Central Tendency Research Articles

Levels and Predictors of Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices Regarding Contraception Among Female TV Studies Undergraduates in Nigeria: Cross-Sectional Study.

Access to contraception is a preventive measure against unplanned pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections; especially in sub-Saharan Africa where unmet need is a public health concern. This study assessed the levels and predictors of knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding contraception among female TV studies students in Nigeria. This is a cross-sectional study conducted among female students of NTA TV College, Nigeria. Categorical sociodemographics, knowledge, attitude, and practice were presented as frequencies and proportions, while the continuous variables were presented as summary measures of central tendencies and dispersions. The primary outcome variable was the practices regarding contraception, while attitude and knowledge were secondary outcome variables, with sociodemographics as covariates. Predictors of good knowledge, attitude, and practice regarding contraception were determined by multivariable binary logistic regression, which was preceded by a bivariate regression analysis to determine candidate variables for the final model. A P value <.05 was determined to be statistically significant. There were 217 study participants with an average age of 22 (SD 2.6) years. Levels of good knowledge, attitude, and practice regarding contraception were reported in 55.3% (n=120), 47.5% (n=103), and 50.7% (n=110) of participants, respectively. The majority have had sex, used friends and the internet as their main sources of contraceptive information, and commonly used contraceptives such as condoms and oral contraceptive pills. The most common reason for not using contraceptives was fear of side effects or health risks. Being a young adult was a significant predictor (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 2.6, 95% CI 1.0-6.7; P=.04) of good knowledge, while being a diploma student (aOR 2.4, 95% CI 1.2-4.6; P=.01), living off campus (aOR 2.1, 95% CI 1.0-4.4; P=.04), and good knowledge (aOR 3.8, 95% CI 2.1-6.9; P<.001) were significant predictors of good attitude. Being from the state's indigenous population (aOR 2.4, 95% CI 1.2-4.6; P=.01) and having engaged in sex (aOR 24.5, 95% CI 7.9-75.7; P<.001) were significant predictors of good contraception use. Our study has shown relatively low levels of good knowledge, attitude, and practice regarding contraception and their predictors. Therefore, there is an urgent need to consistently improve advocacy, curricular development, and policies to improve knowledge, attitude, and practice regarding contraception and sexual and reproductive health services among young people.

Libertarian Perspectives on Social Change: The Overton Window and the Role of the State in Macedonian Society

This paper analyzes public opinion on the state’s role in Macedonian society. The Ideological Carreau and the Overton Window of Political Possibilities frameworks visually represent the findings. The primary objective was to develop a reliable tool for measuring public attitudes and monitoring potential shifts in political culture. To gather the necessary data, an online political quiz was created. The responses were analyzed using arithmetic means to determine public opinion’s central tendencies and position them within the Ideological Carreau. The analysis revealed that public attitudes toward the state’s role predominantly align with the conceptual model of the liberal democratic state and the ideological orientation of modern liberalism.

Factors Affecting Economic Wellbeing of the Cooperatives Members in Rupandehi District

This quantitative study seeks to evaluate the factors affecting economic well-being of cooperative members. The 407 survey data for the study was gathered from the cooperative members of Rupadnehi district. The likert scale data consisted from primary sources. The central tendency of the variables were also investigated using descriptive analysis that suggested all independent variables contributed to the creation of economic well-being of cooperative members. To determine the correlation between the variables, the Pearson correlation was used. The result indicated that there is a significant and positive relationship between all variables. It indicates that the members' participation, credit facilities, training and financial inclusion, and economic well-being are associated. There is also a significant and positive correlation between independent variables each other. The effect of factors on the economic well-being of cooperative members was analyzed by using multiple linear regression models. Further, the result shows that members' participation, credit facilities, training, and financial inclusion have a positive and statistically significant impact on economic well-being. Therefore, the study reveals that the economic well-being of cooperatives is affected by independent variables. It helps policymakers, cooperative organizations, and further research for new insights to improve the study on the economic well-being of cooperative members.

Kontrol Orang Tua terhadap Remaja di Lingkungan Tempat Tinggal Berisiko Tinggi di Kota Pekanbaru

Parental control over adolescents in this study was conducted in high-risk residential environment where massage parlors with additional services are present. This study aims to determine the driving factors and level of parental control implementation among adolescents in the residential environment using Travis Hirschi's social control theory approach. The data analysis used in this study is descriptive quantitative research. The population consisted of all parents with adolescents aged 15-21 years, totaling 46 families. The entire population was used as samples using census sample technique. Data was collected through questionnaire completion, and central tendency calculations. The research results show that knowledge anda perseption factors have a strong connection to the level of parental control implementation among adolescents in high-risk residential environments in terms of attachment, commitment dan belief aspects. However, the aspect of parential involvement in accompanying adolescents is still relatively moderate thus requiring improvement.

Emotional Intelligence and Job Satisfaction among Teachers in the 2nd Congressional District of Misamis Oriental

This study shows the relationship between emotional intelligence and job satisfaction among 200 public school teachers (elementary, secondary, and senior high) in selected districts of Misamis Oriental during the School Year 2023-2024. The research aimed to describe teacher characteristics, assess levels of emotional intelligence and job satisfaction, and determine the relationships between these variables and teacher characteristics. Data analysis involved descriptive statistics (mean, standard deviation) to examine data distribution and central tendency. Variables were adapted from Sacramento's (2023) study using a research-based questionnaire. Pearson's Correlation (r) investigated the relationships between emotional intelligence and job satisfaction, while a t-test compared groups to identify statistically significant differences. The sample size was determined using Slovin's formula, with stratified random sampling employed. The study explored how emotional intelligence influences classroom environments, student behavior, and learning and how job satisfaction impacts teacher engagement, motivation, and well-being. The findings revealed that most of the respondents aged 31-40 years, particularly female educators, towards integrating technology into their lessons. The majority of participants were Grade 5 teachers, likely at the Teacher I. importance of teachers' emotional intelligence, adaptability, and job satisfaction, emphasizing the impact of workload and performance expectations on job satisfaction. It suggests prioritizing workload management and professional development. In conclusion, teachers' emotional intelligence significantly influences their work contentment, self-awareness, relationships, stress management, and flexibility. However, significant disparities based on age, education, and teaching position suggest that programs should be tailored to individual teacher groups. Therefore, it is recommended that teachers should actively seek out opportunities for professional development that address emotional intelligence and tailor their approach to learning based on their specific needs.

Precision in Brief: The Bayesian Hurst–Kolmogorov Method for the Assessment of Long-Range Temporal Correlations in Short Behavioral Time Series

Various fields within biological and psychological inquiry recognize the significance of exploring long-range temporal correlations to study phenomena. However, these fields face challenges during this transition, primarily stemming from the impracticality of acquiring the considerably longer time series demanded by canonical methods. The Bayesian Hurst–Kolmogorov (HK) method estimates the Hurst exponents of time series—quantifying the strength of long-range temporal correlations or “fractality”—more accurately than the canonical detrended fluctuation analysis (DFA), especially when the time series is short. Therefore, the systematic application of the HK method has been encouraged to assess the strength of long-range temporal correlations in empirical time series in behavioral sciences. However, the Bayesian foundation of the HK method fuels reservations about its performance when artifacts corrupt time series. Here, we compare the HK method’s and DFA’s performance in estimating the Hurst exponents of synthetic long-range correlated time series in the presence of additive white Gaussian noise, fractional Gaussian noise, short-range correlations, and various periodic and non-periodic trends. These artifacts can affect the accuracy and variability of the Hurst exponent and, therefore, the interpretation and generalizability of behavioral research findings. We show that the HK method outperforms DFA in most contexts—while both processes break down for anti-persistent time series, the HK method continues to provide reasonably accurate H values for persistent time series as short as N=64 samples. Not only can the HK method detect long-range temporal correlations accurately, show minimal dispersion around the central tendency, and not be affected by the time series length, but it is also more immune to artifacts than DFA. This information becomes particularly valuable in favor of choosing the HK method over DFA, especially when acquiring a longer time series proves challenging due to methodological constraints, such as in studies involving psychological phenomena that rely on self-reports. Moreover, it holds significance when the researcher foreknows that the empirical time series may be susceptible to contamination from these processes.

RELIGION AND PEACEFUL CO-EXISTENCE IN GOMBE STATE: A MODEL OF INTERFAITH HARMONY

Gombe State is one of the states in the North-Eastern region of Nigeria that is made up of three senatorial zones, which are multi-religious and culturally diverse. This plurality is always challenged by a lack of peaceful coexistence because of various religious teachings. This creates tensions and chaos in the state. Therefore, this study seeks to evaluate the role of religion in society and how peaceful co-existence can be maintained. The study employed Emile Durkheim’s integrative theory of religion as its basis for analysis. Secondary sources used for this research were identified based on the objectives and relevant existing literature, including books, articles and other online materials. The research adopts descriptive analysis as its framework focusing on central tendency. The research revealed that peaceful co-existence is a necessary virtue in a pluralistic society, and thus, religious bodies should imbibe it for societal progress. The research recommends that; government should not be partial in its appointments based on religious affiliations but be fair to all in Gombe State, all religions should teach their adherents to live in peace with their neighbour irrespective of their differences to enable them manage diversity, and Non-governmental Organizations should carryout advocacy on enlightening the general public on the need for peaceful co-existence in Gombe State. The research concludes by calling on Muslins and Christians in Gombe State to imbibe the virtue of peaceful co-existence for peace to reign in Gombe State. This is necessary for policy makers to find a way of drawing policies that will enable Islam and Christianity to abide by for peace to reign. Religious leaders and peace educators should work together to include peace education techniques in their curriculum to teach their adherents to embrace peaceful coexistence that will dose the tension in the state.

Monitoring the structure of restored forests and assessing aboveground carbon density through canopy metrics derived from digital aerial photogrammetry and LiDAR

Monitoring forest dynamics is crucial to understanding forest succession drivers and ensuring successful restoration outcomes. Laser scanners onboard robust drone systems are valuable for penetrating forest canopies and providing structural details. With the growing accessibility to low‐cost drones equipped with advanced optical sensors, photogrammetry emerges as a potential and cost‐effective alternative for monitoring forest restoration. Our goal was to explore the potential of monitoring tropical forest restoration sites using low‐cost drones as an alternative to airborne laser scanning. Using linear regression, we compared five canopy‐derived metrics as well as aboveground carbon density (AGCD) models fitted from mean canopy height. Data were collected over 30 plots of 900 m2 sampled across restoration plantations of different ages. Results showed a strong relationship between both laser scans and low‐cost optical sensors for canopy metrics, with r2 = 0.83–0.99, root mean squared error (RMSE) % = 5.41–27.25%, and mean absolute error (MAE) % = 3.81–16.41%. Central tendencies (e.g. mean height) were more reliably estimated, while metrics related to canopy height variation tended to be overestimated by optical sensors. The AGCD models showed little difference, with high r2 values (0.87 and 0.86) and very similar estimated RMSE% (30.02 and 31.33%) and MAE% (25.15 and 25.37%), for both laser scanners and optical sensors, respectively. Our findings demonstrate that digital aerial photogrammetry can produce results comparable to laser scanning in assessing the canopy structure of restored forests, serving as a cost‐efficient alternative for restoration monitoring, particularly in regions with financial or logistical constraints for laser scanner surveys. However, optical data have limitations in capturing reliable terrain information in densely forested areas.

Assessing barriers to meditation in patients with substance use disorder.

Assessing barriers to meditation in patients with substance use disorder.

Capsule DenseNet++: Enhanced autism detection framework with deep learning and reinforcement learning-based lifestyle recommendation.

Capsule DenseNet++: Enhanced autism detection framework with deep learning and reinforcement learning-based lifestyle recommendation.

Neurodevelopmental Status of Children Born During COVID-19 Pandemic in Belagavi City: A Cross-Sectional Study

Background: The implementation of containment measures during the COVID-19 pandemic significantly reduced outdoor activities for children. Previous research has suggested that these restrictions negatively affected children’s psychological well-being and heightened the risk of developmental delays. The study aims to assess the neurodevelopmental status of children born during the COVID-19 pandemic in Belagavi city, using the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development (BSID IV). Method: This cross-sectional study enrolled 48 participants from pre-schools in Belagavi city between August 2023 and January 2024. BSID IV was used to assess neurodevelopment across various domains. Central tendency measures were calculated for demographic data. Independent sample t-tests and one-way ANOVA were employed to compare categorical and continuous demographic characteristics of the study participants, mothers, fathers, and families with BSID IV scores. Result: The neurodevelopmental status of the participants revealed the following mean scores: Cognitive domain (115.1±10.7), Language domain (101.9±10.5), Fine motor domain (102.9±10.3), Communication domain (93.1±8.6), Socio-emotional domain (103.0±11.6), Socialization (100.2±8.1), Daily living skills (97.08±6.98), and Adaptive behavior (95.6±7.6). Conclusion: The neurodevelopmental status of children born during the COVID-19 pandemic in Belagavi city shows variations across domains. Cognitive development is within the average range, but language development is somewhat lower, with communication skills particularly affected.

Integration of a Mental Health App (e-MICHI) Into a Blended Treatment of Depression in Adolescents: Single-Group, Naturalistic Feasibility Trial.

Major depressive disorder is a common diagnosis among adolescents. Cognitive behavioral therapy is recommended as the first line of treatment. Digital health interventions, such as apps, could contribute to treatment. Advantages could be easy accessibility and availability, reduced time for face-to-face therapy, and the ability to intensify therapy by incorporating it into the patients' everyday lives. Challenges such as low adherence rates are common in digital health interventions. Therefore, they need to undergo rigorous testing for feasibility and effectiveness. An evaluated, cognitive behavioral therapy-based face-to-face therapy program for depression in adolescents was transformed into an app called e-MICHI. This study examined its feasibility and efficacy for use in blended therapy in outpatient settings. Adolescents aged 12 to 18 years with major depressive disorder receiving outpatient care were recruited from 2 university hospitals (n=36 included in analysis). The e-MICHI intervention combined daily app engagement over 6 weeks with 3 face-to-face sessions with a therapist. Feasibility was measured using various variables, including an adherence score (0=no or little patient engagement to 3=excellent engagement) and engagement rates (number of modules completed, number of messages sent by participants via the in-app messenger), satisfaction ratings from both participants and therapists, as well as participants' ratings of the usefulness of the antidepressant strategies covered in the app and the transfer of these strategies to everyday practice. Trends of efficacy were evaluated from multiple perspectives (participant self-rating, independent rater, or therapist), using the Beck Depression Inventory-II, the Children's Depression Rating Scale-Revised, and the Clinical Global Impressions-Severity Scale. Feasibility metrics were assessed by analyzing their central tendency and dispersion, efficacy data were analyzed using a repeated measures ANOVA. e-MICHI was positively evaluated by both participants and therapists (participants: mean 7.3, SD 1.2 and therapists: mean 7.3, SD 1.1, on a scale from 0=bad to 10=excellent). Participants demonstrated high adherence rates (nearly 80%, n=25, received a "good" or "excellent" adherence score) and showed overall good engagement (app modules completed [maximum 6]: mean 5.03, SD 1.27 and messages sent via messenger: mean 23, SD 22.1). Participants rated the psychoeducational content of the app as particularly useful and reported consistent practice of the e-MICHI strategies in everyday life. Use of the app was associated with a significant reduction of depressive symptoms (before app use vs 3-month follow-up, Beck Depression Inventory-II: mean -6.76, SD 11.49, P=.01; Children's Depression Rating Scale-Revised: mean -16.45, SD 16.76, P<.001; Clinical Global Impressions-Severity Scale: mean -1.1, SD 1.24, P<.001). While acknowledging its limitations, such as the small number of participants and the limited validity concerning efficacy, this study confirms the feasibility of e-MICHI for treating adolescent depression in outpatient settings.

Map of the residency rotations for hospital pharmacy internal resident in Spain.

Map of the residency rotations for hospital pharmacy internal resident in Spain.

Amphetamine increases timing variability by degrading prefrontal temporal encoding.

Amphetamine increases timing variability by degrading prefrontal temporal encoding.

Safety and efficacy of platelet-rich plasma injections in basal thumb osteoarthritis; should we offer it or not?

Safety and efficacy of platelet-rich plasma injections in basal thumb osteoarthritis; should we offer it or not?

Heatwaves risk assessment for Australia using variants of the Cox model

Abstract We investigated the influence of key factors on the hazards associated with the occurrence of temporal clustering of heatwaves using variants of the Cox regression model. The use of survival analysis as a statistical framework to infer characteristics of probability distribution functions is a powerful method for modelling the full distribution of climate variables rather than confining the analysis to simple statistical parameters like mean and variance. This approach allows for the assessment of the probability of extremes that are more informative than central tendency measures and constitutes the core of probabilistic risk assessments. Variants of the Cox model account for non-stationary patterns resulting from external influences such as climate change for situations where events do not depend on the observed time from last occurrence, nor on the number of events previously observed. We apply this concept to the onset of heatwaves to assess their effect by location and time. We use observed maximum daily temperatures across 28 urban and rural areas in Australia for the period 1956–2022, along with monthly observations for the Oceanic Niño Index (ONI) sea surface temperature anomalies and the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) sea surface temperature index as climate covariates to estimate the probability of heatwave occurrence over time after an initial time reference. We find that location (urban/rural) and climate covariates derived from ONI and IOD are significant indicators of heatwave hazards, while epoch (pre-1980/post-1980) exhibited only a moderate difference. Despite the urban heat island effect, urban locations are less prone to extremes in heatwave frequency than rural locations.

Role of social media in promoting environmental advocacy and climate change awareness

As social media is the new norm acting as the powerful tool to manipulate the user’s minds, the present study investigates the effect of social media on environmental advocacy and climate change awareness in youth to address the issues more strategically. Data to conduct the present study was collected from 256 social media users, using the social media platforms on a daily basis. The collected data was analyzed using multiple techniques, such as chi-squared test, one-way analysis of variance, and descriptive analysis to inspect the interconnection among different multiple variables. The descriptive statistics were computed to understand the central tendency of the data while the chi-square was employed to explore the relationship between the categorical data. The results showed no significant relation between the education levels that affect social media usage leading to environmental awareness, the usage of social media and seeing the environment-related posts, gender and environmental advocacy as well as social media usage per week. The findings may prove valuable in optimizing social media platforms to promote sustainable behaviors, designing corporate social responsibility initiatives, and contributing to public discourse to encourage young people to advocate for sustainable practices through social media platforms.

Comparison of Short- Term Financing Options; Factoring As the Best Alternative

Studying the relationship between factoring and other short-term financing with reference to India's micro, small, and small businesses The basis for comparison is average interest rate, general repayment period, execution time, commission charge, application of agreement between or among the parties, requirement of securities, whether it creates assets or liabilities, the intended use of the available funds or credit, whether GST Report and CIBIL Score are required for obtaining funds/credit or not, and any restrictions on drawing the funds or credit. With the use of a tabular comparison, the benefits of factoring funds over other forms of short-term borrowing. Introduction: Steep rivalry in the corporate sector is a result of changes in the business environment. At the same time that well-established large business hubs are experiencing intense rivalry, MSME commercial firms are also coming under pressure. Along with other big/large business operations around the world, MSME is one of the most crucial components for economic development in any developed, developing, or under-developed country in the world. However, as a result of fierce competition between giant corporations and a disregard for the significance of MSME businesses, MSMEs are struggling and are unable to expand in this constricting business environment. There are a few ways that MSME may serve in order to broaden or enhance the MSME world. A MSME can succeed in this cutthroat business environment by using the financial tools offered by various financial institutions, such as short-term financing. To better execute short-term financing, MSME businesses may find some of the short-term finance and its comparisons valuable. The conclusion drawn from the short-term finance data may be useful to MSME decision-making. Objectives: The purpose of the title is to evaluate the many forms of credit that are now available and show how, after comparison, short-term financing might benefit MSME. All forms of short-term financing for MSME will be compared to factoring as a new source of alternative credit on the market. A comparison table will be created, and the results of the comparison will be explained, in order to show the significance of factoring as the best alternative source of financing for MSME. Methods: The data which has been collected from different resources like of websites RBI, ICICI, SBI, IFCI, etc. Its foundation is research in terms its quality. This article will analyze the nature, characteristics, definitions, numbers, and facts of each type of short-term credit, including factoring, trade credit, cash credit, working capital loans, and cash credit. There will be comparison of each type of factoring with listed short-term financing options available to MSME's. Since this is an empirical study analysis will be of qualitative in nature and there will not be any need of the measures of central tendency like ratio, percentage etc. Results: In comparison to alternative forms of short-term financing for MSME, employing factoring funds has a significant advantage, according to reviews of numerous websites and articles. The major benefit over other short-term funds is that factoring offers actual cash in hand under the guise of factoring funds. After selling their own accounts receivable to a factor and generating revenue, an MSME may be able to abolish the term "bad debts" in the future because factoring involves collecting money from debtors on their behalf. In comparison to other forms of short-term financing, the factoring process is more convenient, requires less paperwork, and provides funds faster. Factoring works in the concept of account receivables for MSME where as other short-term finance is works on the concept of account payable for MSME. Conclusions: In conclusion, factoring stands out as a superior short-term financing option for MSMEs due to its ability to provide immediate cash flow through the sale of accounts receivable. Unlike traditional financing methods that rely on accounts payable, factoring minimizes the risk of bad debts by ensuring that funds are collected directly from debtors. Its streamlined process, reduced paperwork, and faster access to funds make it a more convenient and efficient solution compared to other alternatives.

Using the OSCE to assess medical students’ communication and clinical reasoning during five years of restricted clinical practice

BackgroundObjective and Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE) is a widely used evaluation method for health profession students. In Chile, physicians OSCEs have incorporated clinical reasoning and patient-centered communication assessment since 2015. The overall impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on undergraduate medical clinical practice remains unknown, in particular whether this context disproportionately affected lower-income regions, as was the case analysed in this study.AimThis research compares the OSCE patient-centered communication and clinical reasoning results among five cohorts of intermediate-level medical students with restricted clinical practice in Chile.MethodsWe designed an observational study analyzing five cohorts of fourth-year medical students with different clinical practice opportunities, with 3rd to 4th-year progression analysis in two cohorts. Adaptations to compensate lack of clinical practice hours include high-fidelity simulation and theoretical discussion of clinical cases, as well as formative OSCE at third-year level in two cohorts. Communication in OSCE was assessed using the Communication Assessment Tool (CAT) and Clinical Reasoning (CR) with a register form (that includes a global score, History Taking, Differential Diagnosis, and Therapeutic Plan subscores). Descriptive statistics and central tendency measurements were applied to analyze CAT and CR scores, along with Kruskal-Wallis tests and Wilcoxon’s test for paired sample analysis.FindingsThe 2018 cohort shows the lowest results in both variables although it was the cohort with more clinical practice opportunities. The higher CAT result was in the 2021 cohort, while the 2022 cohort exhibited a significantly higher CR score (p < 0.05). There is a linear tendency to grow over the years for both measures. The 2023 cohort shows significant improvement between third-year and fourth-year OSCEs in all items of CAT and a detriment in CR, while the 2022 cohort shows a significant increment in CR and four items of CAT (p < 0.05).ConclusionThe students with fewer hours of clinical practice showed similar CR and communication results to the prepandemic group, probably because of the adaptations implemented. Simulation was an effective alternative practice in a restricted clinical practice context. Component-by-component analysis and trends of change are a better approach to assessing progression than global scores.

Feasibility of 7 T 39 K/ 23 Na Magnetic Resonance Imaging for assessing muscular ion balance in hypokalemic periodic paralysis.

Recently introduced potassium-39-( 39 K)-MRI provides a noninvasive approach to assess typically high intracellular K + -levels and can be combined with sodium-23-( 23 Na)-MRI. The aim of this study was to evaluate 39 K/ 23 Na muscle ion homeostasis in hypokalemic periodic paralysis (HypoPP), a rare muscular ion channelopathy, using 7 T MRI. Lower legs of patients with HypoPP and healthy controls were prospectively examined between August 2022 and July 2023 (case-control study). Scanning protocol at 3 T included T 1 -weighted, T 2 -weighted STIR sequences, a 6-point-Dixon-type gradient echo and a T2-mapping sequence. 39 K/ 23 Na data were acquired at 7 T using acquisition-weighted Stack-of-Stars sequences. Apparent tissue 39 K/ 23 Na concentrations (aTPC/aTSC) were calculated after correcting for partial-volume and relaxation effects and corrected for proton-density fat-fractions to account for fatty replacement. A 23 Na-inversion-recovery ( 23 Na-IR) sequence served to introduce a stronger intracellular weighting. Differences in central tendency between the HypoPP and control groups and correlations were analyzed. Thirteen HypoPP-participants and 13 controls were included. Extent of fatty replacement/edema-like changes varied highly with the gastrocnemius medialis muscle most affected. The HypoPP group showed significantly increased aTSC in all 7 analyzed muscles and decreased aTPC in 3 specific muscles. Across all muscles, the mean aTSC was higher in the HypoPP group (median: 33.4 vs 22.5 mM, mean ± SD: 34.3 ± 6.8 vs 21.0 ± 4.8 mM, P < 0.001), whereas the mean aTPC was lower (98.7 vs 109.0 mM, 97.9 ± 12.0 vs 108.7 ± 10.4 mM, P = 0.02). The 23 Na-IR signal was strongly correlated with aTSC (r = 0.77, P < 0.001). Combined 39 K/ 23 Na MRI at 7 T demonstrated alterations of sodium and potassium ion homeostasis in HypoPP. These findings could be helpful for a better pathophysiological understanding of HypoPP and may aid in future studies to assess disease extent or monitor treatment efficacy.