Latin Research Articles

The Action of Testosterone in Anti-aging, Rejuvenation, and Longevity

Testosterone is an anabolic androgenic steroid hormone, that is, it is a lipid synthesized from cholesterol-steroid, produced by glands and with regulatory action on cellular physiology hormone, whose main actions are to promote masculinization -androgenic effect- and the synthesis of complex molecules from simpler molecules anabolic effect. Our body's three main steroid substances are androgens, estrogens, and corticosteroids. This literature review aims to verify testosterone's action on rejuvenation, anti-aging, and longevity. The integrative literature review is a method that aims to synthesize results obtained in research on a topic or issue, in a systematic, ordered, and comprehensive way. It is called integrative because it provides broader information on a subject/problem, thus constituting a body of knowledge. To carry out the study, a search for scientific articles was carried out through the Virtual Health Library (SCIELO), Latin American and Caribbean Literature in Health Sciences (LILACS), US National Library of Medicine National Center for Biotechnology Information (PUBMED), Social Network for Scientists (ResearchGate) and Virtual Social Network for Academics (Academia.edu) using the terminologies registered in the health sciences descriptors: Anti-aging, hormones, longevity, rejuvenation, and testosterone.

Tomato Urban Gardening Supported by an IoT-Based System: A Latin American Experience Report on Technology Adoption

When urban agriculture is addressed at a family scale, known as urban gardening, it is assumed as a non-commercial activity where some family members voluntarily take care of the plantation during their free time. If technology is going to be used to support such a process, then the solutions should consider the particularities of these gardeners (e.g., life dynamics and culture) to make them adoptable. The literature reports several urban agriculture experiences in Western countries and Southeast Asia; however, this activity has been poorly explored in South American countries, particularly at a family scale and considering the culture and the affordability of the solutions. This article presents an experience report of urban gardening in Peru, where a prototype of an IoT system and a mobile application were conceived, implemented, and used to support the gardening of vegetables at a family scale, considering the cultural aspects of the gardeners. This experience obtained positive results in terms of tomato production, mainly showing the system’s capability to self-adapt its behavior to consider the cultivation conditions of these urban gardeners. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first IoT system that can be iteratively adjust its behavior to improve the chances of being adopted by a particular end-user population (i.e., gardeners).

Incidence of long-term conditions in the Latin American community of London: A validation and retrospective cohort study of 890,922 primary care records, 2005-2022.

Minoritised populations in the United Kingdom frequently identify in multiple ethnic groupings and therefore little is known of their health needs. There were 136,062 Latin American people recorded in the 2021 UK Census across six different ethnic groups. Characterise the incidence of long-term conditions (LTCs) and multiple LTCs (mLTCs) amongst the Latin American community of London. Compare the incidence of LTCs in the Latin American population to other ethnic groups. Retrospective cohort study using pseudonymised primary care data from 890,922 individuals in an urban, superdiverse area of London from 2005-2022. Latin American individuals were identified using country of birth, language and ethnicity codes, and validated against Census findings. Multivariable competing risks regression models estimated the effect of being Latin American, compared to the White British ethnic group, on incidence of 32 LTCs and risk factors relevant to urban populations. 28,617 Latin American people were identified in this cohort, 3.2% of total. In multivariable analysis, compared to the White British ethnic group, being Latin American was associated with twice the rate of HIV/AIDS (hazard ratio (HR) 2.00; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.65-2.43), 60% increased rate of diabetes (HR 1.61; 95%CI 1.47-1.77) and almost twice the rate of systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis (HRs 2.28; 95% CI 1.18-4.38 and 1.69; 95% CI 1.32-2.17 respectively). Using commonly-recorded primary care codes accurately and reliably identifies markedly higher risks of HIV/AIDS, diabetes and joint disease among London's Latin American population. These data can be used to target inclusive and equitable health interventions.

Corruption and neo-colonialism in Latin America

Corruption is deemed one of the main drivers of development challenges in many countries, mainly in those territories that drag the shackles of colonialism. The roots of corruption in underdeveloped countries can be traced from Colonial times from South America, Asia to Africa the pattern seems to be repeated: populations subjugated to new masters, disenfranchised indigenous people, labour and sexual exploitation, brutal punishments for those who resisted colonial power were commune features for countries that experienced colonialism. Many of those power excesses have been recognised historically, however one of the most persistent element of Colonialism that survives until nowadays is corruption. The present text aims to shine a light on the relation of colonialism and corruption in Latin America. The hypothesis raised suggests that corruption was installed through colonialism in the Latin America region. The text is presented in three parts; the first one offers some historical considerations about European colonialism, the second one describes the strategies used by colonisers and the use of corruption as a tool to impose their rule and consolidate their power, and the third one exposes the new colonial form of corruption carried out by the West, led today by the United States.

The influence mechanism of relational capital on adaptive behaviors of Chinese expatriates in Latin America

Purpose In line with the theory of planned behavior, this study aims to examine the mediating effect of cultural identity and role identity between relational capital and adaptive behavior, and the moderating effect of willingness to learn. Design/methodology/approach Data were collected from 241 Chinese expatriates in Latin America through a two-wave survey. Findings The findings indicate that expatriates’ perceived relational capital can promote adaptive behaviors by enhancing their cultural identity and role identity. Willingness to learn positively moderates the indirect effects of relational capital on adaptive behaviors through cultural identity and role identity. For expatriates with a high willingness to learn, the impact of relational capital on their adaptive behaviors through cultural identity and role identity is stronger. Originality/value This study extends empirical research on expatriate adaptation. Organizations should promote the accumulation of expatriates’ relational capital while they are working abroad. Meanwhile, willingness to learn should be considered as a criterion when selecting expatriates.

Science for whom? The influence of the regional academic circuit on gender inequalities in Latin America

AbstractThe Latin‐American scientific community has achieved significant progress towards gender parity, with nearly equal representation of women and men scientists. Nevertheless, women continue to be underrepresented in scholarly communication. Throughout the 20th century, Latin America established its academic circuit, focusing on research topics of regional significance. Through an analysis of scientific publications, this article explores the relationship between gender inequalities in science and the integration of Latin‐American researchers into the regional and global academic circuits between 1993 and 2022. We find that women are more likely to engage in the regional circuit, while men are more active within the global circuit. This trend is attributed to a thematic alignment between women's research interests and issues specific to Latin America. Furthermore, our results reveal that the mechanisms contributing to gender differences in symbolic capital accumulation vary between circuits. Women's work achieves equal or greater recognition compared to men's within the regional circuit, but generally garners less attention in the global circuit. Our findings suggest that policies aimed at strengthening the regional academic circuit would encourage scientists to address locally relevant topics while simultaneously fostering gender equality in science.

Adult respiratory syncytial virus disease burden: systematic literature review in Africa, Asia, Latin America, and the Middle East (2012–2022)

Adult respiratory syncytial virus disease burden: systematic literature review in Africa, Asia, Latin America, and the Middle East (2012–2022)

Social Movements, Social Change, and International Cooperation: Strategic Insights from Latin America and the Caribbean

In the wake of the advancements made in civil and human rights in the twentieth century, social movements have come to be regarded as a driving force behind social change. Nevertheless, evidence demonstrates that social transformations driven by certain citizen mobilisations do not always prove beneficial to the most marginalised groups. In January 2023, acts of vandalism were perpetrated against the buildings of public institutions in Brasilia. Similarly, anti-democratic mobilisations have been observed in Colombia against the peace agreement with the FARC and in Chile against the proposed more inclusive constitution. Globally, anti-democracy and other movements that are in opposition to human rights are gaining ground, and their effects are having a detrimental impact on the environment in which organisations that are advocating for excluded sectors are operating. However, Latin American perspectives of social and behaviour change (SBC) emphasise engagement with social movements to contribute to social justice, creating alliances to amplify the voices of those most affected without interfering with the organic nature of citizen-led movements. This prompts the following inquiries: Can we categorize as social movements those with popular roots but espousing hegemonic interests? How can the Latin American tradition of social movement action and reflection inform strategies for social change? How can SBC strategies counteract anti-human rights movements and empower social movements prone to inclusion? This essay addresses these questions.

Multidisciplinary Approach of a Male Case of Imported Malaria, HIV Chronic Infection, and Latent Syphilis

Background: The current economic and social crisis in Latin America has caused migration to the USA, bringing with it Public Health challenges due to the importation of various infectious diseases. Migrants, particularly those with chronic conditions, such as HIV infection and other sexually transmitted infections (STI), are at greater risk due to pharmacological interruption and access to medical care, so the timely detection of diseases acquired during their migration, such as malaria, is crucial to avoid health complications. Objective: To outline by a multidisciplinary approach (Infectology, Parasitology, Epidemiology, molecular Biology, Venereology, and Public Health) the diagnosis and management of a male case with malaria imported to Mexican territory, HIV chronic infection, and latent syphilis. Methods: A male migrant of Venezuelan nationality attended the Clínica Especializada Condesa Iztapalapa in Mexico City for health complications. A comprehensive analysis of laboratory and molecular tests was performed to confirm HIV infection. During the STI diagnostic algorithm, latent syphilis was detected and microscopic observation of blood smears revealed parasitic forms compatible with malaria. Standard and molecular tests were applied under the operational definition for malaria cases for identification, diagnosis, and treatment. Finally, study of clinical history and migration route by questioning for the investigation of the imported case was performed. Results: The immigrant was diagnosed with HIV chronic-stage infection with interrupted antiretroviral therapy (ART), latent syphilis, and malaria by Plasmodium vivax. The ART administered was chosen based on the possible drug interaction with antimalarials and genetic barrier to the HLA-B* allele. Finally, antimicrobial therapy against syphilis was penicillin. From the analysis of the migratory route, incubation time of imported malaria, and questioning, we speculated that the migrant acquired the P. vivax infection in Panama. Conclusions: This case highlights the complex health problems faced by migrants with HIV infection, particularly when they contract additional infections such as malaria during migration and highlights the need for comprehensive access to healthcare and ART, antimalarial and antimicrobial treatments to mitigate the health risks of this vulnerable population.

Current data science capacity building initiatives for health researchers in LMICs: global & regional efforts

BackgroundData science approaches have proved crucial for generating major insights to address public health challenges. While such approaches have played significant roles during the COVID-19 pandemic, there has been limited investment in capacity building in data science skills and infrastructure for health researchers in LMICs.ObjectivesThis review aims to identify current health data science capacity building initiatives and gaps in Africa, Asia, and Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC), to support knowledge sharing and collaborations, and inform future initiatives and associated investment.MethodsWe conducted a literature review using PubMed and Scopus, supplemented by a grey literature search on Google to identify relevant initiatives. Articles were screened based on inclusion criteria.FindingsFrom 212 records, 85 met inclusion criteria, with 20 from PubMed and Scopus, and 65 from grey literature. The majority of programmes are tailored to specific disease areas, varying by region. Despite these efforts, there are limited initiatives with a clear, documented strategy on data science capacity building to accelerate global research insights, with the majority adopting a fragmented approach.Conclusion and future directionsDespite the integration of data science approaches into health research initiatives in LMICs, there is a need for a standardised framework on data science capacity building to facilitate multidisciplinary and global collaboration. Structured approaches, inter-disciplinary, inter-regional connections and robust impact measurement will all be vital for advancing health research insights in these settings.

Rural Road Assessment Method for Sustainable Territorial Development

In Latin America, initiatives have been advocated for developing rural roads that facilitate optimal conditions free from dust, mud, and noise. The criteria for assessing public investment do not align with the requirements of rural infrastructure. Indeed, in rural areas, the territorial conditions such as openness to rural–urban markets, access to education and health, environmental protection, culture, and identity are more important than transportation times or traffic volume. Hence, a multicriteria evaluation method is proposed to prioritize the rural road improvements and maximize their contribution to sustainable territorial development. The roads with the highest sustainable contribution are optimized using a multi-objective decision-making analysis and prioritized based on a Manhattan distance. In addition, a fuzzy cognitive map analyzes the dynamic behavior of the optimal roads. Based on this proposal, a case study is applied where fifteen roads are selected from a sample of 101 in the Araucanía Region, Chile. For this, 16 evaluation criteria, 27 indicators, and sustainability’s social, environmental, technical, and economic dimensions are considered. The results detect reduced one-dimensional contributions despite identifying 15 optimal roads that collectively enhance sustainability. Two roads stand out for their long-term sustainability contribution, which are influenced by economic criteria of zonal productivity, tourism, and road maintenance. Thus, this method can help public agencies rank the roads that must be the subject of development projects.

Assurance Practices in Colombia’s Non-Financial Sectors: Enhancing Sustainability Report Reliability

This research enhances the reliability of sustainability reports in Colombia’s mining–hydrocarbons, construction, and manufacturing sectors. Amid growing demands for corporate transparency, this study evaluates assurance practices and proposes a model for measuring sustainability report reliability. Using bootstrapping regression, this study provides credible coefficient estimates without assuming a normal distribution. Key findings show that SDG application, assurance scope, and auditing firm consistency significantly influence report reliability, affirmed by 95% confidence intervals. This study’s pragmatic approach suggests best-case and worst-case scenarios for policymakers and companies to optimize report reliability. Furthermore, the proposed model paves the way for future research, with the International Standard on Sustainability Assurance (ISSA) 5000 by the International Auditing and Assurance Board (IAASB), potentially acting as a catalyst for mandatory sustainability reporting in Latin America. This proposed standard promises to enhance sustainability assurance practices. This research contributes to academic discourse on sustainability assurance and guides improvements in corporate reporting transparency and accountability. Future research should expand this model to other sectors and regions, validating its applicability and exploring broader temporal scopes to strengthen its empirical foundations.

Consequences of Indoor Pollution in Children in Latin America.

Indoor air pollution represents a major health problem in developing countries. Common sources of contaminants include biomass fuels, dust mites, mold, and insecticides, which are frequently found in Latin American households due to cultural, geographical, and socioeconomic conditions. Additionally, tobacco consumption and e-cigarette use are both frequent in the region and represent another source of air pollution. Furthermore, agriculture plays an important role in Latin American and Caribbean economies, leading to hazardous environmental exposures for people living in rural areas. Children are more vulnerable than adults to the effects of environmental exposures because of various physiological and behavioral factors. The timing of exposure is also relevant, as the developing lungs are more susceptible during certain periods of growth, and early insults may impact future development. Exposure to indoor pollution, both prenatal and after birth, has been associated with an increased risk of health issues in children, such as growth impairment, respiratory infections, asthma, reduced lung function, and development of adult lung diseases (e.g., cancer and COPD). To understand how childhood environmental exposures affect lung development, with potential long-term consequences and increased risk of diseases later in life, is essential for developing effective prevention strategies.

Teledentistry Applied to Health and Education Outcomes: Evidence Gap Map.

Teledentistry is a field of activities that comprises information and communication technologies (ICTs) applied to dentistry, including the exchange of clinical information, patient care, and the use of educational strategies across remote distances. Its use has grown progressively over the past decades-intensified by the COVID-19 pandemic-and has been improving the provision of dental services and educational strategies ever since. This evidence gap map (EGM) study aims to present a collection of systematic reviews (SRs) with meta-analyses to answer the question "What are the applications of teledentistry in dental services and dental education?" by identifying gaps and current evidence on the improvement of health care and education. The EGM methodology has been developed by the Latin American and Caribbean Center on Health Sciences Information and is based on the concept created by the International Initiative for Impact Evaluation. Embase, PubMed, and Virtual Health Library databases were used for the literature research, using terms for teledentistry associated with eHealth, dental education, and oral health care. The data obtained from the included studies were then characterized in a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet, with a matrix containing 8 intervention groups (combined interventions, e-learning and tele-education, teleconsultation and teleservice, telemonitoring, telediagnosis, telescreening, ICTs, and artificial intelligence) and 8 outcome groups (diagnosis accuracy, education and professional training, user behavior, clinical practice, patient-centered outcomes, clinical outcomes, health services management, and access to health services). The quality of the studies was assessed using AMSTAR2 (A Measurement Tool to Assess Systematic Reviews). The visual analytics platform Tableau (Salesforce) was used to graphically display the confidence level, number of reviews, health outcomes, and intervention effects. The confidence level obtained by the criteria applied was high for 28% (19/68) of the studies, moderate for 6% (4/68), low for 15% (10/68), and critically low for 51% (35/68). Among the interventions, the ICT group stood out with 182 (36.8%) out of 494 associations, followed by interventions with e-learning and tele-education (n=96, 19.4% of associations), telediagnosis (n=67, 13.6%), and combined interventions (n=53, 10.7%). Most of the outcomes were aimed at education and professional training (97/494, 19.6% of associations), patient-centered outcomes (74/494, 15%), and health services management (60/494, 12.1%). This EGM presents an overview of the contributions of teledentistry in patient care, health services, clinical practice, and education. The study results may help guide future research and policy decisions and serve as a convenient virtual tool for accessing valuable evidence-based information on teledentistry.

Urban FEW Nexus Model for the Otun River Watershed

The food–energy–water (FEW) nexus has emerged as an alternative for managing resources in the food, energy, and water systems. However, there are limited case studies applying this approach in the Latin American and Caribbean region. This region stands to benefit significantly from the FEW nexus approach due to its heavy reliance on hydropower for electricity generation and unevenly distributed and poorly managed water resources. In this study, an urban FEW nexus framework was used in the Otun River Watershed (ORW) to evaluate changes in food, energy, and water demand for four scenarios. Additionally, regional climate models (RCMs) were used to forecast water availability in the ORW from 2030–2039. The results show that water demand could increase by 16% and energy demand will increase by roughly 15% for scenario 2, while water demand in scenario 3 will likely remain unchanged in relation to the current conditions (base scenario). Enhancing water resources management in the ORW will involve a variety of measures, including: implementing practices to reduce water losses in distribution systems, developing green infrastructure and decentralized wastewater systems, and embracing urban and peri-urban farming. Successful application of urban FEW nexus solutions requires involvement from stakeholders across the food, energy, and water systems.

Global, regional, and national burden of gout in elderly 1990–2021: an analysis for the global burden of disease study 2021

BackgroundGout, an inflammatory arthritis, disproportionately affects the elderly due to hyperuricemia, leading to significant health-related quality of life impairments and escalating healthcare costs. However, a comprehensive global analysis focusing on the elderly population is needed to inform effective interventions.MethodsUtilizing data from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021, this study assessed the prevalence, incidence, and Years Lived with Disability (YLDs) of gout among individuals aged ≥ 55 years in 204 countries from 1990 to 2021. We also evaluated the impact of high body mass index (BMI) and kidney dysfunction as key risk factors.ResultsThe study identified 37,230,366 cases of gout globally among the elderly, with an age-standardized prevalence rate of 2505.4 per 100,000 population. There was a notable increase in prevalence with an Estimated Annual Percentage Change (EAPC) of 1.08. Similarly, the age-standardized incidence and YLD rates increased, with EAPCs of 0.83 and 1.06, respectively. High-income regions, particularly Australasia and High-income North America, exhibited the highest rates, while Central Latin America and the Caribbean reported the lowest. Males had a higher burden of gout than females. High BMI and kidney dysfunction were significant contributors to YLDs, with their impact more pronounced in regions with higher Socio-Demographic Index (SDI).ConclusionThe study found a growing gout burden among the elderly, with substantial regional and gender disparities. It underscores the urgent need for targeted public health interventions, particularly in high SDI regions, to address modifiable risk factors like high BMI and kidney dysfunction and to curb the rising trend of gout prevalence and disability.

How do platform co-ops work? Social empowerment challenges from the implementation of CoopCycle in Argentina

ABSTRACT This paper addresses the implementation of CoopCycle in Argentina. This platform co-op is an open-source digital infrastructure for cycling logistics as well as a federation made up of the bike delivery cooperatives that use the platform. The study addresses three distinct objectives: document the advancement of the Argentine implementation by identifying obstacles and challenges in a specific municipality in the country, describe the economic and political benefits worker cooperatives of CoopCycle at a pilot stage in Argentina bring to couriers, and examine this first year of CoopCycle Latinoamérica, which was established in December 2021, as well as the transition of the CoopCycle federation into a multi-stakeholder cooperative, with a focus on the form of inclusion of experiences from outside Europe. Each objective is deployed at different levels: the first in the Argentine municipality of San Martín, the second in Argentina, and the third in the Latin American region. The methodology strategy is based on a single qualitative case study. The primary research techniques resorted to were participant observation, semi-structured interviews, documentary analysis, and desk research.

Are earnings management practices normalised within accounting education? A study of students’ perceptions in Colombia

ABSTRACT From an ethical perspective, the exploration of earnings management remains insufficiently examined within the Latin American accounting landscape. To address this gap, this study explores the perceptions of accounting students at Colombian universities regarding earnings management practices that potentially deceive stakeholders. A questionnaire containing scenarios depicting earnings management was distributed to 261 accounting students across various cities. Through multivariate techniques and a logit model, the study finds that students from higher socioeconomic backgrounds and those with work experience are more inclined to perceive such practices as acceptable. Furthermore, students attending public universities perceive greater acceptance of earnings management among their peers and professors compared to those attending private universities. These findings suggest that accounting education appears to reinforce an ‘economic ethic’ that prioritises the interests of the capitalist model over ethical considerations. The study highlights the need to strengthen ethical education within accounting curricula, fostering moral reasoning development beyond merely adhering to professional ethical codes.

Facing COVID-19: Guidelines for Gypsy People

view of the risk of transmission and contamination by SARS-Cov-2, at the beginning of the pandemic period of the Covid-19 clinical syndrome. Theoretical reference: The Roma people correspond to an ethnic group with their own language, Romani, flag and anthem recognized by the UN. Historically, they are considered to have originated in India, having gone through diasporas. One of them would have been towards the Iberian Peninsula. However, along with Jews, Arabs and other minority groups, they were also exiled from there and brought to Colonial Brazil. Therefore, their history has remained invisible to the present day, consequently, prejudices and stereotypes are also maintained in the new continent. These socio-cultural determinants impact the health of this population in various aspects. Although there are public policies aimed at health care for the Roma people in Brazil, they are very little known by both, Roma people and health professionals. Method: This historical record is methodologically presented as a case study because it takes the opportunity to discuss the phenomenology involved in preparing health education materials. Results and Conclusion: As results, the hand hygiene booklet and the video on movement and rhythm were presented. Next, the communication intentions outlined in figures in the Booklet for the Gypsy People with preventive guidelines for Covid-19 were discussed point by point. These intervention strategies were discussed, highlighting the need-to-know basic cultural aspects so that collective health objectives can be achieved, making the information meaningful to this ethnic group. To achieve this, gypsies from the Gypsy Union of Brazil and people authorized by them to speak about their culture participated: together with students from the Multidisciplinary League of Human Physiology and Pathophysiology (LAFFH/UNIFASE), the Environmental Health, Parasitology, Bioethics Extension Project (SAPB-LIPAT-FF/UFRJ), the Laboratory of Studies on the Aging Process of the Psychosocial Care Program of the Institute of Psychiatry of UFRJ (PROVE-MEPPSO-IPUB/UFRJ), having circulated such information via a smartphone application to gypsies from Rio de Janeiro, other states in the country and even other Latin American countries. The Homeopathy Service of the 7th Ward of the Santa Casa da Misericórdia Hospital in Rio de Janeiro joined this movement of primary health care and psychosocial care via matrix support. It made its health space available for online educational activities, in addition to the Public Health Course of the undergraduate medical school. Implications of research: All superior educational schools involved extended information to gypsy groups present in the various metropolitan regions of Rio de Janeiro to which they provide services. As a limitation, the limited number of people who gave feedback to health professionals (although they did give feedback to their leaders) is attributed, making it necessary to investigate the phenomenon observed. There is also a need for a pedagogical metric evaluation of the booklet used. The conclusion is that these preliminary activities, prior to the use of mass vaccination for vulnerable groups, are positive, especially given the perceived risk of new outbreaks of Covid-19. Originality/value: As a contribution, in addition to the preventive information aimed at reducing transmissibility and accidents with 70% alcohol, it was carefully adapted to the cultural aspects of the gypsy people. Therefore, work on primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary prevention for this ethnic group will continue.

Do Taxes and Transfers Stimulate Development in Latin America?

This study examines the relationship between fiscal redistribution and human development in 12 Latin American countries over the period 2000–2021. Aiming to evaluate this relationship across the distribution, quantile regression is performed. The results suggest that greater redistribution is associated with higher development, although this relationship's strength decreases during the second half of the distribution. The analysis of taxes’ and government transfers’ redistributive effect is extended to the different dimensions of development—health, education and economy—and obtains significant coefficients at both the beginning and the end of the distribution. Several robustness analyses evaluate the results’ consistency for different specifications and sub-periods. When controlling for socio-economic factors, the intensity of the positive link between redistribution and development decreases. Education is the most affected by redistribution increases. Despite the COVID-19 pandemic's impact, a positive association between redistribution and development is obtained for both the pre-pandemic period and the following years.