Centenary Year Research Articles

The next 100 years of professional planning

IntroductionRoyal Town Planning Institute was founded in 1914 to promote the art and science of town planning for the benefit of the public. Town planning is on everyone's lips these days. The National Planning Policy Framework (England) was originally intended to be a consolidation and redactive exercise, but turned into a national debate on the future of housing and landscapes. Housing - and land for it - appears to be higher on the political radar approaching a UK general election than at any time since 1979. There is widespread interest in infrastructure, and agreement that more needs to be provided. And the implications of a changing climate continue to hit headlines from one year to the next. So this is a very inter- esting time for the Royal Town Planning Institute to be celebrating 100 years of professional planning. Clearly, the need for planning is as great as it was in 1914, and, indeed, at least one of those issues - housing - is a direct throwback to the early twentieth century; even the root causes of the problem, land prices and ownership, are the same.Looking back, looking forwardThe course of planning professionalism in the UK is a well-rehearsed story. Town planning's roots were physical and design-orientated. Perhaps the phrase 'art and science' had a more 'arty' feel. Those were the days, after all, when planners worked in studios with glass roofs for lighting and wore smocks to keep their clothes free from watercolours. After the 1950s, the profession moved to a more socio-economic basis. After 1980, impact mitigation took on a key role, fuelled by the increasing role of the private sector in promoting development and a concomitant increase in quasi-legal systems of addressing 'externalities'. The question for the profession and for the RTPI is: 'what happens now, and in the next 100 years?'Part of this is connected to understanding what are the big issues. The RTPI is publishing, in this centenary year, a series of five 'Planning Horizons' papers looking at the key questions for the future. These cover climate change, changing demography, health and urbanisation. Although many of these issues are global in nature, they will present themselves in different forms in different countries. But the other part of this is the question of what kind of planners we need to tackle these issues - in particular, to undertake positive planning for the future.Project management: editing or discerning?'A specialist is a man who knows more and more about less and less' (Mayo, 1927). I can recall in my first job we all had to do office 'weeding' every Friday for an hour. This involved weeding out material from old files so they could be microfiched. This was actually a fascinating insight into planning history from the 1950s and 1960s. One thing that struck me was that an application could be described as: 'Erection of 1250 houses, maisonettes and flats together with primary school, playing fields and community centre'. The decision notice was one sheet of flimsy carbon copy with one (preprinted) condition: 'The development shall be commenced within FIVE years of this date'. And the whole file would have about ten sheets of paper in it composed of letters from the County Council asking the Borough Council what they thought, together with the Borough Council's reply.Major development these days seems much more complicated. One reason is the growing levels of detail and specialisation. We nowadays have biodiversity specialists, flood specialists, heritage experts, Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) and, of course, judicial review, not to mention letters of objection. The (UK) coalition govern- ment is piloting a scheme to 'compensate' property owners (but not, as far as we can establish, tenants) living near developments for the loss of a view (HM Treasury, 2014) and is keen on dealing with biodiversity by means of offsetting. However, I do not see any forthcoming simplification measures leading to a return to planning files of just ten pages any day soon. …

Alan Turing and the development of Artificial Intelligence

During the centennial year of his birth Alan Turing 1912--1954 has been widely celebrated as having laid the foundations for Computer Science, Automated Decryption, Systems Biology and the Turing T...

International Nursing History: The International Council of Nurses History Collective and Beyond

In taking on, coordinating, researching, and eventually writing a centennial history of the International Council of Nurses (ICN), the Barbara Bates Center for the Study of the History of Nursing embarked on an exciting, much needed, and also challenging project. The Center was only in its early phase of development when Joan Lynaugh, then director, agreed to take up the challenge of writing a more global nursing history. Under her skillful and energizing academic leadership, a team of international nursing history schol- ars worked on the book Nurses of All Nations from the early 1990s until its eventual publication in the ICN's centennial year, 1999.The exciting part of the experience was-probably very similar to what the ICN membership had also experienced all along-to become part of an international community of scholars and professionals. Furthermore, it was inspiring to debate ideas, ponder approaches, and, to explore the topic, to link with an international network of people familiar with international developments. Many of these people were or had firsthand involvement in international nursing affairs and health initiatives. We were fortunate to learn from many experts where to find documents and with whom to talk to. We visited many organizations and archives. We traveled around the globe and met many nurses from the most diverse places and contexts in the process. The project went beyond national and cultural boundaries in that we did not seek to write a history of individual national nursing organizations. Rather, we set it our goal to establish an international per- spective on nurses' professional identity and diversity. We were as much interested in understanding what had been the glue that had bound nurses from around the globe together in one international professional organization for so long, and we were curious to explore what had made the ICN meaningful to nurses who profoundly differed in race, ethnicity, religion, language, culture, nationality, and lived in very different political, economic and social contexts.1 We traced five perspectives throughout the book, including the subtle changing self-image of the ICN; its responses to issues of race, class, and gender; the meaning attached to nursing and the profession; nursing diplomacy and organizational survival; and personal friendships and travel.The ICN started out as a small organization in the broader context of the women's movement. For almost a century, the ICN has sustained its place as an important and meaningful organization for nurses from around the world. From the outset, its main goal has been to unite nurses worldwide through a confederation of national nursing organizations. The confederation addressed matters important to both the profession of nursing and people's health. Motivation, commitment, and enthusiasm banded nurses together despite turbulent social and economic changes, hardships of war, and pro- found cultural differences.The organization itself was founded in 1899; it was the initiative of the British nurse and suffragist Ethel Gordon Manson, later Mrs. Bedford Fen- wick, a prominent leader of the British Nurses Association (BNA). The profes- sional welfare of nurses, the interests of women, and the improvement of the people's health were intertwined goals for the founders of the ICN. But the new organization also reflected relations of cultural dominance of the time, rooted in colonialism and white supremacy. Although the organization's goal was to unite nurses internationally, the founding leaders all originated from Western Europe and North America, reflecting colonial relations of cultural dominance.Nursing as a respected, paid professional occupation for women from the middle class was a new phenomenon at the end of the 19th century. Health care profoundly changed as a result of industrialization and urbanization and shaped the demand for nurses. Scientific advancement of medicine trig- gered the rapid development of modern hospitals and led to the foundation of hospital schools for the professional training of nurses. …

Alan Turing and the development of Artificial Intelligence

During the centennial year of his birth Alan Turing 1912--1954 has been widely celebrated as having laid the foundations for Computer Science, Automated Decryption, Systems Biology and the Turing Test. In this paper we investigate Turing's motivations and expectations for the development of Machine Intelligence, as expressed in his 1950 article in Mind. We show that many of the trends and developments within AI over the last 50 years were foreseen in this foundational paper. In particular, Turing not only describes the use of Computational Logic but also the necessity for the development of Machine Learning in order to achieve human-level AI within a 50 year time-frame. His description of the Child Machine a machine which learns like an infant dominates the closing section of the paper, in which he provides suggestions for how AI might be achieved. Turing discusses three alternative suggestions which can be characterised as: 1 AI by programming, 2 AI by ab initio machine learning and 3 AI using logic, probabilities, learning and background knowledge. He argues that there are inevitable limitations in the first two approaches and recommends the third as the most promising. We compare Turing's three alternatives to developments within AI, and conclude with a discussion of some of the unresolved challenges he posed within the paper.

Alan Turing and the origins of complexity

The 75th anniversary of Turing’s seminal paper and his centennial year anniversary occur in 2011 and 2012, respectively. It is natural to review and assess Turing’s contributions in diverse fields in the light of new developments that his thoughts has triggered in many scientific communities. Here, the main idea is to discuss how the work of Turing allows us to change our views on the foundations of Mathematics, much like quantum mechanics changed our conception of the world of Physics. Basic notions like computability and universality are discussed in a broad context, making special emphasis on how the notion of complexity can be given a precise meaning after Turing, i.e., not just qualitative but also quantitative. Turing’s work is given some historical perspective with respect to some of his precursors, contemporaries and mathematicians who took up his ideas farther.

Miscegenetic Melville: Race and Reconstruction in Clarel

This essay investigates Herman Melville’s views on Reconstruction and racism in Clarel, the national epic published in the centennial year of 1876. In Clarel, Melville points toward miscegenation as the solution to problems of ethnic conflict festering since the Civil War, the key to rebuilding a nation torn apart by the economic exploitation and lingering racism of Reconstruction. Miscegenation is an ideal Melville pointed to somewhat naïvely in his earlier prose, but Clarel is Melville’s most sustained narrative commentary on race published after Benito Cereno and reflects a more sober assessment of racial realities and possibilities in the United States.

How to Eat Like a Canadian: Centennial Cookbooks and Visions of Culinary Identity

This article examines selected cookbooks that were published for the Canadian centennial year: the Chatelaine Centennial Collection of Home-Tested Recipes, Food – à la canadienne by the federal Department of Agriculture’s consumer section, and Pierre and Janet Berton’s Centennial Food Guide. These cookbooks and the recipes they contain tell us a great deal about the performance of citizenship through cookery. This article asks: who are the food makers? Who are the eaters? Whose recipes are included, or excluded and, accordingly, validated or marginalized? The result is a highly selective vision of Canadian identity.

Aldeburgh Festival 2013: Judith Weir, Sally Beamish, Charlotte Bray, Anna Meredith, Thea Musgrave, Jonathan Harvey

In Benjamin Britten's centenary year, the music of its founding father featured widely at the 2013 Aldeburgh Festival. However, there was also a strong showing of music by contemporary composers, including six new pieces for different ensembles co-commissioned by the Britten–Pears Foundation and the Royal Philharmonic Society to mark the bicentenary of the foundation of the RPS, as well as Britten's hundredth anniversary.

In the heavens as it is on Earth

The Science Communication Competition, launched in the Society's Centenary year, is now an annual event. It aims to find young talented science writers and give them the opportunity to have their work published, both online and in The Biochemist. The competition attracted lots of entries, and the second and third prize winners follow.

Announcements

Announcements

A History ofThe Journal of Parasitology

The present issue is Number 1 of Volume 100, The Journal of Parasitology. All 6 numbers of this, our Centennial Volume, are dedicated to those in the past who have contributed in any manner to the Journal's success as a national and international broker for parasitology. Our essay on the history of the Journal is divided into 3 parts. The first extends from 1914 to 1932, i.e., 'the beginning', when Henry Baldwin Ward was Editor and owned the Journal. The 'middle years' continue from 1933, when Ward gave the Journal to the American Society of Parasitologists, to 1961. The 'current period' carries on from 1961 to the present, our Centennial year. Obviously, we cannot provide a great many specific details for each era, but we have made an effort to identify some of the events, issues, and people that have played a significant role in our Journal's history.

Service to Science and Service to Defence : Moseley in the Light of the Centenary Year of his Landmark Publications in Defence of Science (Guest editorial)

Three words ‘Moseley, Soldier & Science’ in which the last two are so deeply associated with the name of the English scientist Moseley that these have become virtually synonyms of Moseley in the context of remembrance of the professional contribution and character of the unique soldier-scientist Moseley because these two words are very special for him in the sense that they often are essential to understand the personality of iconic Moseley. His keen interest in the service of Science as researcher and on the other hand, his involvement in the Defence services as soldier is really unique example of personification of total commitment to the cause of defence of his country and his deep dedication for the cause of unfolding the scientific truth towards building up a way forward to enrich human history. Moseley’s dual personalities as a scientist and as a soldier rest on the framework of Science & Defence in which the ideas and appeal of Science is universal whereas the ideals of a soldier in Defence is purely national and personal; and that was manifested in his attitude and approach - so intimate and so intense that it would not be inappropriate to say that ‘Service to Science’ and ‘Service to Defence’ for this real world, as Moseley exemplified were in a way virtually two sides of the same coin. Thus, Moseley is truly a composite personality which can be understood from his passion for Science as essentially meant for global cause but his zeal as soldier for Defence was pristine and core to his heart. In fact, often such deeply motivated men contribute for creation of history of this real composite world. Defence Science Journal, 2013, 63(4), pp.343 -345 , DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.14429/dsj.63.4873

New Mexico: Celebrating One Hundred Years of Statehood, a Recovering Economy, and a Balanced Budget

DOI 10.1515/cjpp-2013-0028 Calif. J. Politics Policy 2013; 5(3): 497–509 Kim Seckler* New Mexico: Celebrating One Hundred Years of Statehood, a Recovering Economy, and a Balanced Budget Abstract: As New Mexico enters its centennial year, the state is home to over two million people, a diverse population, a divided government and a five and a half billion dollar general fund budget. This paper will examine the budget- ing process, participants and decisions that created New Mexico’s budget in its centennial year. In addition to covering the budget, this report will address issues that affect the budget including major legislative and political issues and the political landscape of state government as it approaches FY 2013. Keywords: New Mexico; legislature; governor; FY 2012-13; budget; West. *Corresponding author: Kim Seckler, Department of Government, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003, USA, e-mail: kseckler@nmsu.edu 1 Introduction In January 1912, President William Howard Taft penned the document proclaiming New Mexico’s statehood. At the time, President Taft remarked, “I am glad to give you life. I hope that you will be healthy.” One hundred years later, as New Mexico enters its centennial year, the state is home to over two million people, a diverse population, a divided government and a five and a half billion dollar general fund budget. With a nod to President Taft, the state is financially healthy. This paper will examine the budgeting process, participants and decisions that created New Mexi- co’s budget in its centennial year. In addition to covering the budget, this report will address issues that affect the budget including major legislative and political issues and the political landscape of state government as it approaches FY 2013. 2 New Mexico – Its Land, People and Income New Mexico, the country’s 5th largest state, is home to a small diverse population concentrated along the central Rio Grande corridor. While large in size, it is small

Turing and the Serendipitous Discovery of the Modern Computer

In the centenary year of Turing’s birth, a lot of good things are sure to be written about him. But it is hard to find something new to write about Turing. This is the biggest merit of this article: it shows how von Neumann’s architecture of the modern computer is a serendipitous consequence of the universal Turing machine, built to solve a logical problem.

The mental state examination

SummaryThe mental state examination is unlike any other assessment in medicine. Karl Jaspers is largely attributed with describing the structure and method of its use. In the centenary year of Jaspers' seminal work General Psychopathology, psychiatry can celebrate the mental state examination as part of its rational and secular heritage.

Turing, Kasparov and the Future

The 'Turing 100' Conference in Manchester was the main event of the Turing Centenary Year in 2012. This is a report and reflection on Kasparov's popular talk. Within it, he explained how Turing and influenced computer chess, his career and the chess community. Kasparov also played Chessbase's 'TURING' emulation of Turing's second paper chess engine, here labelled 'AT2'. Quasi Turing-tests, computer contributions to world championship chess, and suspected cheating in chess are also mentioned.

Epilepsy treatment: a paradigm shift is urgently need

Epilepsy affects between 5 and 10 people in a 1,000 and carries considerable morbidity and premature mortality. The complex inheritance pattern of a lowered seizure threshold is not fully understood but is likely to be polygenic. In the majority of people with epilepsy, we do not understand the pathophysiology, how a seizure is triggered, and how it can be prevented. In the centennial year of the discovery of the antiepileptic properties of phenobarbital, we have over 20 antiepileptic drugs; however, none have dramatically changed the long-term prognosis of the condition. The cascade of events triggering epilepsy is likely to vary greatly among individuals. The hope for the future is a shift of paradigm away from the symptomatic approach that currently exists. Indeed, once epileptogenesis is fully understood, treatment can be targeted at specific mechanisms, and then we will have truly disease-modifying therapies.

IJMR: a flagship journal of ICMR enters into centenary year

In the early part of the twentieth century, when India was reeling under the ravages of many life threatening diseases like malaria, filariasis, kala-azar, plague, tuberculosis, leprosy, etc, and medical research was gradually getting momentum with the opening of many research institutes of highest standard including Indian Research Fund Association (erstwhile ICMR) in 1911, there was no journal to disseminate the scientific knowledge. And most of the work carried out in India was being published in British journals or remain buried in the files of the Government offices. A new era in biomedical research was started in the year 1913 to fill this gap, when Indian Journal of Medical Research (IJMR) was started by the ICMR (then IRFA). The journal was mandated to publish research work conducted in India related to public health and hygiene, prevalent communicable and infectious diseases etc. The first issue of the IJMR was published in July 1913. Sir Pardey Lukis, the then Director General, Indian Medical Services (IMS) was the first Editor of the IJMR. IJMR was initially started as a quarterly publication with 4 issues in a year from 1913 to 1957 but with effect from 1958 it was made bimonthly and from 1964 became monthly and continuing with the same periodicity. During the period 18 supplements on the topics ranging from toxemias, hepatitis and kyasanur forest disease (KFD) to 100 years of malaria research and streptococcal research to HPV were brought out between 1954 and 2006 and 22 special issues on topics like cholera, dengue, chikungunya, malaria and ageing to tuberculosis research and from leishmaniasis to metal toxicity & HIV/AIDS were published between 1964 to 2011. Special sections on maternal and child nutrition, cardiovascular disease research and haemoglobinopathies were also brought out between 2009 and 2011.More extended contributions on special subjects were published as special number known as Indian Medical Research Memoirs, a supplementary series to the IJMR and a total of 38 volumes on topics like plague, kala-azar, medicinal plants, rabies, filariasis, malaria and anopheline mosquitoes were brought out between 1924 and 1954. All the articles published in IJMR since inception have now been made available in pdf format in searchable interface with online editorial processing and management system. With effect from July 2012, IJMR has entered into its centenary year, today even after 100 years of its history it still remains the top most biomedical journal not only in India but probably in Asia, and has maintained high quality of all global standards and indexed by all the global awareness and alerting services. The Impact Factor of IJMR is 1.837, which is highest among Indian biomedical Journals. It is expected that IJMR will continue to benefit vast global biomedical fraternity and attain new heights in the coming years.

IJMR - A flagship journal of ICMR enters into centenary year

In the early part of the twentieth century, when India was reeling under the ravages of many life threatening diseases like malaria, filariasis, kala-azar, plague, tuberculosis, leprosy, etc, and medical research was gradually getting momentum with the opening of many research institutes of highest standard including Indian Research Fund Association (erstwhile ICMR) in 1911, there was no journal to disseminate the scientific knowledge. And most of the work carried out in India was being published in British journals or remain buried in the files of the Government offices. A new era in biomedical research was started in the year 1913 to fill this gap, when Indian Journal of Medical Research (IJMR) was started by the ICMR (then IRFA). The journal was mandated to publish research work conducted in India related to public health and hygiene, prevalent communicable and infectious diseases etc. The first issue of the IJMR was published in July 1913. Sir Pardey Lukis, the then Director General, Indian Medical Services (IMS) was the first Editor of the IJMR. IJMR was initially started as a quarterly publication with 4 issues in a year from 1913 to 1957 but with effect from 1958 it was made bimonthly and from 1964 became monthly and continuing with the same periodicity. During the period 18 supplements on the topics ranging from toxemias, hepatitis and kyasanur forest disease (KFD) to 100 years of malaria research and streptococcal research to HPV were brought out between 1954 and 2006 and 22 special issues on topics like cholera, dengue, chikungunya, malaria and ageing to tuberculosis research and from leishmaniasis to metal toxicity & HIV/AIDS were published between 1964 to 2011. Special sections on maternal and child nutrition, cardiovascular disease research and haemoglobinopathies were also brought out between 2009 and 2011.More extended contributions on special subjects were published as special number known as Indian Medical Research Memoirs, a supplementary series to the IJMR and a total of 38 volumes on topics like plague, kala-azar, medicinal plants, rabies, filariasis, malaria and anopheline mosquitoes were brought out between 1924 and 1954. All the articles published in IJMR since inception have now been made available in pdf format in searchable interface with online editorial processing and management system. With effect from July 2012, IJMR has entered into its centenary year, today even after 100 years of its history it still remains the top most biomedical journal not only in India but probably in Asia, and has maintained high quality of all global standards and indexed by all the global awareness and alerting services. The Impact Factor of IJMR is 1.837, which is highest among Indian biomedical Journals. It is expected that IJMR will continue to benefit vast global biomedical fraternity and attain new heights in the coming years.

Changing of the Guard [Point of View

I have been the Editor-in-Chief (EIC) of the Proceedings of the IEEE for six years and my term has just expired. A new EIC has now assumed the position with this January 2013 issue. The end of my term coincides with the centennial year of the Proceedings, an event for which we've been celebrating all year. In particular, I hope all our readers are enjoying the Centennial issue, published in May 2012 as a 13th issue of the Proceedings, and dedicated to celebrating our one hundredth year of publication. The special issue includes a series of papers exploring our past, as well as a look into the future. The papers give a good overview of how our profession has evolved and developed over the past century, and some of the directions we will take in the future. Together, the volunteer and IEEE publications staff form an excellent and coordinated team of dedicated professionals. This journal is well staffed and positioned to continue to provide our readers with the highest quality publication possible. As H. Joel Trussell, the new EIC, assumes duties in 2013, he will find a very well-managed journal with an excellent support team. The future is bright!