Cent Of Total Sales Research Articles

Shedding Light on the Shadow Economy: A Nighttime Light Approach

Measuring the shadow economy is inherently difficult, but critical for understanding economic development. Using census data on formal and informal sectors in Cambodia, we document that 96.6 per cent of non-farm establishments do not formally register with the government, and their sales accounted for 76.6 per cent of total sales in 2011. Estimating their past sales from changes in nighttime light for 1993–2010, we find that both formal and informal firms increased their estimated sales. The share of informal sales increased from 68.8 per cent in 1993 to 76.6 per cent in 2011, suggesting that the informal sector increased quantitatively in both absolute and relative terms over time.

An Analytical Enquiry into the Import Intensity of Indian Manufacturing Sector

The present article tries to measure the import intensity of Indian manufacturing sector and to highlight the vulnerability of our manufacturing output and exports. The article is divided into four sections. Section I provides information on foreign country’s share of value addition in exports of different products of our economy. Section II analyses the trade pattern of top 10 manufacturing product imports towards India. Section III deals with calculations of import intensity of our manufacturing sector. Twelve manufacturing products were selected to calculate the imported raw materials consumed, imported capital goods, forex spending on interest, dividend and royalty, export earnings as per cent of total sales, etc. The findings stood in favourable terms with the existing literature. Although the export of Indian manufacture has increased manyfold after liberalisation, the imported raw material content of Indian manufacturing has been ever increasing over the years. Section IV explains the concluding remarks of the study. The major contributor to the increase in share of imports was fuels and mineral oils, which was followed by precious pearls and stones. The forex spending on interest rate were higher for automobiles, non-electrical machinery, textiles and construction. Permanent steps needed to curb the unproductive imports of luxury items and promote only exports of products with higher domestic value added for imported items.JEL Classification: F14

Eibar y la industria armera: evidencias de un distrito industrial

The Basque Gunmaking industry experienced its most important growth during the last decades of the 19 th century and first years of the 20 th. This growth was due to the increasing exports of revolvers and pistols which made up almost 90 per cent of total sales. This industry was concentrated around the town of Eibar which, together with other villages of Guipuzcoa and Biscay, constituted the “Gunmaking Zone”. The international competitiveness achieved by this industry was mainly a consequence of the flexibility and adaptability given by its Marshallian industrial district structure since Eibar fulfilled most of the characteristics cited by specialized literature, e.g., specialization, in this case in firearms, a relatively homogeneous product; predominance of SME in its production structure and subcontracting relationships among them; existence of internal rules and institutions that protect them; and, due to cooperation between companies, creation of institutions to improve the development of the district's characteristic industry.

Women investors in early capital markets, 1720–1725

Using the transfer records and ledger books of the Bank of England, this article examines women's market activity during and after the South Sea Bubble. Women are classified by marital or social status. During 1720, women's activity constituted 13 per cent of transactions measured by value, 10 per cent of total sales and 8 per cent of total purchases. While individual women lost and made money from their market activity, women's net position over the Bubble was positive. We also provide a case study of Johanna Cock, one of the larger broker/jobbers in Bank stock. By September 1720, women made up 20 per cent of Bank shareholders holding 10 per cent of the capital stock. By September 1725, women held nearly 15 per cent of a much larger capital stock.

Industry

In our report on Burrell Colour Ltd's expansion plans, published on page 14 of our February issue, it was stated that exports are, currently 15 per cent of total sales. Burrell Colours point out that this figure is incorrect and that for the six month period January‐June 1976 exports accounted for 37 per cent by value of the company's sales. The latest figures, due to be announced this month, are expected to show a further growth in export sales.

The Content of Education and Training Needed for Risk Management

What is the appropriate content of and training for risk and related financial services? is a question so far little discussed. A good starting point is to consider the functions or processes of risk and deduce from them the categories of knowledge they require. Risk operations begin with the establishment of organizational objectives and policy. process is one of the central subjects in the field of study, or discipline, called management>' or Therefore, education and training for risk management should include at least this much of (and more, but the additional requirements will be mentioned in due course). For action, objectives must be translated into statements of specific policy and procedures upon which action can be based, and by which the effectiveness or ineffectiveness of that action can be measured or judged. involves more learning from the general field of management, but it also requires some specific knowledge of the particular kinds of action to be undertaken. For instance, the specific procedures a marketing department should implement, and the particular measures by which its performance should be judged, differ considerably from those which are applicable to, say, the legal department, or the department of internal auditing. the case of risk management, a considerable portion of the procedures and the measures will be those of business finance-that is, they will be concerned with such items as working capital, cash flow, capital budgeting, equity margin and leverage, etc., which are parts of the subject, business finance. So the risk manager needs a considerable understanding of finance. And, of course, the implementation of policy in any part of an organization means getting things done with and through people-another topic in the field of or administration. Of major importance among the guides and indicators of what needs to be accomplished in a particular risk program are the following kinds of information: (1) the hazards or loss exposures in the organization, and (2) the loss experience. For example, the following piece of information is clearly of great importance in risk management: This organization has an operating area in which a single fire could cause $400,000 in direct physical damage and interrupt for 14 months certain operations that normally produce twenty per cent of total sales. Another important piece of information would be, In our punch press operations last year we bad twenty-six minor and two major disabling injuries, for which the total workmen's compensation benefits (including reserves) were $65,000.' Neither of these two brief statements gives all the risk manager needs to know about the situations mentioned. The nature of the additional facts needed, and what they signify for sound policy, are another part of the knowledge reciuired