Cement Stabilization Research Articles

Cement Stabilization of soft soil subgrade and Cost Analysis

The soft soil when present in subgrade creates a lot of problem in highways. Due to soft soil subgrade, the rutting is predominant cause of flexible pavement failure all around the world. This kind of soil is either replaced or modified prior to construction of other layers of road to minimize the formation of rut. This study deals with stabilization of soft soil subgrade by cement. The sample was collected from a depth around existing road subgrade. A series of laboratory tests on untreated soil sample was first done to determine the competency of soil as a subgrade layer followed by preparation of sample with varying stabilizer content i.e. 4%, 6% and 8% cement by weight of dry soil, to determine the optimum stabilizer content. Samples with varying cement content were also prepared for California Bearing Ratio (hereafter, CBR) and Unconfined Compressive Strength (hereafter, UCS)with different curing periods i.e. 7 days for CBR and 3, 7, 14 and 28 days for UCS. UCS test on these sample showed a significant improvement over the values of natural soil without stabilizer. CBR showed a similar trend and the resulting modified soil was competent enough to be used as a subgrade for heavy traffic condition. The pavement was modelled using Kenpave for 30 and 50 million standard axle (msa) traffic intensity to determine the ideal pavement section for two types of pavement used in this study. In addition, the cost of construction for replacement method and for cement stabilization are determined using norms of Department of Road and District rate of Kathmandu and are compared. The cement stabilized soil with optimum content is found to be cheaper than conventional method of replacement.

Geotechnical Properties of Cement-Stabilized Lateritic Soil with Bamboo Leaf Ash in the Takie Area of Ogbomoso

This paper presents findings related to the impact of Bamboo Leaf Ash (BLA) and cement stabilization on the lateritic soil in the Takie Area of Ogbomoso. The study employed various testing methodologies to assess soil characteristics, particle size distribution, and California Bearing Ratio (CBR) under different stabilization conditions. Chemical analysis compared Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) and BLA, demonstrating distinct differences between the two materials. The results of particle size distribution affirmed an intermediate, moderately graded soil with low clay content primarily comprising sand and gravel. The CBR tests unveiled the considerable influence of cement and BLA percentages on the soil's bearing capacity in both unsoaked and soaked conditions. Notably, the introduction of 2% cement displayed the highest CBR value, especially when paired with 10% BLA, showing promising results for soil strength enhancement. Conversely, the impact of BLA on soil strength in soaked conditions was less pronounced. This research provides valuable insights into the use of BLA and cement stabilization in lateritic soil, contributing to the understanding of soil behavior for engineering applications. Keywords: Geotechnical Properties, Cement Stabilization, Lateritic Soil, Bamboo Leaf Ash, California Bearing Ratio. Aims Research Journal Reference Format: Obakin, O. A., Oladunmoye, O.M., Ajayi, S.A.. & Taiwo J.B. (2023): Geotechnical Properties of Cement-Stabilized Lateritic Soil with Bamboo Leaf Ash in the Takie Area of Ogbomoso. Advances in Multidisciplinary and Scientific Research Journal Vol. 9. No. 4. Pp 19-26. . www.isteams.net/aimsjournal. dx.doi.org/10.22624/AIMS/V9N4P2

Replacement of Weathered Clay Shale Using Soil Cement for Bridge Approach Embankment in Purwakarta - Indonesia

Clay shale is a sensitive soil material that easily experiences weathering if exposed to open air, sunlight, water. Weathered clay shale is commonly located near the surface and has a soft consistency due to surface water infiltration. Referring to this condition, weathered clay shale is prone to experience soil movement if backfill work is conducted on the top side of weathered clay shale material. Therefore, to minimize the potential of soil movement during backfilling, soil replacement using soil cement is recommended to be conducted to gain higher soil shear strength and to prevent excessive water infiltration to the fresh clay shale. To gain further understanding, a comprehensive study about the replacement of weathered clay shale using soil cement for bridge approach embankment in Purwakarta was carried out. This study comprises site observation, field data collection, laboratory test, explanation about implementation and quality control. The stages in implementation of soil cement is carried out in several stages such as : evaluation of soil condition on the project site, checking the suitability of local soil for the soil cement stabilization, conducting field test trial mockup followed by quality control, conducting crumb test and mechanical properties test for soil cement mixture. Based on assessment results, the soil cement mixture shall be directly compacted after the soil cement mixture is homogeneous to prevent segregation and shall be given a curing time of at least 3-7 days without additional water to gain better soil shear strength. Furthermore, according to the crumb test result, soil cement material was identified as quite impermeable which is verified by evidence that there was no significant change in water content and the soil cement sample could still stand firm after soaked for 7 days.

Color stability of nano resin-modified glass Ionomer restorative cement after acidic and basic medications challenge

Background: Color stability of glass ionomers (GIs) could be affected by many factors such as pH and consumption of liquid medications like antibiotics. Most common antibiotics used during childhood are amoxicillin suspension (AM.S) and azithromycin suspension (AZ.S) which have acidic and basic pH respectively. Aim: to evaluate and compare the effect of AM.S and AZ.S on color stability of nano resin-modified GI. Methods: Thirty disc of nano resin-modified glass ionomer (2mm height x 4mm diameter) were divided into three groups (n=10 for each) and independently exposed to AM.S, AZ.S, and artificial saliva (A.S.). Color stability was evaluated in triplicate by VITA Easyshade® before and after three immersion protocols, repeated over a three-week duration with two-days intervals. In each protocol, samples were exposed for two minutes, three times daily for AM.S, once daily for AZ.S, and A.S. full day. GI discs rinsed off after each immersion and kept in artificial saliva until next immersion period. Results: One way ANOVA test and Post-hoc analysis of the changes in color space compartments of nano-resin modified GI samples demonstrated just a significant change (p˂0.05) in yellow-blue axis (Δb*) value after immersion in AM.S in comparison with A.S. Total Color change values (ΔE) of nano resin-modified glass ionomer samples also illustrated a significant effect (p˂0.05) between AM.S and A.S. only. The highest (ΔE) value was recorded for samples immersed in AM.S (ΔE =12.5) followed by AZ.S (ΔE=6.5) while the lowest was recorded for A.S. (ΔE=1.1). Conclusion: AM.S (the acidic medication) exhibited a higher staining effect to nano-resin modified GI samples when compared with AZ.S (the basic medication). Several factors such as low pH, more exposure time and coloring material of the immersion media added critical roles in coloring instability.

Biomechanical behaviour of a novel bone cement screw in the minimally invasive treatment of Kummell's disease: a finite element study

ObjectiveTo investigate and evaluate the biomechanical behaviour of a novel bone cement screw in the minimally invasive treatment of Kummell's disease (KD) by finite element (FE) analysis.MethodsA validated finite element model of healthy adult thoracolumbar vertebrae T12-L2 was given the osteoporotic material properties and the part of the middle bone tissue of the L1 vertebral body was removed to make it wedge-shaped. Based on these, FE model of KD was established. The FE model of KD was repaired and treated with three options: pure percutaneous vertebroplasty (Model A), novel unilateral cement screw placement (Model B), novel bilateral cement screw placement (Model C). Range of motion (ROM), maximum Von-Mises stress of T12 inferior endplate and bone cement, relative displacement of bone cement, and stress distribution of bone cement screws of three postoperative models and intact model in flexion and extension, as well as lateral bending and rotation were analyzed and compared.ResultsThe relative displacements of bone cement of Model B and C were similar in all actions studied, and both were smaller than that of Model A. The minimum value of relative displacement of bone cement is 0.0733 mm in the right axial rotation of Model B. The maximum Von-Mises stress in T12 lower endplate and bone cement was in Model C. The maximum Von-Mises stress of bone cement screws in Model C was less than that in Model B, and it was the most substantial in right axial rotation, which is 34%. There was no substantial difference in ROM of the three models.ConclusionThe novel bone cement screw can effectively reduce the relative displacement of bone cement by improving the stability of local cement. Among them, novel unilateral cement screw placement can obtain better fixation effect, and the impact on the biomechanical environment of vertebral body is less than that of novel bilateral cement screw placement, which provides a reference for minimally invasive treatment of KD in clinical practice.

Effects of electrodes type and design on electrical stability of conductive cement as exposed to various weathering conditions

Effects of electrodes type and design on electrical stability of conductive cement as exposed to various weathering conditions

The Strength Behaviour of Cement-Treated Clay at Different Moisture Content and Curing Time

This study involves the study on the properties of clay samples from Pagoh at natural state and stabilized state with Portland cement. The main objective of the study is to identify the unconfined compression strength of original and stabilized clay at different moisture content and curing time. The tests carried out include proctor test, moisture content and unconfined compression test (UCT). Therefore, clay was mixed with Portland cement at a concentration of 10 % by weight of dry soil for the proctor test. The original and stabilized samples were tested in an UCT at different curing period of 14 and 28 days. At the end, the actual result shows that the unconfined compressive strength of the stabilized clay is higher than the original. It is believed that the value of strength is highly affected by the different moisture content and curing time. Therefore, the control of water content and treatment time is essential to produce a strong and safe foundation for any construction purpose. As a result, new stabilization methods to prevent landslides in natural and developed quick clay slopes will be developed. In conclusion, cement stabilization improves the workability of clay.

Effect of Polymeric Agent on the Strength and Water Stability of Cement-Stabilized Construction Waste Soil

Due to the large output of construction waste soils, it has become an enormous challenge for human society and the ecological environment. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the possibility of using a stabilized waste soil in road engineering. Cement and polymer stabilizers were added to the waste soil, and the effect of the stabilizer on the strength and water stability of the stabilized soil was studied. The structure and morphology of the specimens were analyzed using an X-ray diffractometer (XRD) and a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results show that the unconfined compressive strength increases by 25.0% and the 28-day water stability coefficient, K increases by 59.6% after the addition of the stabilizer. The XRD curve shows that the addition of the new stabilizer does not produce a new characteristic peak, but the diffraction peak strength of some minerals can be improved. SEM shows that the surface of stabilized soil particles is covered by materials, and the particles show obvious agglomeration, forming a network structure, which improves the strength and water stability of the soil.

Shear strength evaluation of solid waste incinerator ash-derived composites

Waste product utilization for natural resource conservation in the construction and building industry is now standard practice. The study targets the behaviour of cement-stabilized fiber-reinforced Incinerated bottom ash (IBA) when tested under unconsolidated-undrained (UU) conditions. Triaxial tests were conducted on the stabilized IBA specimens with varying cement content (3–9%) and fibers (13 and 19 mm) with a variation limited from 0% to 1%. The results indicate that cement stabilization leads to the improved shear strength of bottom ash specimens, whereas the additional transformation in the performance from brittle to ductile was noted in fiber-reinforced specimens. The observed UU strength values improved with the addition of fibers and later decreased. Adding 13 mm fiber (0.5%) with 9% cement content produced the best results, with an improvement of 66.25% in strength compared to the unreinforced composites for 28 days of curing. SEM analysis of the cured specimen comments on the effect of the curing period and the experimental results. The study also aims to predict the shear strength of IBA composites using four modelling techniques: Back Propagation neural network (BP-NN), Adaptive Neuro-fuzzy systems (ANFIS), Beetle Antenna search-Random Forest (BAS-RF model), and M5P model tree. These predictions were attempted by considering fiber percentage, fiber length, cement content, and the curing period. BAS-RF and ANFIS strongly correlated to the experimental results compared to BP-NN and M5P Tree. The precision of designed models is analyzed by the Coefficient of determination, Root mean square error, and Variance accounted for.

Colour stability of resin cements.

Colour stability of resin cements.

Daptomycin-Impregnated PMMA Cement against Vancomycin-Resistant Germs: Dosage, Handling, Elution, Mechanical Stability, and Effectiveness.

The number of periprosthetic joint infections caused by vancomycin-resistant pathogens is increasing. Currently, no PMMA cement is commercially available to cover VRE. Daptomycin shows promising results in treating infection, offering a good safety profile and a reduced risk of developing resistance. The purpose of this in vitro study was to investigate the mechanical stability, handling properties, elution behavior, and antimicrobial effectiveness of PMMA cement loaded with three different daptomycin concentrations in comparison to commercially available antibiotic-loaded bone cement (ALBC). Mechanical properties and handling characteristics (ISO 5833, DIN 53435), HPLC elution, antimicrobial effectiveness with proliferation assay (DIN 17025), and inhibition zone testing were investigated. All tested daptomycin concentrations met the ISO and DIN standards for mechanical strength. Loading of 40 g of PMMA cement with 0.5 g of daptomycin did not show any antimicrobial effectiveness, in contrast to 1.0 g and 1.5 g. PMMA cement with 1.5 g of daptomycin was the best in terms of elution and effectiveness, and it showed good ISO mechanical strength; ISO doughing was sticky for a little longer and setting was faster compared to the vancomycin-containing reference cement. PMMA cement containing 0.5 g of gentamicin and 1.5 g of daptomycin could be a good alternative to the already established COPAL® (Wehrheim, Germany) G+V for the treatment of PJIs caused by VRE.

Cement Stabilization of Waste from Contaminated Soils in Terms of Its Installation into Engineered Landfill

Remediation and preparation for development is a crucial aspect of the valorization of post-mining areas. This study is focused on technologies devoted to the cement stabilization of post-industrial waste and petroleum contaminated soils. Two case studies are presented. Case 1 is based on the stabilization works of waste from a closed chemical plant in order to turn it into an engineered landfill. The results form the basis for numerical studies of slope stability. The shorter case 2 is based on the laboratory testing of a soil–cement composite with regard to petroleum contamination and the application of active carbon to neutralize it in the course of deep soil mixing. Both cases, due to the use of slag cement, are not considered to be sustainable (due to a relatively high carbon footprint), but they represent current geotechnical practice and form a reference for a wide range of applications. Both cases show the positive impact of stabilization by means of the addition of a hydraulic binder. The effect of soil improvement is measurable in terms of the stability factor of landfill slopes. The effect of active charcoal addition seems to be a valuable improvement to standard deep soil mixing technology in the case of contaminated soil. The presented results, despite their local importance related to the cases under scrutiny, have an important educational and scientific value for the energy sector, where contaminated sites need to be valorized.

Enhancing the Mechanical Properties of Polymer-Stabilized Rammed Earth Construction

This paper investigates the viability of using a commercially available liquid polymer (LP) in lieu of ordinary cement to stabilize soil during rammed earth (RE) construction. The scope of this study includes modifying and testing the locally available natural soil with two different LPs at various percentages. Once the optimum moisture content (OMC) of the soil with LPs was determined using the Proctor test, test samples were prepared by chemical and mechanical stabilizations. Following the curing process in an unconfined open-air laboratory environment for 7 days, soil samples were tested to determine the unconfined compressive strength (UCS) and California bearing ratio (CBR) values. The results demonstrate that the lubrication effect of polymers is different than that of water. The first polymer type yields a lower OMC compared to water, while the second polymer achieves a higher OMC. The CBR and UCS values of polymer-stabilized soils are improved for both polymer types at all dosages. The CBR values of polymer-modified soils showed as high as a 10-times improvement compared to Portland cement (PC) stabilization. A similar trend is observed for the UCS results as well. The UCS value of polymer-stabilized soils reached over 1900 psi (13 MPa), which was over 3-times higher than the UCS of PC-stabilized soil.

Color stability of dual-cured and light-cured resin cements: A systematic review and meta-analysis of in vitro studies.

This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the difference in the color stability of light-cured and dual-cured resin cements. Two separate reviewers used the PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Embase, and Scielo databases to execute the systematic review. For the analysis, studies that evaluated the color stability of dual-cured and light-cured resin cements over time were used. The random effects model was used in the meta-analysis. Analyses of subgroups were carried out based on the aging technique. The methodological quality of each in vitro study was evaluated in accordance with the parameters of a prior systematic review. From all databases, a total of 2223 articles were retrieved. Following the screening of titles and abstracts, 44 studies were selected for full text review, and a total of 27 articles were used for the qualitative analysis. Finally, 23 articles remained for the qualitative analysis. The majority of studies were labeled as having a medium risk of bias. The global analysis showed that the dual-cure resin cements had considerably greater differences in the color change (p=0.006). A high heterogeneity index (86%) was found in the analysis. The best available in vitro evidence suggests that dual-polymerizing cement has higher color variation than light-polymerized materials. To reduce the likelihood of color change after the luting of thin ceramic restorations, clinicians should employ light-polymerizable resin cements.

UTILIZATION OF SPENT BLEACHING EARTH WASTE IN SOIL-CEMENT STABILIZATION FOR ROAD FOUNDATION LAYERS IN TERMS OF THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF SOIL

Various studies have been carried out to improve the parameters of soil mechanical properties. Efforts to improve the mechanical properties of the soil can be carried out in multiple ways, including automated means through compaction and chemical means through the addition of cement base materials. To improve the stability and properties of the subgrade soil, the cement base material that is commonly used is Portland Composite Cement (PCC). In several studies, apart from cement base materials, waste base materials have also been used for stabilization subgrade. This includes using bleached soil residues and rice husk ash as additives to stabilize the soil. The results showed that the use of soil bleaching waste in soil cement stabilization can be used to improve the mechanical properties of the embankment soil and the composition of the soil bleaching waste mixture so that mechanically, it is proven to provide the most effective improvement so that it can be used for road foundation layers made of cement soil. As part of this research, many tests can be carried out on normal and stabilized soils. Various percentages of SBE are 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%. PCC is introduced into the soil at a rate of 8% of the dry weight of the soil.

Effect of Soil–Cement Stabilization of the Subgrade on the Response of a Ballasted Railway Track

Effect of Soil–Cement Stabilization of the Subgrade on the Response of a Ballasted Railway Track

Development of a Laboratory Microcracking Procedure for Full-Depth Recycled Cement Stabilized Materials

Microcracking of full-depth recycled cement stabilized layers can be an effective method to mitigate the effect of reflective drying shrinkage cracks. To date, no effective method of performing microcracking in the laboratory has been developed. This is needed to determine appropriate levels of microcracking in the field, and to understand how the material will perform after microcracking. This paper covers the development and validation of a nondestructive laboratory procedure that can induce microcracking in specimens to controlled levels. The test setup used in this work was identical to that for the resilient modulus test, which facilitates stiffness measurement before and after microcracking. The use of on-specimen linear variable differential transducers is recommended to exclude end effects that can affect the stiffness result. The results indicate that: stiffness loss is a function of applied energy, and independent of the stress sequence; stiffness should only be calculated at low stress sequences, when the backbone of the stress–strain curve is linear, to accurately represent the stiffness of the material; microcracking effectively reduces the stiffness of the material; the microcracking test is a repeatable and nondestructive test; the stiffness reduction level is controllable; and the test can replicate microcracking effectively in the laboratory to represent microcracking in the field.

Color Stability and Degree of Conversion of Light-cured Resin Cements

Objective: To evaluate the color stability and degree of conversion of light-cured resin cement with different activator-initiator systems using LED lights with different wavelengths (polywave x monowave). Materials and Methods: Sixteen resin cement samples were made using a circular silicone matrix (7 mm diameter, 0.5 mm thickness) for each of the following tested materials: Variolink Esthetic LC (Ivoclar, color Light+); RelyX Veneer (3M ESPE, color A1); Filtek Z350XT flow resin (3M ESPE, color A1); Allcem Veneer APS (FGM, color A1); NX3 Light cure (Kerr, color A1). Half of the samples were photocured with a monowave LED light (Elipar Deep Cure), and the other half with a polywave LED light (Valo Grand). The initial color of each cement was measured using a high translucency ceramic sample simulating ceramic venner. Color measurements were performed with a reflectance colorimetric spectrophotometer and the data was collected according to the CIE L* a* b* system in two steps. The degree of conversion was measured using an infrared spectrometer by Fourier transform (FTIR / ATR) and the absorbance method. Statistical analysis was performed using ANOVA repeated measures and Tukey’s post hoc tests (p <0.05). Results: For the color analysis, there were no significant differences between the cement related to time versus light curing (p = 0.084) and also related to time versus cement versus light curing (p = 0.142). Among the factors, there was only a statistically significant difference for the type of cement (p <0.01). In contrast, for the photocuring device (p = 0.504) and the interaction between them (p = 0.738), there was no significant difference. For the degree of conversion analysis, it showed a statistically significant difference for both factors, resin cements (p <0.01) and light curing units (p <0.01). Conclusion: The color stability of RelyX cement is low compared to other cements, while Variolink cement presented the best degree of the conversion value.

Impact of Overburden on Hydraulic Conductivity and Numerical Analyses of Seepage and Stability of Cement Stabilized Embankments

Impact of Overburden on Hydraulic Conductivity and Numerical Analyses of Seepage and Stability of Cement Stabilized Embankments

Development of high-strength rammed earth walls with alkali-activated ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) and waste tire textile fiber (WTTF) as a step towards low-carbon building materials

Rammed earth (RE) structures are cost-effective and eco-friendly substitutes for low-rise buildings, but their low compressive and tensile strengths are a concern. Cement stabilization is often used to improve these properties, but this practice has negative environmental consequences. This study investigates the use of green alkali-activated mortar made with industrial waste materials, including ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) and waste tire textile fiber (WTTF), as a sustainable alternative to cement. The study involves testing the compressive and tensile strengths of the modified mortar under different climatic conditions (i.e., hot-dry, moderate, and cold curing environments). The results showed that the best improvement performance of the modified specimens in terms of both compressive and tensile strengths was obtained in hot-dry and moderate conditions, particularly GGBFS-based geopolymers, as confirmed by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and X-ray Diffraction (XRD) analyses. In addition, the tensile strength of the specimens is notably enhanced by the addition of WTTF as a reinforcing agent. The change in the failure modes and the brittleness index values of the modified samples indicated the ductility characteristics, particularly in the hot-dry condition. Moreover, although reinforcing with WTTF remarkably increases the soil ductility, it is shown to barely affect the elastic modulus.