Cent Fat Research Articles

Protein utilization and changes in body composition during weight reduction

Five young men and 3 young women, moderately overweight (mean, 27 per cent), were studied by means of N balance, body density, creatinine excretion and certain anthropometric and skinfold measurements prior to weight reduction and periodically through 12 weeks of reduction on diets of 1800 and 1400 calories and 115 and 90 Gm./protein, respectively. Average loss in pounds/week for males ranged from 2.26 to 3.95; for females, 1.33 to 1.78. The rate of loss decreased as the experiment continued but there was no plateauing. Contrary to previous experience only one male went into N deficit. All male subjects retained less N in each successive period during reduction and body fat decreased as indicated by increased body density. As calculated from the Rathbun-Pace formula, the per cent weight lost which was fat averaged 83.1; median, 80.0. As calculated by the method of Entenman et al. the per cent fat of the tissue lost averaged 61.2; the median, 70.0. The density of tissue lost ranged from .897 to .971 with an average of .939; a median of .943. Average creatinine excretion decreased as fat free weight decreased. For 4 of 5 males, the percentages decrease in body fatness as measured by per cent decrease in the total of 4 skinfold thicknesses accurately reflected those calculated from densities. For the females the decreases in skinfold thickness were 45 to 70 per cent greater than those measured by density.

Malabsorption Following Massive Intestinal Resection

A fifty-seven year old woman underwent resection of the right hemicolon, the ileum and all but 90 cm. of the jejunum in 1954. Steatorrhea developed subsequently. Serial studies in the ensuing ten years showed fat absorption to be fairly constant. While the patient was able to increase absolute fat absorption upon fat loading, this caused bloating and diarrhea even though the per cent fat absorption did not change markedly. Nitrogen absorption was impaired, but the patient remained in positive nitrogen balance. There seemed to have been some improvement in nitrogen absorption, with time, after surgery. Three to five years after surgery megaloblastic anemia secondary to vitamin B12deficiency developed. Vitamin B12in physiologic doses is absorbed in the ileum, which was removed surgically in our patient. Patients with extensive ileal resection require permanent parenteral administration of vitamin B12The patient absorbed other water-soluble substances normally. The need for supplementary calcium, magnesium or vitamin D was never established in this patient, although they may be required by some patients after massive intestinal resection, especially if the fat intake is maintained at a level resulting in frequent loose movements. Consequently, restriction of fat intake to 30 to 50 gm. daily, and parenteral administration of vitamin B12seem to constitute the only nutritional therapy necessary for patients who have no ileum. Patients who have no jejunum, but have an intact ileum, do not require any specific dietary therapy. If the ileum is completely absent, the critical minimal amount of jejunum necessary for satisfactory absorption of water-soluble nutrients would appear to be 1 to 4 feet. These simple rules provide a clinical approach to the management of patients who have had extensive removal of intestine.

Effect of Highly Purified and Commercial Grade Growth Hormone Preparations on Milk Production of Dairy Cows

The galactopoietic effects of a commercial and a more highly purified growth hormone (STH) preparation were compared, using 15 mature Holstein cows.Cows injected with 50mg per day of either the purified or commercial STH preparation produced more milk than control animals during a ten-day injection period and for a few days thereafter. The average increase in daily milk production as compared to a 14-day preinjection period was 7.6, 3.4, and -4.4% for the commercial STH, purified STH, and control groups, respectively. Upon statistical analysis, it was determined that the group injected with commercial STH produced significantly more total milk (P<0.01), fat, and total solids (P<0.05) than the control group. Although the response of the cows injected with purified STH was relatively small, and not statistically significant (P>0.05), the production of every cow in this group was greater following the STH injections than during the preinjection period. The increases in total milk production by the cows given STH injections were accompanied by slight increases in per cent fat and total solids.

A RAPID METHOD FOR QUANTITATIVE DETERMINATION OF FECAL FAT BASED ON THE PRINCIPLE OF ELECTRICAL CAPACITANCE.

Abstract A method of fat analysis based on electrical capacitance of a fat solvent-solution has been adapted for analysis of stools. A 75 Gm. aliquot of 3 day stool collection was extracted in a blender with 100 ml. of solvent (a mixture of chlorinated hydrocarbons) and a 15 Gm. filter aid for five minutes. The clear filtrate was placed in a condenser of a radioosoillator (available commercially), and frequency was read directly and converted to fat percentage from a calibration curve. Becovery of triolein added to normal stool pools was approximately 90 per cent. Forty-four determinations performed on 15 stool collections showed the standard error of a single determination to be 0.76 per cent fat. When this method was compared to the chemical method of van de Kamer, a correlation coefficient of 0.89 was obtained. Fecal fat excretion assessed in 9 normal subjects evas 2.8 Gm. per day with a range of 0.2 to 5.4 Gm. per day. Present results indicate that the electrical capacitance method provides a sufficiently rapid and quantitative assessment of total fecal fat excretion as a routine clinical procedure for the detection of steatorrhea.

Specific Gravity and other Carcass Measurement as Predictors of Per cent Lean and Fat in Hams

Specific Gravity and other Carcass Measurement as Predictors of Per cent Lean and Fat in Hams

Fatty Acids of Serum and Adipose Tissue in Six Groups Eating Natural Diets Containing 7 to 40 Per Cent Fat

Fatty Acids of Serum and Adipose Tissue in Six Groups Eating Natural Diets Containing 7 to 40 Per Cent Fat

A COMPARISON OF DIFFERENT PROCEDURES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF VEAL CALVES

Thirty-two male Holstein calves were fed from 3 days of age to market weight on four experimental diets: whole milk, a regular commercial milk replacer, and two experimental replacers made by incorporating 10 and 15 per cent added fat. Half of the calves on each treatment were marketed on reaching a liveweight of 225 pounds and the rest were marketed at 275 pounds.The whole milk treatment resulted in higher daily gains, dressing percentage, fat per cent in the carcass, and returns over feed costs, when milk was valued at less than $3.00 per hundred. The experimental replacer with 10 per cent fat (9 parts tallow, 1 part soybean lecithin) did not improve performance over the commercial milk replacer, except for the amount of fat in the carcass. This was due, at least in part, to a health problem encountered on two occasions with the calves on the 10 per cent fat replacer. The addition of 15 per cent fat improved performance, as compared to the commercial milk replacer, and no health problems were encountered. Growth rate on the 15 per cent fat treatment, dressing percentage and returns over feed costs were higher than for the 10 per cent fat treatment. In addition, both of the experimental replacers gave higher fat in the carcass than the regular milk replacer. Calves marketed at 275 pounds as compared to 225 pounds had a higher average daily gain and yielded more fat in the carcass.

A COMPARISON OF NUTRITIONAL EFFECTS IN SWINE AND MICE: RESPONSES IN FEED INTAKE, FEED EFFICIENCY AND CARCASS CHARACTERISTICS TO SIMILAR DIETS

The relative feed intake, feed efficiency and carcass characteristics of growing pigs and mice were studied to determine the value of the mouse as a pilot animal in pig nutrition research. Fifteen rations were fed in two experiments to 120 pigs and 120 mice. They were composed of equal parts of wheat and barley, plus one of three levels each of oat hulls, alfalfa meal, wheat bran, cellulose, and corn-cob meal to produce mixtures containing an estimated 62, 65, and 68 per cent of total digestible nutrients. With pigs, data were obtained on feed and growth from 100 to 200 pounds live weight; carcass measurements were made on the slaughtered barrows at 200 pounds. Feed and growth records of mice were kept for 14 days commencing at weaning; the carcasses were then analysed for water, fat, protein and ash.The relative response of the two species is indicated by the following correlation coefficients: feed consumption (0.67); digestibility of dry matter (0.96); digestibility of energy (0.87); consumption of digestible energy (0.79); rate of gain (0.63), and per cent fat in mouse carcasses and back fat thickness in the barrows (0.70). The correlation between per cent fat in mouse carcasses and the R.O.P. score for barrows was −0.67.The mean ratio of swine and mice was 581:1 for physiological body weight (kg.0.75), 693:1 and 654:1 for consumption of dry matter, and digestible energy, respectively, reflecting a relatively greater feed capacity of pigs and a higher energy digestibility by mice. The corresponding ratios for the effects of changes in ration composition were 369:1, 331:1, and 462:1, indicating that the pigs were better equipped to cope with bulky rations. It was suggested that mice were more efficient in conversion of feed to body weight gain because in pigs a greater part of the gain was fat.

The effects of two low fat dietary patterns on the blood cholesterol level of young male coronary patients

1. 1. Ninety-nine male patients between the ages of 20 yr and 50 yr with documented myocardial infarctions were randomly divided into two diet therapy groups. The comparability of these two groups was defined with regard to age, age at time of infarction, family history of coronary heart disease, prevalence of hypertension, degree of angina, height, weight, long-term anti-coagulant therapy, electrocardiographic severity and blood cholesterol level. 2. 2. The diet plans for two 30 per cent fat diets, one high in polyunsaturated fatty acid to saturated fatty acid and the second with reciprocal ratio, were outlined. 3. 3. Forty-eight subjects who were in the study for one year and maintained or achieved ideal weight were followed on these diet patterns. In the two groups studied, there was no significant difference in cholesterol response. 4. 4. Weight loss was comparable prior to beginning either assigned diet. 5. 5. The diets utilized in the entire group reduced blood cholesterol levels by 23 mg per 100 ml or 9 per cent over the 12-month period. 6. 6. A 30 per cent fat diet, with or without an unsaturated fat supplement, appears to be a satisfactory and palatable regimen for free-living adult males for as prolonged a period as one year. This fact is corroborated by a less than 5 per cent drop-out rate during this period of study. 7. 7. There appears to be a relationship between weight reduction and cholesterol change in the group studied.

Determination of fat in meat and separable fat by the Gerber test

Abstract A modified Gerber fat test for the determination of fat in meat and separable fat is described. A factor of 0.935 is applied to correct for the difference between the S.G. of butterfat and body fat. Average recovery of purified animal fat was 99.9 per cent. Samples containing more than 3 per cent fat showed lower variability with the Gerber test than with the solvent extraction method. For routine work on animal tissue and fat the Gerber test was found to be more rapid and reliable than the solvent extraction method.

Influence of pregnancy and an oxidized lipid diet on the fatty acid composition of blood and tissue.

RECENTLY it has been shown that a diet which is low in vitamin E and which contains 5 per cent of oxidized lipid is capable of producing the generalized Shwartzman reaction in pregnant rats1,2. This reaction is characterized by an episode of disseminated intravascular coagulation and, in the past, has only been produced experimentally by intravenous injection of bacterial endotoxin. The fact that the only variant in the diet which was responsible for its lethal effect was the oxidized lipid plus the fact that an increase in stainable lipid could be demonstrated in the kidney, liver, and placentas of some animals led to an investigation of the distribution of fatty acids in the blood and tissues of these animals. It seemed appropriate to compare the fatty acid compositions of tissue lipids of pregnant and non-pregnant female rats fed the oxidized lipid diet (20 per cent casein, 61 per cent corn starch, 10 per cent brewers' yeast, 4 per cent salt mixture, and 5 per cent of the ethyl esters of a molecularly distilled fraction of oxidized cod liver oil) with those of similar rats fed a pellet stock diet containing approximately 5 per cent fat.

The Influence of Diet on Fecal Lipids in South African White and Bantu Prisoners

The influence of dietary fat on stool excretion patterns appears to be more dependent on the nature of the fat component than on the actual amount of fat present in the diet. The effects appear to be significant only in relation to the excretion of bile acids and sterols since stool wet weight and fatty acid excretion were virtually unaffected either by the change from 15 to 40 per cent fat calories, or by different fats (butter, hydrogenated or natural sunflower seed oil) at the higher calorie level. When the diet contained sunflower seed oil the fecal excretion of sterols and bile acids was significantly greater than that obtained with butter; when the diet contained an equal mixture of the two and hydrogenated sunflower seed oil, the effects were intermediate. These changes inversely reflect those produced simultaneously on serum total cholesterol levels. Throughout a particular diet serum cholesterol levels and fecal excretion of sterols and bile acids remained constant; they varied only when the dietary components were altered. Stool excretion patterns were also significantly influenced by the amount of fiber present in the diet. Increasing the fiber content of the diet produced bulkier stools which contained appreciably greater amounts of fatty acids, bile acids and sterols. Decreasing the dietary fiber content produced the opposite effects.

Calories Don't Count

This book is one of a large number of popular books on weight reduction. Copyrighted in 1961, it has already reached best-seller status. Dr. Taller's diet permits the patient an essentially unlimited intake of fat and protein but drastically restricts intake of carbohydrates. It is therefore a high-fat, low-carbohydrate diet. "Over-all, the average obese person will lose best on a diet which is 65 per cent fat. Two-thirds of this fat should be unsaturated. Thirty per cent of the diet should be protein; only 5 per cent should be carbohydrate." He proposes that obese people metabolize fats and carbohydrates differently than do people of normal weight. Thus, it is claimed that such a person's carbohydrate intake must be restricted drastically if any weight reduction program is to be effective. Taller attributes some miraculous property to fats from vegetable sources which mobilizes stored fat to produce what has been called a

Current status of some aspects of parenteral nutrition

I T was at the Boston City HospitaI that I first became interested in the nutritiona probIems of seriousIy iI and injured patients. 1 went there in November, 1942 as a Research Associate on the Burn Service. Five days after I came, we admitted 130 patients with burns as a resuIt of the Coconut Grove fire. Most of these patients were heahhy men and women at the time of the fire; we were startIed by the rapidity with which those severeIy burned persons became maInourished. Some Iost as much as forty pounds in three weeks. During the past thrity years, beginning with the studies of Cuthbertson in EngIand, innumerabIe studies of the metaboIic disturbances which foIIow severe injury have been presented. In Boston, Massachusetts, Dr. Moore at the Peter Bent Brigham HospitaI, Dr. Cope at the Genera1 HospitaI and Drs. Lund, Davidson and the Iate F. H. L. TayIor at the City HospitaI have contributed significantIy to our understanding of these probIems. I wiI1 not attempt a comprehensive report on this subject. We know, though, that prolonged inadequate food intake in the face of increased nutrient needs, reflecting the severity of the injury and its complications, is often the important factor underIying postinjury maInutrition. AI1 are agreed that whenever possibIe, eating is the best way the patient has to meet his nutritiona1 needs. But, at times, parentera dietary suppIementation is needed and, occasionaIIy, feeding by the intravenous route is the onIy effective way of supplying food to the patient. I wiI1 not discuss the reasons for this; I’m certain that they are we11 known to aII. When intravenous feeding is undertaken, the same genera1 principIes which underIie effective ora feeding must be foIIowed. In fact, these principIes, such as the proper time reIationship in which nutrients are suppIied, are most often brought into sharpest focus during intravenous feeding. Paramount among these is the necessity of suppIying enough nonprotein caIories to meet the patient’s caIoric demands so that the amino acids, peptides and proteins, which are infused, can be used for tissue protein synthesis. When the caIoric requirements are high, it is not generaIIy possible to meet them with carbohydrates. The intravenous infusions of gIucose, fructose and invert sugar are Iimited by their osmotic pressure effects. Five per cent gIucose is isotonic but I L. suppIies onIy about 200 ca1. A L. of 25 per cent gIucose could suppIy about 1,000 ca1. but such a soIution is very hypertonic, is irritating to the veins and must be given sIowIy to prevent excessive urinary 10s~. AIcohoI offers 6 ca1. per ml. if it is infused, but its depressing and intoxicating effects and possibIe Iiver toxicity are drawbacks to its use in adequate amounts. Fat provides about 9 ca1. per gm. and has the potentia1 of being the intravenous nutrient which can meet the patient’s caIoric needs even when these are considerabIy higher than normaI. Fat, in an emuIsion, has the happy property of not being hypertonic even in high concentrations and it is not excreted by the kidney. An emuIsion containing 15 per cent fat and 5 per cent gIucose suppIies about 1,500 cal. per L. which is far different from the 400 cal. per L. suppIied by IO per cent gIucose soIution. The idea of injecting fat intravenousIy is physioIogicaIIy sound. AI1 of us get intravenous infusions of fat every day. Fat, after digestion and absorption enters the intestina1 Iymphatics and then the thoracic duct as an emuIsion of chyIomicra. The contents of the thoracic duct empty into the subcIavian vein. The probIem is

Fatty Acid Composition of Milk. I. Effect of Roughage and Dietary Fat

Summary Twenty-four Holstein cows were randomly assigned to treatment sequence and fed two levels of alfalfa hay (1.0 lb/100lb body wt and 2.5 lb/100lb body wt) and three types of concentrate (control, 6% added tallow, and 6% added cotton seed oil). Low-roughage intake lowered the per cent fat and lactose in the milk and increased total production, but did not affect production of 4% FCM. Feeding cotton seed oil depressed per cent fat, total fat, and 4% FCM on the low-roughage diet, but had no effect on the high-roughage diet where it was fed in lower amounts with lower concentrate intake. Tallow caused a small but significant increase in fat on the high-roughage diet. Cotton seed oil depressed the acids of milk fat from C 6 through C 14 , with an increase in the C 18 acids, but there was no change in the C 16 acids. The effect of tallow was less than that of cotton seed oil, with most of the values being between those of cotton seed oil and the controls. Cotton seed oil and tallow showed their effects regardless of roughage level. Volatile fatty acids in the rumen were affected by the amount of roughage and dietary fat. Low roughage depressed the molar per cent acetate with an increase in propionic, butyric, and higher acids. Dietary fat increased valerate and higher acids due to the presence of these acids and their precursors in the dietary fat.

Influence of Feed upon the Composition of Milk. II. Low versus High Fat Rations

Summary Based on a 12-wk. mild weather switch-back feeding trial involving two groups of three Holstein and two Jersey cows each, this information was obtained. The per cent S.N.F. and the per cent lactose in milk from Holstein cows fed a high fat ration with 6% Marcol B-75 (Ration M) were significantly lower than when fed a control ration (Ration B) which contained 63% more crude fiber and no added fat. No significant differences in composition of milk were observed with the Jersey cows when on Rations M and B. The per cent fat was significantly higher in milk produced by Holsteins fed a high fat ration with 6% stabilized prime tallow (Ration T) than when fed Ration B. However, the per cent S.N.F. and S.N.F.-lactose were significantly higher on Ration B than on Ration T with this breed. With the Jersey, the only significant difference was a higher per cent fat in milk with Ration T than with Ration B. Holsteins fed on Ration M produced 75 and 70% of all milk samples below Texas minimum requirements for 3.25% fat and 8% S.N.F., respectively. With Ration B the values were 39 and 43%, and with Ration T, 9 and 61% for fat and S.N.F., respectively. Based on a 13-wk. mild weather continuous feeding trial involving two groups of five Holstein and five Jersey cows each, the following information was obtained. The per cent fat, S.N.F., and S.N.F.-lactose in milk of Holsteins fed a high fat ration with 6% stabilized prime tallow (Ration T) were significantly lower than for the control group fed the regular herd ration (Ration H) without added fat. However, this was true only for Period II (7th to 13th wk. of trial). With the Jersey group the per cent of the alcohol-soluble portion of milk fat was significantly higher with Ration T than with Ration H in Period I (1st to 7th wk. of trial).

PATTERNS OF FAT EXCRETION IN FECES OF PREMATURE INFANTS FED VARIOUS PREPARATIONS OF MILK

Four groups of infants were fed diets containing various types and amounts of fat. The per cent of fat absorbed was not significantly different, irrespective of amount of fat or protein in the diet, in three groups in which the source was animal fat. In a fourth group, in which corn oil was substituted for animal fat, there was a significantly greater degree of fat absorption. The usually observable improvement in the ability of prematurely born infants to absorb fat with increasing age and weight did not appear to play a role in the differences observed in this study. There was a relatively constant output of saturated fatty acid with each of the diets, the per cent of the stool being made up of these acids varying more with the type of diet than with the per cent fat being absorbed. The last finding suggests that the source of fat in the stool of the premature infant is virtually all exogenous in origin and that the wide variations in fat output in the stools normally encountered cannot be accounted for on the basis of endogenous losses.

Influence of insulin on the incorporation of 2-14C-sodium pyruvate into glyceride glycerol in diabetic and normal baboons.

DEPANCREATIZED baboons, deprived of insulin for 4 days, develop a lipaemia and a fatty liver, which may contain 34 per cent of fat when estimated on a wet-weight basis1,2. The lipaemia in diabetic rats has generally been attributed to mobilization of fat from the depots. In the baboon, the severity of the lipaemia and the degree of fat accumulation in the liver, particularly in young animals with poorly developed fat depots, suggested that the fat was not mobilized only from the depots, and this warranted a re-investigation of the origin of the fat in the liver and in the plasma. In this communication it is proposed to report on the incorporation of 2-14C sodium pyruvate into the glyceride glycerol in a normal baboon and in depancreatized baboons either receiving insulin or deprived of insulin.

Influence of Feed Upon the Composition of Milk. I. High versus Low Fiber Ration

Summary Based on an 8-wk. hot-weather, single-reversal feeding trial involving two lots of ten cows each—five Holstein and five Jersey—the following information was obtained: Ration B containing 63% more crude fiber and 14% more dry matter than Ration C resulted in highly significant mean differences in favor of Ration B with respect to per cent T.S. and per cent fat, when comparing weekly averages of all 20 cows. Mean differences based on individual cow 4-wk. averages were highly significant with respect to conductivity at 37° C. and per cent fat, and significant with respect to per cent T.S., all in favor of Ration B. Mean significant differences based on individual cow 4-wk. averages for Holstein cows only was per cent S.N.F. in favor of Ration B; whereas, for Jersey cows both conductivity at 37° C. and per cent fat were highly significant and conductivity at 0° C. was significant in favor of Ration B. Milk of cows of both breeds showed lower freezing point depressions on Ration C than on Ration B.

Specific gravity as an index of the fat content of mutton carcasses and various joints

Summary The specific gravities (S.G.) of 58 Romney ewe mutton carcasses have been correlated with total carcass fat content and regression equations computed. A curvilinear regression of the form: Y (per cent fat in the carcass) = 8371.3 S.G. — 4382.9 S.G.2 — 3932.9 was fitted to the data. Correlation coefficients and regression equations for S.G. of the 9–10–11 rib cut, loin, and leg and state of fatness of these joints are presented. Some factors affecting the accuracy of determining S.G. and the predictive value of S.G. as an index of fat content of carcasses and certain joints are considered.