior of Waste Fired Brick Powder-Portland Cement System.

Two waste fired brick powders coming from brick factories located in Argentine and Czech Republic were examined as alternative mineral admixtures for the production of blended cements. In pastes composition, local Portland cements (Argentine and Czech) were substituted with 8–40%, by mass, with powdered ceramic waste. For the ceramic waste-Portland cement system, workability, the heat released, pozzolanity, specific density, compressive strength, hydrated phases, porosity, and pore size distribution were tested. The relevance of the dilution effect, filler effect, and pozzolanic activity was analyzed to describe the general behavior of the pozzolan/cement system. The properties and performance of cement blends made with finely ground brick powder depended on the composition of ceramic waste and its reactivity, the plain cement used, and the replacement level. Results showed that the initial mini-slump was not affected by a low ceramic waste replacement (8% and 16%), and then it was decreased with an increase in the ceramic waste content. Brick powder behaved as a filler at early ages, but when the hydration proceeded, its pozzolanic activity consumed partially the calcium hydroxide and promoted the formation of hydrated calcium aluminates depending on the age and present carbonates. Finally, blended cements with fired brick powder had low compressive strength at early ages but comparable strength-class at later age.

Variation of adhesive stress in anodized AZ31 magnesium alloy immersed within cement concrete blocks with different solidification times

Anodized AZ31 Magnesium Alloys were synthesized via electrodeposition processes. The aim of this work was to determine the mechanical response of anodized AZ31 Magnesium alloy with different current densities immersed within cement concrete blocks with different solidification times. The anodized alloy was characterized by X-ray diffraction, exhibiting the crystallography orientation for the Mg and MgO phases. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy was used to determine the chemical composition of the anodized magnesium alloy. Scanning electron microscopy technique was performed to analyze morphological surface changes on the anodized Mg alloy with different current densities. The topography variation evidenced a reduction of the roughness and grain size with the increase of the current density which was determined by atomic force microscopy (AFM). The mechanical properties micro-hardness increased by 32% when the magnesium alloy was anodized with a current density of 25 mA·cm−2. When both anodized magnesium MgO with the higher current density alloys for (1 and 7 days) are compared to metallic Mg alloy AZ31, the adhesive stress between the anodized magnesium MgO with the higher current density and the ceramic paste or cement concrete with a hardening time of 1 day (24 h), exhibited a reduction of 45% and for 7 days the anodized magnesium MgO with the higher current density exhibited a reduction of 60%. This mechanical behavior in the anodized Mg/MgO system indicates that the Mg/MgO coatings can be promising for future applications in the civil construction industry.

Zeolite Tuff and Recycled Ceramic Sanitary Ware Aggregate in Production of Concrete

The article presents the results of research on the use of ceramic ware waste as aggregate in concrete production. Four concrete mixtures with aluminous cement were prepared, each with a different admixture of clinoptilolite. The only used aggregate was crushed waste ceramic sanitary ware obtained from a Polish sanitary fixture production plant. As part of the studies, a compressive test of cubic samples at different curing times ranging from 7 to 90 days was performed. Prior to the preparation of the samples, a sieve analysis and an elemental analysis of the obtained aggregate were conducted. In the framework of the testing, the bimodal distribution of clinoptilolite grains was determined, as well as its chemical composition. The conducted compressive tests demonstrated high strength of concrete containing ceramic aggregate and aluminous cement with an addition of clinoptilolite. In order to determine the impact that adding zeolite exerts on the phase composition and the structure of concrete samples, an analysis of the phase composition (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy examination (SEM) were performed. Furthermore, tests of abrasion, water penetration under pressure and frost resistance were conducted, determining particular properties of the designed mixtures. The abrasion tests have confirmed that the mixtures are highly abrasion-resistant and can be used as a topcoat concrete layer. The conducted tests of selected properties have confirmed the possibility of using waste ceramic cullet and a mineral addition of clinoptilolite in concrete production.

Effects of MDP-based primers on shear bond strength between resin cement and zirconia.

Yttria-stabilized tetragonal zirconia polycrystal (Y-TZP) ceramics are widely used for fixed dental prostheses and dental implants. Various primers have been introduced to enhance the bonding strength of zirconia crowns. The aim of current study was to analyze the effects of 10-methacryloyloxydecyl dihydrogen phosphate (MDP) primers on the shear bond strength between zirconia crowns and resin cement were assessed. The total sample size included 90 samples of Y-TZP ceramic surfaces. Samples in group I were abraded with aluminum oxide. Samples in groups II and III were abraded and primed with the zirconia and Z-PrimePlus MDP primers, respectively. Group IV samples did not undergo any treatment or application. Group V and VI samples did not undergo any abrasion but were primed with zirconia and Z-PrimePlus MDP primers, respectively. Prior to bonding of the resin cement, the primers were applied for 1 min and air-dried. Then, Clearfil SA luting self-adhesive resin cement was coated onto the zirconia crowns. The highest bond strength was achieved in group III, followed by group II, and group IV exhibited the lowest bond strength between Y-TZP ceramic and adhesive resin cement. Therefore, the application of MDP primers yielded greater bond strength between Y-TZP ceramics and adhesive resin cement, compared with the group without the use of primers.

Bonding effectiveness of tooth-colored materials to resin cement provided by self-etching silane primer after short- and long-term storage

Statement of problemGlass-ceramic materials are typically treated with hydrofluoric acid (HF) and silane to improve their bond to composite resin; however, HF may be harmful to human tissues and the integrity of the material, and its application is a technique-sensitive procedure. A novel self-etching ceramic primer has been introduced with the claim that it can solve those problems. However, independent scientific evidence regarding its performance is scarce. PurposeThe purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the effect of self-etching silane primer on glass-ceramic surface roughness and on long-term bonding between glass-ceramic and composite resin cement. Material and methodsPlates of 3 materials (n=10), lithium disilicate glass-ceramic (LDC) (IPS e.max CAD), leucite-based glass-ceramic (LEU) (IPS Empress CAD), and resin-modified ceramic (PIC) (VITA ENAMIC), were treated in the following ways: no treatment (C), HF (5%) applied during the recommended time for each material (HF), and self-etching ceramic primer (Monobond Etch & Prime [MBEP]). Surface roughness (Sa) was analyzed with a laser 3D profiler. Ceramic sticks were subjected to (n=20) no treatment (C); treatment with hydrofluoric acid plus silane (HF+S); and treatment with self-etching ceramic primer (MBEP) bonded to prepolymerized composite resin sticks with composite resin cement (Variolink II) and stored for 24 hours and 1 year (n=10). The assemblies were submitted to microtensile bond strength testing (μTBS). Data were analyzed using ANOVA and the Tukey pairwise, post hoc test (α=.05). Failure pattern and surface and interface morphology were assessed using scanning electron microscopy. ResultsOnly individual factors resulted in statistically significant differences for both variables (material: P<.001; surface treatment: P=.020), interaction (P=.570). HF group (0.49 ±0.11 μm) showed statistically higher roughness values (P≤.05) than control groups (0.44 ±0.97 μm), while MBEP (0.48 ±0.11 μm) was comparable with both. HF produced greater surface alterations than MBEP and C. PIC (0.60 ±0.051 μm) exhibited significantly higher roughness values (P≤.05) than LDC (0.37 ±0.07 μm) and LEU (0.45 ±0.04). Regarding μTBS, the general mean of PIC (24.6 ±10.1 MPa) was higher (P≤.05) than LEUs (14.7 ±6.7 MPa) and LDCs (13.1 ±4.8 MPa), while treatment groups HF+S (17.9 ±10.0 MPa) and MBEP (20.5 ±9.7 MPa) produced higher μTBS values than control groups (14.2 ±5.5 MPa). Adhesive failure was associated with low μTBS values and aged specimens, while cohesive failure within the composite resin-cement layer and mixed failures were associated with higher μTBS values. Interface debonding was detected in C groups for LDC and LEU. PIC exhibited better interface stability. ConclusionsMBEP produced smoother surfaces than HF. HF+S and MBEP significantly improved ceramic and composite resin cement bonding.

Lipid-mediated growth of SrCO3/CaCO3 hybrid films as bioactive coatings for Ti surfaces

SrCO3 is frequently used as Sr2+ source in ceramic cements, but its application as bioactive coating for metallic implants has not been explored yet. Aiming at rapid osteointegration and because of the well-known Sr2+ effects on bone metabolism, researchers have sought to design Sr2+-containing biomaterials. In this context, developing simple techniques to prepare Sr2+-based coatings is a must nowadays. Here, we describe the use of a bioinspired lipid-mediated approach to grow SrCO3 hybrid films on Ti surfaces at room temperature. To obtain these coatings, we applied the Langmuir-Blodgett technique to deposit phospholipid films with high degree of organization on Ti. In this way, we expected that controlled SrCO3 crystal growth could be templated by the array of nucleation points arising from electrostatic interaction between Sr2+ and the phospholipid polar heads. To control surface composition and the amount of Sr2+ released from the coatings, we also promoted CaCO3 co-precipitation in the hybrid films. We characterized the hybrid coatings in terms of morphology, chemical structure, wettability, and ability to release Sr2+ upon immersion in biological medium. In vitro osteoblast culture on mixed SrCO3/CaCO3 films revealed that the osteogenic response depended on surface composition, as indicated by alkaline phosphatase activity overexpression, which is an early indicator of osteoblast differentiation. Results showed that the mixed SrCO3/CaCO3 hybrid film created a synergic environment for osteoblasts, and that proper Sr2+ release associated with a Ca2+-rich environment might have optimized the Sr2+ anabolic effect. In conclusion, we have proposed a bioinspired and versatile technique to grow hybrid films that can control surface composition and Sr2+ release. Our results open an opportunity to explore the use of SrCO3-based coatings for rapid metallic implant osteointegration.

Poly(Thioketal Urethane) Autograft Extenders in an Intertransverse Process Model of Bone Formation.

The development of autograft extenders is a significant clinical need in bone tissue engineering. We report new settable poly(thioketal urethane)-based autograft extenders that have bone-like mechanical properties and handling properties comparable to calcium phosphate bone cements. These settable autograft extenders remodeled to form new bone in a biologically stringent intertransverse process model of bone formation that does not heal when treated with calcium phosphate bone void fillers or cements alone. This is the first study to report settable autograft extenders with bone-like strength and handling properties comparable to ceramic bone cements, which have the potential to improve treatment of bone fractures and other orthopedic conditions.

Simplified Surface Treatments for Ceramic Cementation: Use of Universal Adhesive and Self-Etching Ceramic Primer.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the shear bond strength of resin cement and lithium disilicate ceramic after various surface treatments of the ceramic. Sixty blocks of ceramic (IPS e.max Press, Ivoclar Vivadent) were obtained. After cleaning, they were placed in polyvinyl chloride tubes with acrylic resin. The blocks were divided into six groups (n=10) depending on surface treatment: H/S/A - 10% Hydrofluoric Acid + Silane + Adhesive, H/S -10% Hydrofluoric Acid + Silane, H/S/UA - 10% Hydrofluoric Acid + Silane + Universal Adhesive, H/UA- 10% Hydrofluoric Acid + Universal Adhesive, MBEP/A - Monobond Etch & Prime + Adhesive, and MBEP - Monobond Etch & Prime. The light-cured resin cement (Variolink Esthetic LC, Ivoclar Vivadent) was inserted in a mold placed over the treated area of the ceramics and photocured with an LED for 20 s to produce cylinders (3 mm x 3 mm). The samples were subjected to a shear bond strength test in a universal test machine (Instron 5965) by 0.5 mm/min. ANOVA and Tukey tests showed a statistically significant difference between groups (p<0.05). The results of the shear strength test were H/S/A (9.61±2.50)A, H/S (10.22±3.28)A, H/S/UA (7.39±2.02)ABC, H/UA (4.28±1.32)C, MBEP/A (9.01±1.97)AB, and MBEP (6.18±2.75)BC. The H/S group showed cohesive failures, and the H/UA group was the only one that presented adhesive failures. The conventional treatment with hydrofluoric acid and silane showed the best bond strength. The use of a new ceramic primer associated with adhesive bonding obtained similar results to conventional surface treatment, being a satisfactory alternative to replace the use of hydrofluoric acid.

Effect of airborne particle abrasion and sintering order on the surface roughness and shear bond strength between Y-TZP ceramic and resin cement.

This study examined the surface roughness (Ra) and shear bond strength (SBS) of Yttria-stabilized tetragonal zirconia polycrystalline (Y-TZP) ceramic after airborne particle abrasion at different pressures and particle sizes, pre- and post-sintering. Ninety specimens, prepared from Y-TZP ceramic blocks (Vita In-Ceram YZ, Vita Zahnfabrik), were divided into nine subgroups: control, and 50 and 110 µm Al2O3 airborne particle abrasion at 3 and 4 bar pressure, before and after sintering, respectively. According to the sintering order, before and after surface treatments, Ra values were measured using a profilometer. SBS to Y-TZP was assessed after thermocycling, using self-adhesive resin cement (Rely X U200, 3M ESPE). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffractometry (XRD) were performed on one specimen per group. All surface-treated samples were rougher than the controls. ABS50-4 (50 µm Al2O3 airborne particle abrasion at 4 bar pressure before sintering), ABS110-3, and ABS110-4 showed the highest Ra values, among all cohorts. The controls displayed lower SBS values than the treated groups (p<0.05), which had statistically similar results to each other. Airborne particle abrasion of pre-sintered Y-TZP, followed by sintering, increased the tetragonal structure contents.

Influence of graphene nanoplatelets on morphological and electrical properties of silica fume blended cement – Piezoelectric ceramic composite

The objectives of this research are to fabricate and investigate new smart composites for structural vibration control applications in concrete structure. The fabrication and properties of 0–3 cement pozzolan-based piezoelectric ceramic composites are emphasized. To this end, a novel approach to effectively improve the properties of cement by using pozzolanic materials and also improve poling of piezoelectric ceramic by adding a semiconductor was examined. In this research, silica fume (SF) and graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) was chosen as a pozzolanic materials and a third phase with piezoelectric ceramic and Portland cement to produce new composites of ceramic-cement pozzolan-third phase combination. Microstructure of the new composites was investigated using Scanning electron microscope (SEM). The ferroelectric properties and dielectric permittivity were then investigated

Repairing fractured ceramic veneer with CAD/CAM ceramic blocks: a preliminary tensile bond strength study

ABSTRACTThe tensile bond strength (TBS) of four CAD/CAM ceramic blocks and one composite resin bonded to a veneering ceramic was evaluated. Prior to silanisation, the surfaces were etched with hydrofluoric acid. A resin cement was sandwiched (50 μm thickness/2.5 mm diameter) between the CAD/CAM ceramic rod and the veneering ceramic. A composite resin (Filtek Z250) (control) was directly bonded to the veneering ceramic. All the bonded specimens were stored in water at 37°C for 24 h, and then half of them were additionally thermocycled prior to a TBS test. The CAD/CAM groups exhibited significantly higher TBS values and significantly higher or statistically similar Weibull moduli compared with those of the control group. Neither the TBS values nor the Weibull moduli were significantly altered by thermocycling. This study suggests that fractured veneers are more effectively repaired by CAD/CAM ceramic restorations and resin cement than direct intraoral repair in terms of TBS.

Decorative Coating Based on Composite Cement-Silicate Matrix

The designed is a cement-silicate coating based on liquid sodium glass and Portland cement, modified with a complex ultra-and nanodispersed additive that includes titanium dioxide, expanded perlite sand and a dispersion of multilayered carbon nanotubes. The advantage of the designed coating is the use of Portland cement as a silicizer instead of conventionally used zinc oxide. The presented cement-silicate coating is water resistant, steam and gas proof, has good adhesion to the base and an increased durability, providing 4-5 times longer service life than those of the existing analogs. The presence of multilayered carbon nanotubes in the coating leads to the absorption of technogenic electromagnetic emission, and ultradisperse titanium dioxide promotes self-cleaning of the coating surface due to the photocatalysis effect. Expanded pearlite sand makes the coating surface textured when applying it to the base. The cement-silicate coating is used for facades decorative finishing of buildings made of ceramic bricks, cement concrete and plastered surfaces.

Swelling potential, shrinkage and durability of cemented and uncemented lateritic soils treated with CWC base geopolymer

The swelling potential, shrinkage limits, strength development and durability of crushed waste ceramic base geopolymer cement (CWCbGPC) treated test soils A, B and C have been studied under the laboratory conditions. The test soil samples were preliminarily investigated and characterized under the laboratory conditions. Soils A, B and C were classified as A-2-7, A-2-6 and A-7, respectively, according to the AASHTO classification method. They were also classified according to USCS as poorly graded. Additionally, soils A and C were observed as having higher clay content than soil B. They were also classified as highly plastic with plasticity index above 17% and expansive. The free swell index and shrinkage tests showed that they had high potential for swelling and shrinkage. The treated soils show significant improvement in swelling, shrinkage, strength development and durability with CWCbGPC while the cemented soils failed in terms of shrinkage and durability, which proved that Portland cements have high potential for shrinkage with soil blends. The results of the laboratory study have shown that CWCbGPC and other geopolymer cements can totally replace Portland cements in civil engineering works more especially in the construction of hydraulically bound structures.

Endogenous Platelet-Rich Plasma Supplements/Augments Growth Factors Delivered via Porous Collagen-Nanohydroxyapatite Bone Substitute for Enhanced Bone Formation

Polymer (acrylate) and ceramic bone cements are extensively used as bone void fillers and for implant fixation in orthopedics. These materials have micro- to nonporous architectures. Postimplantation, they may cause hypoxic and exothermic injuries to already compromised damage site. These materials also have limited interaction with surrounding tissue. In this work we have developed composite collagen-nanohydroxyapatite (CS) bone filler, mimicking porous architecture of trabecular bone. It was functionalized with clinically available bone active agents like bone morphogenetic protein-2 (rhBMP-2) and zoledronic acid (ZA). We investigated synergistic effects of the bone active molecules and endogenous platelet rich plasma (PRP), a source of growth factors on mineralization. Porous CS and collagen/gelatin/chiotosan polymer scaffold (SC) (without nanohydroxyapatite) were synthesized using cryogelation. PRP (10 μL) (∼5 × 106 cells), rhBMP-2 (5 μg) and ZA (10 μg) were used to functionalize scaffolds. Bone formation was evaluated at ectopic sites in abdominal pouch and 4.0 mm critical defect in tibia metaphysis of rats. Tissue mineralization was evaluated by micro-CT and histological analysis 12 weeks postimplantation. In vitro cell based studies revealed, PRP functionalization enhances osteoblast proliferation and activity on scaffolds. In vivo BMP+ZA+PRP functionalized scaffolds had higher amount (28 mm3) of mineralized tissue formation as compared to empty defect (20 mm3), suggesting that PRP can augment the osteoinductive properties of functionalized scaffolds both in vitro and in vivo. Enhanced cell infiltration and mineralization can be achieved via CS in comparison to SC, implying their use as porous bone void fillers and substitutes for autografts.

A technique to facilitate ceramic veneer cementation

This report describes a technique to facilitate ceramic veneer cementation. By stabilizing a ceramic veneer in its fully seated position with miniature wooden spring clips before resin polymerization, excess luting resin cement can be removed from ceramic veneer margins without the risk of veneer dislodgement or fracture.

Effect of a glaze layer on adhesion energy between resin cements to zirconia ceramic

PurposeTo evaluate the effect of an etched and silanized glazed porcelain layer on the interfacial fracture toughness between a zirconia ceramic and resin cements. Materials and methodsForty rectangular-shaped yttrium stabilised zirconia ceramic plates were sintered and sandblasted with 100 µm Al2O3. Twenty specimens were glazed with Akzent Glaze Spray and then etched with 9% hydrofluoric acid for 3 min prior to being silanized with Monobond-S. Glazed and non-glazed specimens were further divided into two groups (n = 10) and allocated to one of two resin bonding systems, Variolink II and Multilink-Automix (Ivoclar Vivadent). The Multilink-Automix groups were treated with Metal/Zirconia Primer. Glass rods (12 mm) were bonded to each prepared zirconia plate, using the two bonding systems and were loaded to failure using a universal testing machine. Strain energy release rate (bond) values were calculated and de-bonded specimens were examined using SEM to determine the modes of failure. Data were analysed using two-tailed T-test and Dunnett-T3 post-hoc tests with statistical significance set at p < 0.05. ResultsGlazed zirconia surface significantly improved the mean bond values in the Variolink II group (p < 0.05), with no significant change (p > 0.05) in the Multilink-Automix Metal/Zirconia Primer group; the Multilink – Automix group, produced significantly higher bond values in the non-glazed group (p < 0.05). Fractographic analysis showed predominantly cohesive failure for the glazed groups and adhesive failure in the non-glazed groups. ConclusionGlazed zirconia surfaces produced higher resin cement bond strength than unglazed zirconia, however the combination of silanised phosphate monomer and metal/zirconia primer produced weaker bond on glazed zirconia.

Effect of ceramic material and resin cement systems on the color stability of laminate veneers after accelerated aging

Statement of problemLaminate veneers are susceptible to color change during clinical service. Studies that compare the effects of different ceramic and resin cement systems on color stability are lacking. PurposeThe purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the color stability of laminate veneers after accelerated aging using different ceramic and resin cement systems. Material and methodsCeramic specimens (N=168; shade A1; thickness, 0.50 ±0.05 mm; diameter, 10.00 ±0.10 mm) were prepared using nanofluorapatite and lithium disilicate (high translucency [HT] to low translucency [LT]) ceramics. Light-polymerizing (LP) cements were classified by brightness (high or low). Dual-polymerizing cements were classified by composition (base-only [DB] or base-catalyst [DC]) for comparison of color stability on the basis of polymerization type. DB cement was light-polymerizing, whereas DC cement was dual-polymerizing. They were further classified by shade (transparent, white, or yellow [n=7, each]). Color difference (ΔE) values were obtained by spectrophotometric quantification of L* (lightness), a* (green-red), and b* (blue-yellow) values before and after aging. The Kruskal-Wallis, Mann-Whitney U, Wilcoxon signed rank, and Bonferroni post hoc tests were used for statistical analysis. ResultsAfter specimens were subjected to accelerated aging, HT ceramic specimens luted with yellow-shade DC cement exhibited the greatest color change (ΔE=2.11), whereas HT and LT ceramic specimens luted with low-brightness LP cement exhibited the least color change (ΔE=1.37). In HT ceramic specimens, which exhibited the greatest color change of the 3 ceramic types, transparent shade cement exhibited significantly lower ΔE values than the other shades with DB (P<.001) and DC cements (P=.010). High-brightness cement exhibited significantly higher ΔE values than low-brightness cement when used with NF (P=.017), HT (P<.001), and LT (P<.001) ceramics. The ΔE values of DB cement were not always lower than those of DC cement. For all specimens, the aging of laminate veneers decreased the L* values and increased the a* and b* values. ConclusionsCeramic and resin-cement systems affected the color stability of laminate veneers. Relative to other ceramics, HT lithium disilicate ceramics exhibited greater color changes upon aging. For HT ceramics, the use of transparent shade resin cement is recommended. The lower the brightness of resin cement, the higher the color stability of veneers. For luting of 0.5-mm-thick laminate veneers with dual-polymerizing cement, light polymerization did not yield better color stability than dual polymerization over time.

Renewable Energy from Thermal: Electrical Power Generation in Ceramic and Tile Industry

In recent years, global warming and environmental pollution caused a limitation of the use of natural energy and resource use has become more important Renewable resources. In the industrial sector, most of factories such as Ceramic tile production, glass, and cement of devices that are used for heat production of biofuel. After heat generation, thermal energy balance of heat production is wasted. Thermoelectric modules with exposure to ambient air temperature difference between the devices and electrical energy will generate. Ultra long life, lack of moving parts, quiet and relatively low price thermoelectric modules, they are a very attractive option for use in the field. Since the temperature above the ambient heat is transferred from wasted heat energy transferred to the surrounding environment can be used to produce electrical energy. In this study, a review of the development of Thermoelectric cooling briefly introduced first. Next, the Ceramic Tile Production Process has been summarized. To improve performance, have been described thermoelectric cooler modeling and numerical compact model. Finally, simulation results are presented. The electrical energy generated can be transmitted to electrical energy to the distribution network that the production process is simulated by MATLAB software.

In vitro shear bond strength between fluorinated zirconia ceramic and resin cements.

PURPOSEThe purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of a gas-phase fluorination method under different fluorination periods through using two resin cements.MATERIALS AND METHODS84 zirconia specimens in dimensions of 5 mm × 5 mm × 2 mm were prepared and surface treated with 50 µm aluminum oxide particles or gas phase fluorination for 2 min, 5 min, or 10 min. One specimen in each group was surface analyzed under scanning electron microscope. The remaining specimens were bonded to composite cylinders in dimensions of 2 mm diameter and 3 mm high with Panavia SA Plus or Variolink N. Then, the specimens were stored in 37℃ distilled water for 24 hours and shear bond strength test was applied at a speed of 1 mm/min.RESULTSThe highest shear bond strength values were observed in the samples fluorinated for 5 minutes and cemented with Panavia SA Plus. Variolink N did not elicit any statistical differences between surface treatments. Panavia SA Plus resin cement and Variolink N resin cements featured statistically significant difference in shear bond strength values only in the case of 5 minutes of fluorination treatment.CONCLUSIONAccording to the results of this study, application of 5 minutes of fluorination with 10-methacryloyloxydecyl dihydrogen phosphate monomer (MDP) containing Panavia SA Plus resin cement increased the resin bond strength of zirconia. Fluorination of the zirconia surface using conventional resin cement, Variolink N, did not lead to an increase in bond strength.

The Use of Heat-Resistant Concrete Made with Ceramic Sanitary Ware Waste for a Thermal Energy Storage

The paper presents the results obtained in the course of a study on the concrete made of aggregate obtained from wastes of sanitary ceramics. Previous examinations proved high in strength and durability of concrete of this type, and it showed a resistance to high temperatures. The material was classified as a fireproof concrete. While searching for the optimal applications of such concrete, a series of examinations and analyses on its thermal energy storage (TES) properties were performed. This paper describes the two-stage experiment on the thermal behavior of the concrete made with sanitary ceramic wastes during cooling processes in comparison to different building materials subjected to the same thermal conditions. On the basis of the thermal, infrared analysis, and suitable calculations, the thermal power and the ability of the composite to store thermal energy was estimated. Finally, it was stated that the concrete made of sanitary ceramic waste aggregate and alumina cement can be recommended as a heat-accumulating material, and in combination with high durability can be used, e.g., for the construction of fireplace bodies.