The principle of separation of powers, as the cornerstone of constitutional government and the rule of law, faces significant practical challenges within the federal system of Iraq, particularly in the relationship between the central government in Baghdad and the Kurdistan Regional Government (KRG). The Iraqi Constitution formally recognizes the federal system. It grants various competences for implementing federalism and, based on the principle of division of powers and responsibilities, establishes coordination and balance between the federal government and local governments. This article examines the constitutional framework established by the 2005 Iraqi Constitution, which recognized Kurdistan as a federal region with legislative, executive, and judicial powers, and analyzes the ongoing disputes between federal and regional authorities. Through the study of key constitutional provisions, Federal Supreme Court rulings, and practical governance issues, the research demonstrates how the theoretical guarantees of the Constitution have been undermined by political, economic, and legal conflicts. The analysis focuses on critical areas such as oil and gas governance, revenue distribution, electoral procedures, and judicial independence, showing how ambiguity in constitutional provisions has led to competing interpretations and institutional disputes. The findings reveal that while the Iraqi Constitution theoretically establishes a framework for federal governance based on separation of powers, its practical implementation has been obstructed by centralizing tendencies, judicial overreach, and the lack of effective mechanisms for resolving federal–regional disputes. This study contributes to understanding the broader challenges faced by federal systems in post-conflict states and the complex relationship between constitutional design and political reality.

Health Care can be seen as an important aspect in the mission of Viksit Bharat. It is the responsibility of Government both at States and Centre to provide adequate health care facilities to the citizens of the nation. Growing rate of heath care services in last few years has raised the alarm even. Mission Viksit Bharat will certainly be accomplished with developed health care mechanism and facilities in the country. Central government of India has taken number of initiatives in the form of government sponsored health insurance schemes in last few years to protect the health care financing proposition of poor and rural households residing at different places in the country. This study is made to evaluate the contribution of Central Government of India towards protecting health care financing needs of poor and rural households in the country through government sponsored schemes. Data used in this research are generally collected from secondary sources i.e. Government Reports, Websites, Magazines, Journals and several other literatures available and accessible. There are different schemes issued for the general public as a protection shield against high health care expenditures such as ESI Scheme, CGH Scheme and Ayushman Bharat (includes both RSBY and PMJAY) by the central government. These schemes help the beneficiaries in availing medical treatment and other health care benefits from government and private hospitals without having the hardship of financing the same out of pocket. India is a country with more than 150 crores of population with a large number of poor and vulnerable families. Central Government are required to put in aggressive strategies towards revamping health care system prevailing in the country and to infuse more funds in health insurance schemes in years to come. This may certainly be helpful in reaching the goal of Viksit Bharat within the time frame providing all needed health care facilities to the citizens of our country.

Toeam Yi Seong-ryeol(1865–1913) was a high-ranking official of the Korean Empire(大韓帝國), born in Oeam Village(巍巖村), Asan. He was a nephew of Empress Myeongseong(Queen Min). After passing the state civil service examination in 1888, he served in various key posts such as Eunggyo(應敎), Seungji(承旨), Governor of Gyeongsangbuk-do(慶尙北道觀察使), and Imperial Household Ministry Special Officer(宮內府 特進官), gaining extensive experience in both local and central government. However, amid the decline of the Korean Empire and the growing aggression of Imperial Japan, Yi experienced deep political disillusionment and self-reflection. He retired to his hometown of Oeam, where he devoted himself to educating younger generations and promoting self-strengthening movements. His life can be understood within the context of his family’s scholarly tradition and ties to the royal household. The memorials, official documents, and his collected writings, Toeam Mungo(退庵文稿), reveal his intellectual pursuit of Neo-Confucian learning as a moral foundation and his belief in practical reform and self-strengthening as essential for national renewal. self-strengthening as essential for national renewal. Yi also submitted memorials criticizing foreign interference and domestic corruption, emphasizing that restoring traditional moral and political order was the key to overcoming national crises. His life stands as a symbolic example of the inner conflicts and tragic fate of the collapsing bureaucratic class of the Korean Empire. Nonetheless, his limitations lay in not fully recognizing the profound structural changes of the era and the overwhelming disadvantage Korea faced in the global power dynamics of his time.

Law Number 17 of 2023 on Health has erased the requirement to allocate 5% to the health sector from the State Revenue and Expenditure Budget and 10% from the Regional Revenue and Expenditure Budget. It was previously required under Law Number 36 of 2009 concerning Health. This paper analyzes the fulfillment of the right to health following the removal of the mandatory spending provision. The authors employ legal methodology, adopting both normative and conceptual approaches. The study reveals that the government erased the mandatory spending norm for several reasons. Some of these stem from limited fiscal space and program flexibility, constrained by budget efficiency arising from the existence of the national health insurance, the emergence of new areas of corruption in the health sector, and the misallocation of the health budget. The legal policy of the Health Law should explicitly allocate 10%–20% to the health sector and include targeted, structured, and well-planned programs to achieve the greatest possible prosperity for the people. This allocation amount is comparable to expenditures in the education sector, underscoring that mandatory health spending reinforces the responsibility of both central and local governments to allocate sufficient health budgets as a national priority.

Approximately 16 per cent of the world's population consists of persons with disabilities. This ratio indicates that nearly one in every six people worldwide has a physical, mental, intellectual e.g. disability. While disabled individuals were ignored, defined as a burden, and seen as individuals who needed to be rescued, today their existence is accepted and they are seen as part of society. Services for disabled individuals are provided worldwide by central and local governments. This study analyses the activities and services provided by metropolitan municipalities in the Mediterranean Region for individuals with disabilities between 2019 and 2023. The literature contains studies that have been conducted at the district, provincial or national level. This study is considered important as it addresses the services provided by local governments in the Mediterranean region level. It is anticipated that this study will provide information on the services offered to the administrators of local governments in the region and serve as a guide and contribute to the literature and to researchers. The data for the study was obtained from the ARs of these municipalities for the relevant years using the document review method. The study found that there were differences in terms of volume, quantity and diversity among the activities and services carried out by local governments in the Mediterranean region for individuals with disabilities, and that metropolitan municipalities produced more services in terms of number of items and quantity than provincial municipalities. It was concluded that this situation cannot be explained solely by economic reasons, that cooperation in activities and services for persons with disabilities needs to be developed, that the issue of representation and participation of persons with disabilities in governance needs to be resolved, and that a paradigm shift is required.

The article presents the powers of the General Director of National Roads and Motorways (hereinafter: General Director), who, as a central government body in the organizational structure of public administration, has the authority to take legal forms of action of a legislative nature within the scope of its statutory tasks. At this point, highlighting the status of the body under review seems expedient, as it will determine the further course of the argument. The General Director, being a central government body, bases its activities on regulations contained in ordinary legislation. Significantly, the General Director, as a public administration body, is not mentioned in the Constitution of the Republic of Poland (an extra-constitutional body), and as a result, lacks the authority to enact generally applicable laws. Instead, it possesses the power to establish laws of an internal nature. Its activities are grounded in regulations that define competence standards. A substantial portion of the tasks and functions of the General Director are carried out through various legislative forms. They are not typically attributable to this body alone. The extensive scope and diverse range of tasks assigned to this body necessitate the utilization of various legal forms of action. This article focuses on legislative forms of action, particularly such as administrative decisions, and the legal authorization for employing such forms of action.

ABSTRACT The local labor market effects of relocating central government jobs to cities in rural municipalities is investigated by considering two small‐scale interventions by the Danish government in the mid‐2000s. We leverage the Synthetic Control Method to compare the two affected municipalities to a synthetic counterfactual. Results show that relocating central government jobs: (1) increased government employment; (2) had no impact on private employment; and (3) had little impact on diversity even if (1) and (2) suggest otherwise. These results add new insights into the effects of small‐scale relocations relative to previous contributions.

Due to legal frameworks, the roles that local governments assume or could assume in education are intrinsically linked to the administrative approaches and organizational structures of states. In countries with a central framework, numerous responsibilities, tasks and activities, such as policy formulation, school construction and maintenance, the appointment of teachers and school administrators, curriculum design and the preparation and selection of educational materials are predominantly managed by central authorities. This scenario is particularly pronounced in countries with large populations, significant ethnic and cultural diversity, and extensive geographical areas with various physical challenges. In contemporary contexts, the provision of educational services is no longer regarded solely as the responsibility of central governments, schools and teachers. In countries acknowledged for their educational success, various institutions and organizations also play crucial roles, either directly or indirectly, in the educational sphere. Local governments, in addition to providing infrastructure and resources, are significantly involved in the formulation and implementation of educational policies. This study examines the role of local governments in providing educational services to students in Türkiye and offers recommendations for further enhancement.

This article aims to discuss the relevance of implementing asymmetric fiscal decentralization in building non-traditional security in Papua. For over two decades, Papua has had a special autonomy status. Under the legal basis of Law Number 21 of 2001 concerning Special Autonomy for Papua, which was followed in 2002 by the asymmetric fiscal decentralization policy of the Central Government, it provides space for Papua to improve and develop non-traditional forms of security that are more dynamic and welfare-oriented. This study uses a qualitative method with a documentary analysis approach. This study utilizes accurate document data, which is analyzed using existing techniques. The results of the study indicate that the asymmetric fiscal decentralization policy has not been fully implemented in developing non-traditional forms of security (human security). This was identified as an area where numerous human security problems persist, ranging from unfulfilled food needs to a weak social life within society, including poverty and low human development. All of which are markers that such security problems are a nontraditional threat to Papua. Therefore, the state must review the special autonomy policy that can create non-traditional security and is oriented towards the welfare of Papua

This study aims to analyze the effect of the flypaper effect on regional financial performance with the budget surplus as a moderating variable in districts/municipalities in South Sulawesi Province. The flypaper effect refers to the phenomenon in which local governments are more responsive to central government transfers, particularly the general allocation fund, than to local own-source revenue. This study employs panel data from 24 districts/municipalities for the period 2021–2023, using a quantitative approach through multiple linear regression and moderated regression analysis based on the interaction model. The results indicate that general allocation fund and local own-source revenue have a significant effect on regional expenditure, while the special allocation fund and revenue sharing fund do not. The flypaper effect is confirmed, with general allocation funds being more “sticky” to regional government spending compared to local own-source revenue. Furthermore, budget surplus significantly moderates this relationship, where high budget surplus tends to weaken, while low budget surplus strengthens the influence of the flypaper effect on regional financial performance. These findings highlight the importance of efficient budget management to ensure that transfer funds optimally enhance regional fiscal performance.

As the digital economy increasingly integrates with the real economy, the goal of high-quality economic development in China has become increasingly clear. Promoting high-quality regional economic development through the integration of the digital and real economies holds significant practical importance for achieving Chinese modernization. This study selects panel data from 2013 to 2023 for 31 provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities directly under the central government in China. It employs the entropy method to measure the development levels of both the digital and real economies in each province. It uses a coupling coordination degree model to gauge their level of integration. By constructing bidirectional fixed-effects models, mediating effect models, and spatial econometric models, this study explores the impact of Digital–real Integration (DRI) on regional High-Quality Development (HQD). The findings reveal that DRI promotes high-quality regional economic development, with a 1% increase in DRI leading to a 4.810% increase in high-quality regional economic development. Meanwhile, this effect exhibits significant regional disparities. During this process, industrial structure upgrading and scientific and technological innovation serve as mediating factors, with coefficients of 1.249 and 10.562, respectively, for every 1% increase in DRI. Moreover, DRI exhibits significant spatial spillover effects, benefiting neighboring regions. Based on these findings, the paper proposes targeted recommendations, including strengthening digital infrastructure to lay a solid foundation for integrated development, implementing an innovation-driven strategy to master core technologies, optimizing production factor allocation to amplify DRI’s driving force, breaking regional economic barriers, and adopting dynamic, differentiated development strategies tailored to local conditions. These measures aim to fully harness DRI’s potential in advancing high-quality regional economic growth, offering empirical insights for coordinated regional development.

This research is motivated by the emergence of a constitutional anomaly: the recentralization of strategic natural resource management authority, which undermines the principle of regional autonomy as mandated by Article 18 of the 1945 Constitution. Although Law Number 23 of 2014 has regulated the distribution of concurrent government affairs, the enactment of recent sectoral regulations, such as Law Number 6 of 2023 and Law Number 2 of 2025, has conversely pulled licensing and fiscal management authority back to the central government. This study aims to formulate a natural resource governance transformation model that integrates local government independence with the principle of national legal certainty across the forestry, mineral and coal, oil and gas, geothermal, and fisheries sectors. The research method employed is normative legal research using statute, conceptual, and case approaches, analyzed qualitatively and prescriptively. The results indicate systematic norm disharmony and fiscal barriers resulting from central intervention—such as the 0% royalty policy—which significantly reduces fiscal capacity and regional administrative authority. The research concludes that accelerating regional independence requires legal policy reconstruction by implementing the FPIC principle to synchronize rights and guarantee national legal certainty and regional investment stability. The implications of this research demand harmonizing sectoral regulations that respect regional attributive authority and strengthening legislative oversight functions to realize accountable natural resource governance within a just Rule of Law framework.

Objectives This article discusses the administrative and legal activities of the minister responsible for tourism in the field of experimental methods of studying tourist traffic. These methods include the use of many data sources, the so-called “big data”. The discussion will cover cooperation with South Korea and domestic entities - including Statistics Poland and the National Bank of Poland. Material and methods The research methods used in the article are the comparative method, which requires a comparison of Polish and South Korean regulations. Additionally, the dogmatic-exegetical method was used, which requires familiarization with the existing literature. The article aims to show good patterns in experimental methods of studying tourist traffic and encourage readers to learn about modern technologies in this area planned for use in Poland. Results This article was written as part of the activities of the steering committee of the project "Advanced AI tools and algorithms based on public data supporting economic development in the field of tourism," co-financed by the National Centre for Research and Development under the Strategic Research and Development Program "Advanced information, telecommunications and mechatronic technologies" – INFOSTRATEG VIII. Conclusions All the effects described above will be of assistance not only for entrepreneurs but also for central government and local government tourism administrations. The knowledge on real tourist traffic will e.g. make it possible to counteract the phenomenon of the grey zone in tourism that results from conducting non-registered business activity. The broad use of the experimental methods for tourist traffic tracking, discussed in this paper, shows how important this reception area is.

ABSTRACT This study investigates the emergence of Korean architects as key actors in the rental housing market since the 2010’s, particularly their roles as initiators and operators. While their numbers remain small, their participation represents a shift from conventional architectural practice toward new forms of housing engagement. To examine this phenomenon, the study adopts a qualitative methodology based on semi-structured one-on-one interviews, allowing for in-depth understanding of each architect’s background, motivation, and strategic approach. The findings reveal that architects are not merely responding to economic pressures by seeking alternative business models. Rather, they aim to create new housing cultures by developing rental housing with innovative spatial configurations and typologies. Their strategies include utilising legal frameworks, targeting specific resident groups, and facilitating social interaction through distinctive spatial design. In contrast, most third sector organisations in Korea lack sufficient planning expertise and operational experience. As such, the findings provide a foundation for both policymaking and practical implementation – supporting local and central governments in institutionalising architect participation, while offering guidance for third sector organisations aiming to enter the rental housing field through more effective planning and operational strategies.

This study aims to examine the role of data-driven governance innovation in improving institutional quality in the Indonesian public sector. Specifically, the research analyzes the direct and indirect effects of technology, organizational capacity, and regulatory frameworks on institutional quality, with data-driven governance innovation positioned as a mediating variable. The study responds to the growing demand for evidence-based public administration amid digital bureaucracy reform and the implementation of e-government initiatives in Indonesia. The research employs a mixed-methods approach with a sequential explanatory design. Quantitative data were collected through a structured survey of civil servants across central and local government institutions that have implemented digital governance systems. The data were analyzed using Partial Least Squares–Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) to test measurement validity, reliability, and structural relationships among variables. This quantitative phase was complemented by qualitative data obtained from in-depth interviews with key informants involved in digital governance, which were analyzed thematically to provide contextual explanations of the statistical findings. The results indicate that data-driven governance innovation has a positive and significant effect on institutional quality. Technology emerges as the most influential factor, exerting both direct and indirect effects through governance innovation. Organizational capacity shows a moderate but significant influence, while regulatory factors display a weak and inconsistent effect. These findings suggest that strengthening technological infrastructure and organizational capabilities is essential for enhancing institutional quality through data-driven governance in the public sector.

This research aims to discuss the harmonization of the formation of autonomous village regulations based on Law Number 6 of 2014 concerning Villages. The enactment of the Village Law also has an impact on the autonomy of the Village Government and the formation of Autonomous Village Regulations. In practice, the eventual formation of Village Regulations gave rise to various juridical problems. The approach to this legal research is normative legal research. The specifications for this legal research are analytical descriptive. The sources of this legal research are sources of primary legal materials and secondary legal materials. The data collection and retrieval procedure used is a literature study. The results of this research are: 1). The village is the lowest government organization, which is appointed directly by the regent. The village head has the authority and responsibility in village government, in the form of managing his own household which is the main organizer and person responsible in the fields of government, development and society in the context of administering village government affairs. 2) In implementing village autonomy, village regulations have a strategic role in driving the wheels of village governance and development. For this reason, an arrangement is needed that can make village regulations harmonious, namely: First, office holders must convey good communication about village regulations so that harmonization of village regulations is carried out which is autonomous and adheres to the principle of hierarchy of statutory regulations. Second, the Village Government should be given freedom because the village regulations and the position of the village's own regulations to run the government system have been established without any influence from other regulations because the village has been given village autonomy authority by the central government. Third, the community is expected to participate actively in forming village regulations that are aspirational and in line with the hopes and needs of village residents

The Development Administration Bureau of the South Kalimantan Provincial Secretariat is an important part of regional development. This bureau is tasked with formulating policies, supervising the implementation of regional tasks, and monitoring and evaluating the implementation of regional development policies. This bureau also assists the governor as the representative of the central government in regional development. This bureau also assists in regional development and the development of civil servant resources for regional development. The Development Administration Bureau of the South Kalimantan Provincial Secretariat has implemented two strategies to improve control over regional development: 1) Collaborating with agencies that focus on human resource development, and 2) Making optimal use of technology and information in carrying out work based on standard operating procedures (SOPs). The challenges faced by the Development Administration Bureau of the South Kalimantan Provincial Secretariat in carrying out its duties include: the large number of work areas, and changes in the system and methods of managing regional growth.

INTRODUCTION. This article examines Hong Kong’s sanctions, countermeasures and unilateral restrictions policy and practices existing within and determined by the China’s approach in this sphere. Although Hong Kong, as a special (autonomous) administrative region of the People’s Republic of China (PRC), should strictly abide by the basic tenets of PRC’s policy – recognition of legitimacy of only United Nations Security Council’s (UNSC) sanctions, legality of countermeasures introduced in response to delinquent acts of international actors and formal and rhetorical rejection of unilateral restrictive measures, – the autonomy has certain distinct characteristics in this area which reflects a special status of Hong Kong in the constitutional and political system of the PRC. MATERIALS AND METHODS. The author used publicly available documents and materials of the United Nations, PRC’s government bodies, Hong Kong’s Legislative Council and executive bodies, academic sources of Russian, Hong Kong, Mainland Chinese and Western scholars and experts, as well as periodical publications, to examine how the sanctions, countermeasures and unilateral restrictions regime of Hong Kong works and what distinguishes Hong Kong’s policy in this area from China’s. For the purposes of this study the author employed general methods of scholarly research and special methods of legal research. RESEARCH RESULTS. Led by the foreign policy imperatives of China, Hong Kong must adhere to UNSC sanctions recognized and implemented by the PRC. However, Hong Kong is not legally bound to comply with China’s countermeasure and unilateral restrictive measures (official or informal). Likewise unilateral restrictive measures imposed by Western states have no legal force in Hong Kong. Yet, paradoxical it may sound, Hong Kong business community (linked with the West by numerous long-standing business ties), foremost banking and financial sector, do in fact by and large adhere to such unilateral restrictive measures because of fear of being targeted by Western secondary restrictive measures. Thus, Hong Kong constitutes a subsystem of rules, regulations and practices on implementation of sanctions, countermeasures and unilateral restrictive measures, on the one side, premised on the principles and rules of the PRC, and, on the other side, detached and distinguished from regulations and practices of China in this area. Considering Hong Kong business circles’ keenness to comply with Western unilateral restrictive measures, including anti-Russian restrictive measures, and go even further by halting all transactions and relations with any person having a nexus to jurisdictions heavily targeted by the Western unilateral restrictive measures, this autonomous region of China is and will continue to be quite a difficult place for Russian entrepreneurs to do business. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS. This study demonstrated distinct features of the Hong Kong’s regime of sanctions, countermeasures and unilateral restrictions which one may rightly classify as a special subsystem of China’s regime. The author came to the following conclusions. First, Hong Kong shall implement UNSC sanctions in accordance with the instructions of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the PRC but on the basis of autonomy’s own laws and regulations. Second, Hong Kong, as a non-sovereign entity, does not impose its own countermeasures or unilateral restrictive measures on sovereign states (institution of such measures falls squarely within the responsibility of the PRC central government). Third, anti-unilateral restrictive measures laws and regulations, enacted by the PRC, are not applied in Hong Kong unless they are added to Annex III to the Basic Law (mini-constitution) of Hong Kong. Fourth, countermeasures and unilateral restrictive measures instituted by China against third countries in compliance with her antiunilateral restrictive measures laws and regulations, as well as unofficial bans, have no legal force in the autonomy, except prohibitions on entry of persons, targeted by China, to Hong Kong. Fifth, a large number of Hong Kong companies (foremost local, Mainland Chinese and foreign banks and financial institutions) with long-standing trade and economic connections with Western counterparts routinely comply with Western, mostly the United States, unilateral restrictive measures (including unilateral restrictive measures against Hong Kong) and the Hong Kong Monetary Authority (a de facto central bank of the autonomy) even makes it mandatory for the financial institutions, operating in the territory, to comply with Western unilateral restrictive measures.

Act. No. 9 of 2018 article 1 concerning General Provisions for Non-Tax State Revenue become the land assessment that has been carried out by BPN RI and then presented in the ZNT map is currently still unable to fulfill the wishes of many parties. The ZNT map produced by BPN RI, which is used as a basis for providing information on land values, is still not in accordance with the actual value or market value. The purpose of writing is to analyze the juridical analysis of the Notary Position Law regulations regarding Notary's honorarium and provide input on solutions. The approach method in this research uses sociological juridical. Data collection was carried out through library research studies. Processing of this research data with secondary data is divided into primary, secondary and tertiary legal materials. The results of this research are researchers provide conclusions and suggestions that needs more in-depth study by the government (State) in the future in revising Legal policy for receiving PNBP on plots of land and buildings, if necessary, study it first Article 1 Law Number 9 of 2018 concerning PNBP, Apart from that, there are also implementing regulations, namely Regional Regulations issued by the Regent who is given authority by the central government to regulate their respective regions, so that Use of market price and land value zone as determining variables.

Purpose This paper aims to investigate the shock transmission structure among Chinese financial institutions. Design/methodology/approach Based on the market data of 34 listed financial institutions from 2011 to 2023, this study proposes the empirical mode decomposition into the generalized forecast variance decomposition framework to create multilayer networks that include volatility spillover layers at multidimensional time scales for analyzing the shock transmission structure among Chinese financial institutions. Findings Empirical research indicates that layers at different time scales exhibit distinct network structures, and multilayer network analysis provides a more comprehensive understanding of the financial system. The volatility spillover networks exhibit notable time-varying characteristics with significant periodic patterns linked to endogenous and exogenous shocks. The importance of financial institutions is dynamic. Key nodes in the multilayer spillover network mainly come from the banking and securities sectors, with banks being primarily joint-stock commercial banks and urban commercial banks and securities institutions controlled mainly by large central enterprises or local governments. Originality/value This paper explores how to use an adaptive decomposition method to more accurately construct multilayer networks for risk contagion and proposes a new “time-frequency domain” multilayer network analysis framework. By constructing multilayer networks at different time scales, the risk contagion patterns driven by different economic mechanisms are elucidated. Finally, this article provides a more refined and robust evaluation of the systemic importance of financial institutions from a dynamic network perspective with multiple time scales.