Cement Mill Research Articles

EFFECT OF GRINDING AIDS ON CEMENT PROPERTIES AND GRINDING PROCESS

The cement industry is one of the most energy-intensive industries, which is why new energy-reducing and reducingCO2 emissions, additives are being sought. Grinding aid or grinding additives refer to substances that when mixed into the mill contents cause an increase in the rate of size reduction. These terms are very common in cement industries where it increases the throughput of the mill. Grinding aid also affects the cement flowability throughout the circuits. The grinding aid facilitates size reduction so that the mill has to apply less grinding power without hurting any of the properties of the resulting cement. The present research work aimed to investigate the influence of a chemical grinding aid ethylene glycol (EG) on cement properties and mill performance during the grinding of Portland cement beyond 500 ppm reaching up to 1200 ppm. The obtained results show increasing in initial compressive strength and increasing in the productivity of the cement mill.

HOW TO INCREASE SALES OF ULTRATECH CEMENT THROUGH DIGITAL MARKETING.

1.1 Background of the Study I am pursuing MBA From Galgotias University and it’s a great opportunity for me to making this project. This following Master Thesis has been assigned to me by my advisor Ms Neha Bhatia. I have worked with ULTRATECH CEMENT Mills Ltd for a time span of two months as a researcher; where I had the opportunity to see and learn new things about how a cement company in India operates. This Master Thesis reflects about my in-depth understanding about the various aspects of this company and the cement industry on the whole. 1.2 Objectives of the Study The main objective of this research is to formulate some strategies to develop the product of the ULTRATECH CEMENT Ltd. which is currently trying to boost up their sell. The specific objectives of this study are: ● To provide an inside scenario about the cement industry in India and also suggest some Digital Marketing Strategies. ● To examine the customer preferences that influence on customer satisfaction and set priorities when designing products in cement industry. 1.3 Methodology This report has been completed by taking information from different relevant sources. Some accounts have been taken by observing and working with the company itself. However, this report also consists of a significant amount of data obtained from both primary and secondary sources. 1.3.1 Primary Data • On the basis of pre-structured questions, the information has been collected through personal interviews from customers of the ULTRATECH CEMENT Ltd. In some cases, Likert’s five-point scales was used to measure the respondent’s opinion. • Practical work experience at the different departments of ULTRATECH CEMENT Ltd. • Discussions and meetings with the employees of ULTRATECH CEMENT Ltd regarding their feelings, opinions and feedback regarding ULTRATECH CEMENT Ltd. • Interaction with some customers via telephone through which I could capture their perception about the company. 1.3.2 Secondary Data ● Financial reports of ULTRATECH CEMENT Ltd. ● Relevant books, Research papers, Newspapers and Journals. ● Internet and various study selected reports. 1.4 Limitations of The Study While working with the company, I faced some limitations in terms of having access to information belonging to the company. As I worked there as a researcher, I did not have access to many documents which prevented me from including up a lot of information details about certain topics of the report. Although I worked in ULTRATECH CEMENT Ltd almost for two months that helped me to know a broader perspective of how the company works, nevertheless I did not get an in-depth understanding and information about every sector of all the departments of the company uniformly. Although I had this limitation, however I have tried my level best to fulfil the objectives of this paper properly.

Determination of the reliability of cement mills

For any industrial entity put into operation, the problem is that it fulfils its specified function, under certain conditions of use and for a specified period of time, i.e. to have an appropriate reliability. In calculating the reliability of industrial entities in general and cement mills in particular, the main problem is to obtain the necessary information. They may be obtained from laboratory tests or tests under normal operating conditions, from maintenance teams, or from specialized control institutions. The general opinion is that only tests under normal operating conditions can provide real data on the behaviour of entities, subassemblies, and their component parts, which is why in general, reliability calculations are based on data obtained from so-called operation / failure reports. Therefore, considering this opinion, the reliability of cement mills was assessed following the operation of such a machine.

A Survey Examining the Impact of Exhaust Emissions from the Cement Factory on Residents

This study used a thorough analysis that combined descriptive statistics and inferential techniques to investigate the effects of exhaust emissions from the cement factory on the local population. Out of the 200 questionnaires that were issued, 196 were successfully retrieved and used as the foundation for the study that follows. According to the data, a significant number of inhabitants have cardiovascular and pulmonary conditions. The two most often reported diseases were asthma (52%), followed by heart disease (27%), skin cancer (12.2%), and diarrhea (8.8%). Air pollution was cited as the most prevalent type of pollution by the majority of respondents (48.9%), followed by land pollution (28.7%), water pollution (12.7%), and noise pollution (9.7%). The study’s findings clearly demonstrate that emissions from the Dangote Cement factory significantly impact the health of nearby residents, particularly those living within close proximity. Effective mitigation measures, particularly the enforcement of strict environmental regulations and the adoption of cleaner technologies, are essential to reduce the adverse effects of the factory’s operations on the community. Eighty percent of residents said they cope by living with the effects, while a smaller proportion chose to migrate (8.5%), complain to health authorities (7.5%), or protest (4%). Beyond that, solving the health and environmental issues the cement mill poses requires more community involvement and support for impacted residents.

Review of the Effect of Grinding Aids and Admixtures on the Performance of Cements

Grinding aids (GAs) are polar chemicals introduced in cement mills in either liquid or powder form to improve on mill grindability efficiency. Studies have shown that some GAs not only help in grinding efficiency but also play vital roles in improving the product particle size distribution, product ability to flow in the mill, grinding energy reduction, and improvement on the separator efficiency. This review investigated the impacts of the GAs on the performance of some properties of cement when used as either mortar and/or concrete. The influence of the GAs incorporation in cement grinding on properties such as workability and setting times of the placed concrete and/or mortar has been covered in this review. The performance of GAs on ordinary portland cement (OPC) and blended cements with other supplementary cementitious materials such as pozzolana, fly ash, and slag has also been discussed. This is in view to tapping the maximum benefits of using GAs in cement production and use. This review work established that GAs have a positive influence on mill performance when properly applied. It further established that blended cements work better when dosed with additives such as GAs and/or quality improvers when compared to OPC. The review work demonstrated that some superplasticizers help in lowering the water demand in highly blended pozzolanic-based cements. The review finally recommended that the future course of action in the production of blended cements should apply GAs. This is in order to help produce highly replaced blended cements that are sustainable.

Calculating Health and Ecological Risks of Pm2.5, and Lead Pollutants Exposure Among Communities Due to Cement Plant Emission, Maros Indonesia 2023

Purpose: This study assessed the possible impacts of PM 2.5, and Lead exposures on populations and ecology as a result of breathing contaminated air and contaminated soil exposure near the Bosowa cement mill in Maros, Indonesia in 2023. Theoretical Framework: Anthropogenic and lithogenic activities can lead to an increase in the amount of heavy metals in ambient air and in soil as well as a decline in the quality of the environment. Methods: The magnitude of PM 2.5, and Lead were measured during the period of April-June 2023. The level of PM 2.5 on ambient air sampling was conducted using direct reading HAZ-Dust EPAM 5000, uses a laser analyzer in order to measure particulate level matter. The result or time-weighted average (TWA) value directly can be read after the measurement at the site. Then meteorological data was collected from Indonesia Agency for Meteorology, Climatology, and Geophysics online database. Then, lead concentrations on surface Soil were taken and analyzed using AAS. Potential ecological and human health risks. Results and Conclusion: Station 9 had the highest level of PM 2.5 concentration (98.23 g/m3), followed by station 11 (97.14 g/m3). In comparison, station 3 had the lowest amount at (31.24 g/m3) and station 5 had the highest level at 32.91 g/m3, respectively. Additionally, station 10 had the greatest amount of Pb air particulate concentration, followed by station 11 with 88.33 g/m3, while station 6 had the highest level of Pb in surface soil, at 196.90 and 166.91 mg/g, respectively. In comparison, station 15 had the lowest amount at (54.76 mg/g), and station 14 had the highest level at (88.87 mg/g), respectively. The findings implied that both PM2.5 and Pb have medium risks to exposed communities. It could be valuable for managing the air quality due to the industry activities and soil remediation in residential areas. Research Implications: Exposure to PM2.5 and Pb air particulates is more hazardous to the environment than it is to human health. PM2.5 and Pb levels in the soil and air had accumulated. More thought should be given, and remedial action should be set to lowering PM2.5 and Lead concentrations and their consequences on the environment in the research region. Originality/value: This study encompasses relevant study that have conducted between 1990 and 2022 and lucidly summarizes the magnitude of PM2.5 and Pb in the air and soil, in addition this research emphasize the risks of environmental and human due to the PM2.5 and Pb Contamination acutely and chronically.

Impacts of Clinker Storages Heat Transfer, Its Effect on Vertical Roller Cement Performances: A Case Study of Cement Grinding Operations in Nigeria

Operational data indicates that vertical roller cement mills (VRCM) consumed lesser energy when compared to horizontal/ball mills. A case study of a vertical roller cement mills was carried out in Nigeria which was experiencing a lower production output and a higher energy consumption. This research was to investigate reasons behind the low production output on the VRCM. A thorough analysis was carried out on the clinker storage facilities and the heat transfer across the composite cylindrical clinker silo walls (off – spec and main clinker) both silos having the same design but with different dimensions and with different application purpose. The off-spec clinker silo has a design capacity of 1,800 tons and main clinker silo a design capacity of 60, 000 tons and both silo stores hot clinker that left the kiln clinker cooler at approximate temperature of 95oC. The analytical results shows that the rate of heat transfer across the main clinker composite walls was 728 kW and the rate of heat transfer across the off-spec clinker composite walls was 217.15 kW. Numerical simulation was also carried out using ANSYS simulation package and the results obtained were in good agreement with the results obtained theoretically. The ratio of heat loss on the main clinker composite walls to off-spec clinker composite walls was 3.35:1.

Experimental and numerical inspection of cracks in ferrule cracking of BK1 cement crusher

This article defines the main actions planned in the procedure of non-destructive testing and analysis of defects in the BK1 industrial mill of the cement plant of the GICA group. One of the subjects attracting the attention of researchers and engineers was the propagation of cracks in the shell of the BK1 mill, which behaves like perforated plates. This inspection technique makes it possible to position and size defects (cracks) in the plates. The objective of this work is the detection of cracks in the shell of the BK1 cement mill. In order to avoid bursting of the crusher, the preventive technique of ultrasonic inspection using a multi-element translator is used, while minimizing downtime and increasing production. Found Results allow us to determine and analyze the different types of defects, which will be repaired. It was concluded that the stress concentration at the assembly holes, the vibration effects and gradient of the temperature due to the effect of welding were the causes great residual stresses at the level of the weld. We note the addition of a mass of weld during the repair of the cracks is one causes of the stress concentration.

Evaluation of the Downwind Dispersion of Gaseous Emissions from Cement Milling and Grinding Facilities in Athi River, Machakos County, Kenya

Cement manufacturing results in the release of gaseous emissions, which cause air pollution. Air pollution affects human health. In this study, two cement grinding and milling facilities in Athi River, Machakos County, in Kenya, were selected to determine the downwind dispersion of flue gases (CO, CO2, SO2 and NOx) emitted into the environment using AERMOD software. Cement Factory 1 (CF1) contained one sampling point (Stack 1) and Cement Factory 2 (CF2) contained two points (Stacks 2a and 2b). The sampling procedures were based on the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) standard methods. Unlike CO2, the modelling results showed that the maximum peak concentrations of CO, SO2 and NOx were below the permissible limits under the EMCA 2014 and WHO Air Quality Guidelines 2021. The 8-hour and 1-hour mean maximum concentration was 8.809±1.570 mg/m3 and 32.715±4.362 mg/m3, respectively. Both stack 2a and 2b recorded negligible concentrations of CO, SO2 and NOx.

Monte Carlo-based probabilistic risk assessment for cement workers exposed to heavy metals in cement dust.

This study assessed the carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic health risks of cement plant workers exposed to chromium (Cr), arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), and lead (Pb) in cement dust using a probabilistic approach. Air samples were collected according to NIOSH 7900 and OSHA ID-121 methods and analyzed by an graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometer. The EPA inhalation risk assessment model and Monte Carlo simulation were utilized to assess the health risks. Sensitivity analysis was used to determine the influencing parameters on health risk. The average concentrations of As and Pb exceeded the occupational exposure limit (OEL), reaching a maximum of 3.4 and 1.7 times the OEL, respectively, in the cement mill. Individual metals' cancer risk exceeded the 1E-4 threshold in ascending order of Cd < As < Cr. The mean cancer risk of Cr ranged from 835E-4 (in raw mill) to 2870E-4 (in pre-heater and kiln). Except for Cd, the non-cancer risk of metals exceeded the standard (hazard index, HQ = 1) in the ascending order of Pb < As < Cr. The mean HQ of Cr ranged from 162.13 (in raw mill) to 558.73 (in pre-heater and kiln). After adjusting for control factors, the cancer and non-cancer risks remained over the respective recommended levels. Sensitivity analysis revealed that the concentration of Cr was the most influential parameter on both carcinogenic (78.5%) and non-carcinogenic (88.06%) risks. To protect the health of cement factory employees, it is recommended to minimize cement dust emissions, implement job rotation, and use raw materials with low levels of heavy metals.

Assessing the effect of corrosion on optimised low carbon concrete

Global warming is a serious issue that threatens the world and future life of human. The sectors of construction are a major source of carbon emissions, with cement manufacturing making up a major contribution. Low carbon concrete (LCC) is a solution for reducing the emission of net from whole process of manufacturing.Lowering the buildings embodied carbon dioxide equivalent (eCO2) is a critical response to global and national carbon reduction targets. Globally, the construction industry is developing databases, procedures and tools for assessing and reducing embodied eCO2 in buildings. The construction industry consumes 40% of world energy and contributes 30% of human greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Partially replacing clinker, the major element of typical Portland cement, with pozzolanic or latent hydraulic industrial by-products like ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS), significantly decreases cement costs by conserving energy in the manufacturing process. It also minimizes CO2 emissions from cement mill and provides low-cost solution to the environmental challenge of industrial waste disposal. In this study, three percentages of GGBS were used (0%, 25%, and 50%).Corrosion in steel reinforcements is one of the industry's most serious and costly problems. In this study, an accelerated corrosion test was used to determine the correlation between corrosion resistance and optimal strength concrete mixtures. For this study, nine mixed patterns were created and casted into 100 mm cubes and 100 × 100 × 400-mm prism moulds, and 10-mm-diameter rebar was embedded into the concrete prisms for the accelerated corrosion test. The findings of this experiment reveal that resistance typically rises with the strength and percentage of GGBS. This was not the case for all samples, like the 35 MPa samples with 25% GGBS were shown to be more impervious, i.e. to sustain resistance greater than the 40 MPa samples with the same GGBS percentage. This research suggests that the widely held belief that higher-strength concrete always results in greater durability may not always be correct, as the concrete durability is dependent on the cement and the GGBS efficiency.

A novel self-learning fuzzy predictive control method for the cement mill: Simulation and experimental validation

A novel self-learning fuzzy predictive control method for the cement mill: Simulation and experimental validation

Impact of Fundamental and Macroeconomic Factors on Stock Returns: A Study on Cement Industry in Bangladesh

The main aim of this research is to figure out how fundamental and macroeconomic factors affect stock returns in Bangladesh. Five companies out of seven that are listed on the DSE and are part of the cement industry were randomly selected for this purpose. The companies involved are Heidelberg Cement Bangladesh Limited, Lafarge Holcim Bangladesh Limited, Premier Cement Mills Limited, Crown Cement PLC, and Meghna Cement Mills Limited. All the data were gathered as time series on a monthly basis, spanning the years 2012 through 2021. For the sake of the study's objective, some fundamental and macroeconomic factors are identified and incorporated into the framework of multiple regressions. In addition to these fundamental factors, which include debt to equity, return on asset (ROA), return on equity (ROE), price earnings (P/E) ratio, and earnings per share (EPS), macroeconomic factors, e.g., inflation (INF), gross domestic product (GDP), interest rate (INT), money supply (M2), foreign direct investment (FDI), and exchange rate (EX), are also considered. According to the study's overall findings, among key variables, Lafarge Holcim Bangladesh Ltd. and Heidelberg Cement Bangladesh Limited both had positive and statistically significant EPS and PE ratios, whereas Crown Cement PLC only had a positive and statistically significant PE ratio. However, only inflation was determined to have a negative and statistically significant effect on Meghna Cement Mills Ltd. among all sample companies. None of the fundamental or macroeconomic factors was found to be statistically significant in the case of Premier Cement Mills Limited. Since it includes a wide range of macroeconomic variables in addition to the selected fundamental variables, this study stands out from others for listed firms within the cement industry of DSE, Bangladesh. Such a study would be more beneficial if it took into account more exogenous variables and stocks that are listed in or outside of this sector. This study's entire data analysis was carried out with the use of the statistical software Eviews version 10.

Analysis and design of reinforced concrete silo by conventional method

Any industrial or organised storage facility needs bulk material storage structures, also referred to as bins, bunkers, silos, or tanks. The ratio of their various dimensions serves as the main defining characteristic between bunkers and silos. Silos are structures that are used for storing different types of granular material. Silos are architectural constructions made especially for storing different kinds of granular materials, such grains and cement. Silos are distinguished by their disproportionately tall lateral dimensions. For instance, massive silos are frequently used to store cement in cement mills and significant construction projects. The project's main goal is to analyse and design a silo made of reinforced cement concrete. The theory adopted for analysis of silo is Janssen’s theory. The silo is designed for storing the cement clinkers with a capacity of 5000 tonnes. The normal pressure calculation during emptying and filling, and maximum pressure calculation has performed. The hoop stresses and Temperature stresses are calculated and hoop tension is calculated for different heights. The assessment of the loads on silo was performed as per IS: 4995 (Part I) - 1974, and for design criteria IS: 4995 (Part II) – 1974 is used.

The Decision Algorithm of Cement Mill Operation Index Based on Improved Differential Evolution Algorithm

The Decision Algorithm of Cement Mill Operation Index Based on Improved Differential Evolution Algorithm

Predicting the Bankruptcy of Cement Companies in Bangladesh: A Study on Dhaka Stock Exchange

The financial status of a company can be measured and predicted using a variety of tools, techniques, and models like ratio analysis, vertical and horizontal analysis, etc. The objective of this study is to identify the bankruptcy position of Bangladeshi-listed cement companies. The Altman Z-Score model has been used here to assess the intensity of insolvency of Bangladeshi cement businesses with listings on Dhaka Stock Exchange (DSE) considering financial information from 2018 to 2021 using Altman Z-Score model. The data has been analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (version 28.0.1.1) and also Microsoft excel. DSE currently lists seven (07) cement companies. According to the research, Heidelberg Cement Limited and Lafarge Holcim Bangladesh Limited are in the secure region having the maximum Z value of 33.47 and the minimum Z value is 3.17. Confidence Cement Limited, Meghna Cement Limited and Crown Cement Limited in 2021 are in the grey region having the maximum Z value of 2.71 and the minimum Z value of 1.82. Aramit Cement Limited, Crown Cement Limited, and Premier Cement Mills Limited are in the bankrupt region having the Z value of less than 1.80. These three companies must outperform in sales with the improvement in operational costs to overcome bankruptcy. We found a positive correlation between all of the five independent variables and the dependent variable (Z Score).

Analysis of Coupling Gear on Roller Press Cement Mill

This study aims to determine the causes of failure in the coupling gear, reduce or minimize damage that occurs in the coupling gear, determine the hardness of the coupling gear material, and to determine the level of wear and tear on the coupling gear. This research was conducted from July to October 2022, at PT. Semen Padang, ITP Mechanical Engineering Laboratory, FT-Unand Mechanical Engineering Metallurgical Laboratory. The test procedures used in this study are first to identify the damage, hardness testing on the coupling gear, wear testing on the coupling gear. After observing, the types of damage to the coupling gear are obtained, namely in the form of wear. The types of wear and tear on the coupling gear are scoring, plastic flow, and pitting. Based on the results of the hardness test on the first specimen, the average hardness was 41.1 HRC and on the second specimen, the hardness average was 33.5 HRC and on the third specimen, the hardness average was 34.9 HRC. The specimen that has the highest average hardness value is the first specimen with an average hardness of 41.3 HRC. the wear level in test 1 is 0.008 and in test 2 the wear level is 0.004 and in test 3 the wear level is 0.004 and in test 4 the wear level is 0.004 and in test 5 the wear level is 0.004. From the wear test it was found that the type of wear on the coupling gear material is classified as abrasive and fatigue wear because the two materials are rubbing against each other and the eroded material does not stick to each other and there is also fatigue due to the load that is applied continuously so that the material or coupling gear is worn out.

Dust Deposition and Associated Heavy Metal Contamination in the Neighborhood of a Cement Production Plant at Konongo, Ghana

The release of harmful particles from industries is one of the important sources of environmental pollution worldwide. The goal of this study was to determine the amounts of dust deposition and heavy metal pollution in the soils surrounding a cement mill in Konongo, Ghana. Topsoils (0-10 cm) were sampled at the four geographical axes of the factory within a radius of 400 m, while at the same time, about 500 g of cement was sampled with a hand trowel. A Frisbee dust sampler was used to examine the levels of dust depositions at the various geographical axes of the factory. The heavy metals such as cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), and lead (Pb) were measured in a total of 20 soil samples using atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). The results obtained for climatic elements such as wind speed and direction, temperature, and relative humidity were 2.25, 25.7, and 49.5 m3/s, respectively. The average deposition of dust within the study period using the geographical axis indicated that the southern axis recorded the highest dust accumulation with a mean of 60.2 g/m2 per month. The mean concentrations of metals at the various axes were 1.04 mg/kg, 4.78 mg/kg, 8.95 mg/kg, 9.30 mg/kg, and 18.4 mg/kg for Cd, Cr, Cu, Zn, and Pb, respectively. The concentration of chemical components investigated in the soil was below the WHO/FAO standard, except for Cd. The spatial distribution pattern of the examined heavy metals showed that Cd, Cr, and Cu represent possible sources of soil contaminants. According to the conclusions of this research, this paper suggests an approach to investigate the areas contaminated with heavy metals to call out the attention of local authorities to take action.

Evaluation of Occupational Exposure to Noise and Its Effect on Hearing Loss of Workers in a Cement Factory in Northern Iran

Background and: Industrial noise affects the health of workers and can disrupt the daily communication of workers. The aim of this study is to evaluate occupational exposure and investigate the hearing loss of workers in the two sections of cement mill and material mill of a cement factory in north of Iran. Methods: This was a descriptive study conducted on 52 persons in 2020. At first, the sound measurement was performed with the Casella CEL 450 device in A-weighting network at workers' workplaces based on area-based method. Then, by referring to the medical records and demographic information, the amount of hearing loss in the frequencies of 250-8000 Hz was evaluated. Finally, the results were analyzed using SPSS software version 19. Results: Independent samples T-test showed that the average sound pressure level in the cement mill section (85.50 dBA) is higher than the material mill section (74.38 dBA) (P-value = 0.01). The highest rate of hearing loss was observed at frequencies of 4000 and 8000 Hz. The hearing loss rate was 10 decibels for both ears in the material mill section. No significant difference was observed in the amount of hearing loss in the right and left ears of employees. Conclusion: Noise pollution and hearing loss is common among employees of cement industry. To prevent hearing loss, it is necessary to evaluate and monitor the noise pressure level. Furthermore, engineering measures in the field, using personal protective equipment, as well as adequate training of employees should be conducted.

Global demand analysis for carbon dioxide as raw material from key industrial sources and direct air capture to produce renewable electricity-based fuels and chemicals

Defossilisation of the current fossil fuels dominated global energy system is one of the key goals in the upcoming decades to mitigate climate change. Sharp reduction in the costs of solar photovoltaics, wind power, and battery technologies enables a rapid transition of the power and some segments of the transport sectors to sustainable energy resources. However, renewable electricity-based fuels and chemicals are required for the defossilisation of hard-to-abate segments of transport and industry. The global demand for carbon dioxide as raw material for the production of e-fuels and e-chemicals during a global energy transition to 100% renewable energy is analysed in this research. Carbon dioxide capture and utilisation potentials from key industrial point sources, including cement mills, pulp and paper mills, and waste incinerators, are evaluated. According to this study's estimates, the demand for carbon dioxide increases from 0.6 in 2030 to 6.1 gigatonnes in 2050. Key industrial point sources can potentially supply 2.1 gigatonnes of carbon dioxide and thus meet the majority of the demand in the 2030s. By 2050, however, direct air capture is expected to supply the majority of the demand, contributing 3.8 gigatonnes of carbon dioxide annually. Sustainable and unavoidable industrial point sources and direct air capture are vital technologies which may help the world to achieve ambitious climate goals.