Cellulose Nanoparticles Research Articles

Development of a Disposable Aptasensor Using Carboxymethyl Cellulose and Hydroxyapatite Nanoparticles for Voltammetric Detection of Glyphosate

The development of monitoring tools for the detection of glyphosate is an attractive topic since its consumption is one of the debated worldwide issue. Herein, a bionanocomposite modified disposable electrochemical biosensor platform was developed for sensitive and selective detection of glyphosate. For this purpose, carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and hydroxyapatite nanoparticles (HaNP) were modified at the surface of disposable pencil graphite electrodes (PGEs). After the fabrication of CMC/HaNP-PGEs, glyphosate specific DNA aptamer that had G-quadruplex structure was immobilized at the surface of CMC/HaNP-PGEs. The specific interaction between DNA aptamer and glyphosate was performed at the electrode surface. Before/after each modification/immobilization/interaction step, anodic current value obtained by cyclic voltammetry measurements performed in 2.00 mM K3[Fe(CN)6]/K4[Fe(CN)6] (1:1) and 0.10 M KCl was recorded, and the changes at the average anodic current values were evaluated in terms of the optimization of experimental parameters. The limit of detection and limit of quantification values were calculated as 0.04 and 0.13 μg ml−1, respectively. The selectivity of the developed aptasensor was tested against 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, glufosinate, and (aminomethyl) phosphonic acid. The applicability of the aptasensor was shown using water samples. This novel aptasensor platform is a prototype for future hand-held devices developed for GLY monitoring.

Solution-processable, robust and sustainable cooler via nano-structured engineering

Passive daytime radiative cooling (PDRC) materials simultaneously featuring aesthetic and safety distinctions demonstrate versatile applications beyond cooling buildings, while the integrated advantages of high strength, morphological reconfigurability, and sustainability remain challenging for the conventional PDRC materials. Herein, we designed a robust, custom-shaped and eco-friendly cooler via a scalable solution-processable strategy, involving the nano-scale assembly of nano cellulose (NC) and inorganic nanoparticle (e.g., ZrO2, SiO2, BaSO4, and hydroxyapatite). The robust cooler shows an interesting “brick-and-mortar” structure, where the NC constructs interwoven framework (as brick structure) and the inorganic nanoparticle uniformly locates in the skeleton (as mortar structure), collectively contributing to high mechanical strength (>80 MPa) and flexibility. In addition, the structural and chemical distinctions enable our cooler to show a high solar reflectance (>96 %) and mid-infrared emissivity (>0.9), demonstrating a sub-ambient average temperature drop of 8.8 °C in long-term outdoor environments. The high-performance cooler with robustness, scalability and environmental friendliness, serves as a competitive participant toward the advanced PDRC materials in our low-carbon society.

Hairy Nanocellulose-Based Supramolecular Architectures for Sustained Drug Release.

The engineering of a new type of trifunctional biopolymer-based nanosponges polymerized by cross-linking beta-cyclodextrin ethylene diamine (βCD-EDA) with bifunctional hairy nanocellulose (BHNC) is reported herein. We refer to the highly cross-linked polymerized BHNC-βCD-EDA network as BBE. βCD-EDA and BHNC were cross-linked at various ratios with the help of DMTMM (4-(4,6-dimethoxy-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)-4-methylmorpholinium) as a green activator in deionized water as a solvent, which resulted in different morphological shapes of BBE. Some of these structures were chiral due to cross-linked liquid crystalline structures. A comprehensive characterization study was done to show their unique morphological, structural, and dimensional properties of BBEs. Moreover, to further investigate and to confirm the surface modification of the precursors and final BBE structures, Fourier transform infrared and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller analysis, and X-ray diffraction were applied. The hairy nanocellulose particles were considered as the backbone, and the immobilized cyclodextrin cavities can capture doxorubicin, which was used as a model drug molecule via host-guest inclusion complexation. Finally, the obtained BBE networks showed different and sustained drug release profiles and pH responsiveness. BBE biopolymers were tested as biocompatible nanocarriers for controlled release. We realize that these structures are too big for anti-cancer drug delivery by injection or oral intake, but these structures have a high potential to be applied in wound dressing and implants. They could also be used for capturing antibiotics, dyes, and organic compounds from wastewater.

Synthesis of composites from hydroxypropyl cellulose:iron (III) oxide nanoparticles

In the present work, hydroxypropyl cellulose and hematite (α-Fe2O3) nanoparticles (HPC:Fe2O3NPs) composites in various ratios (20:0.5, 20:1, 20:1.5, and 20:2 wt:wt) were synthesised. X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), FTIR spectroscopy, and thermal analysis (DSC, and TGA) were used to examine the structural configuration and thermal properties of the produced composites. The IR crystallinity indices (TCI, LOI, and HBI) were also computed. XRD patterns reveal a mixture of amorphous HPC polymer components and Fe2O3NPs which identifies the relationship between the characteristics of the structure. Distributions and dispersions of Fe2O3NPs on the surface of HPC are apparent in SEM. FTIR absorbance spectra reveal that as the quantity of Fe2O3NPs increased alterations in the intensity, area, and band width were found indicating a change in the molecular configuration of HPC. Variations in the shape, size, and shifts in melting temperature to higher temperatures were found by DSC and TGA when the amount of Fe2O3NPs is increased which could be due to interactions between HPC and Fe2O3NPs. The antibacterial activity of the nanocomposites was tested against Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus and Gram-negative Escherichia coli bacteria. The composites have good antibacterial activity, confirmed a high potential of antibacterial activity. The findings demonstrated that HPC:Fe2O3NPs composites lead to technological applications in a variety of medical applications.

Magnetic carbonized cellulose-MIL 101(Fe) composite as a sorbent for magnetic solid phase extraction of selected organophosphorus pesticides combined with high performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet detection

In this research project, an attempt was made to synthesize new composite based on nanomaterials and use these materials to improve the performance of magnetic solid phase extraction for the extraction of some selected organophosphorus pesticides in real samples. Therefore, the metal-organic framework MIL-101 was grown by layer-by-layer growth method on the surface of the magnetic carbonized cellulose nanoparticles. The extracted analytes were measured by HPLC after extraction. The influential variables such as: extraction time, sorbent amount, volume of desorption solvent, desorption time, ionic strength and solution pH were studied and optimized. Under the optimum condition, the linear ranges of the method were obtained in the range of 0.2–200.0μgL−1 (chlorpyrifos: 0.5-200.0μgL−1, profenofos: 0.2-100.0 μgL−1 and phosalone:0.5-200.0μgL−1). The obtained correlation coefficients (r2) were between 0.9966 - 0.9990. The limits of detection were also calculated to be between 0.06 - 0.15μgL−1 (chlorpyrifos: 0.15μgL−1, profenofos: 0.06 μgL−1 and phosalone: 0.13μgL−1) .The relative standard deviations, were obtained in the range of 1.1 to 3.4%. The method was successfully used to extract and measure the selected organophosphorus pesticides in several real samples including orange, pear, grape, peaches and agricultural water.

A study on the effectiveness of nano-cellulose in oil & gas wellbore cementation applications

Cellobiose forms the building block of cellulose, a polymer. One of the most prevalent biomaterials in nature. The nano cellulose slurry can be added to cement at a variety of concentrations to enhance its properties without compromising the slurry's viscosity. Nanocellulose (NC) has gained a lot of attention due to its promising features as a green addition in oil well cementation. Nanomaterials, such as nanocellulose, have a well-ordered crystalline structure, which gives them advantageous thermal and physiochemical properties. Improvements of this nature are required for the development of high-performance systems for drilling with water as the primary fluid. Nanocellulose was tested as a potential solution to traditional and water-extended cement system shortcomings in oil and gas wells. The most recent studies on the application of cellulose nanoparticles in oil well cementation are summarized.

DEVELOPMENT OF BIODEGRADABLE FILMS USING NANOCELLULOSE FOR FOOD PACKAGING APPLICATION – REVIEW

Due to the development of nanotechnology and changing customer demands for food safety and hygiene, the food packaging industry is growing significantly. In today's worldwide market, active packaging offers a number of advantages over traditional wrapping because of its capacity to absorb or release substances to improve the shelf life of food. Traditional food packaging materials are difficult to recycle and are made from nonrenewable fossil fuels. Development of Biodegradable films using Nano cellulose can be a good replacement for synthetic plastic packaging materials and can be a good solution for this problem. Other than that it has multiple advantages regarding tensile and physical properties, also in reducing health hazards. Tensile and physical characteristics are improved and water vapor permeability is decreased with the addition of cellulose nanoparticles to the biodegradable films/biodegradable composite films. The production of biodegradable materials employing Nano cellulose has been covered in this review study in four different ways, including extracts from agricultural waste, rice husk, various plant extracts, and biopolymer composite material in food packaging. The reason for using Nano cellulose based Biodegradable films in food packaging are also reviewed in this article. The key points for the future research in overcoming the problems related to Nano cellulose, biodegradable films are also predicted in the paper

Effect of sulfate-ester content and nanocellulose allomorph on stability of amylopectin-xyloglucan water-in-water emulsions

The effect of sulfate ester content on type I allomorph cellulose nanoparticles (CNPs) surface was evaluated in water-in-water emulsions with amylopectin (AMP) dispersed in xyloglucan (XG) phase. In addition, effect of cellulose allomorph type II was also verified. From a single source: microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) sulfated CNCs were isolated by sulfuric acid hydrolysis and subsequently sulfate content was modulated on CNPs surface with partial and quasi-total desulfation, keeping a rod-like particle morphology. MCC was solubilized with phosphoric acid and precipitated in water generating type II spherical nanocellulose allomorph. Particles were characterized by AFM, XRD, zeta potential and their surface groups were quantified by conductometric titration. Effect of adding these particles was evaluate at different concentrations in the phase diagram where XG is continuous phase. It was revealed that sulfated CNCs preference interact with XG increasing its viscosity and stabilizing the emulsions regardless their superficial sulfate content. On the other hand, phosphated nanocellulose interacts less with XG allowing it to migrate to XG-AMP interface and partially stabilize emulsions by Pickering effect.

Triboelectric Nanogenerators Based on Membranes Comprised of Polyurethane Fibers Loaded with Ethyl Cellulose and Barium Titanate Nanoparticles

High performance is always the research objective in developing triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) for future versatile applications. In this study, a flexible ethyl cellulose/thermoplastic polyurethane (EC/TPU) nanofiber triboelectric layer with barium titanate (BTO) nanoparticles is proposed for high-performance TENGs, in which electrospun EC/TPU nanofiber membranes supply the high-roughness friction surfaces and piezoelectric BTO nanoparticles are further incorporated to boost the electric outputs by the synergistic effect of piezoelectricity and triboelectricity. Consequently, when the content of the BTO nanoparticle is 8 wt % in the EC/TPU (1:4 in weight ratio) nanofibers, the composite membrane displayed a stress of 9.25 MPa and a strain of 275.2%. The corresponding TENG achieves electric outputs of 125.8 V, 34.1 μA, and 1.68 W/m2, much higher than those of an individual piezoelectric nanogenerator or TENG. The TENGs are potentially used to supply energy for commercial LEDs and microelectronics and as self-powered sensors to monitor human physical training conditions. This research provides a guideline for developing TENGs with high performance, which is crucial for their long-term use.

In Situ Synthesis of Environmentally Friendly Waterborne Polyurethane Extended with Regenerated Cellulose Nanoparticles for Enhanced Mechanical Performances.

The development of waterborne polyurethane (WPU) has been stimulated as an alternative to solvent-based polyurethanes due to low-VOC alternatives and reduced exposure to solvents. However, their relatively low mechanical performance and degradation have presented challenges in their wide application. Here, we developed environmentally-friendly bio polyol-based WPU nanocomposite dispersions and films, and presented the optimal process conditions for their manufacture. Additionally, the condition was established without using harmful catalysts or ethyl methyl ketone (MEK) during the polymerization. Moreover, regenerated cellulose nanoparticles (RCNs) were employed as natural chain-extenders in order to improve the biodegradability and mechanical performances of the nanocomposite films. The RCNs have a lower crystallinity compared to cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs), allowing them to possess high toughness without interfering with the elastomeric properties of polyurethane. The prepared CWPU/RCNs nanocomposite films exhibited high toughness of 58.8 ± 3 kgf∙mm and elongation at break of 240 ± 20%. In addition, depending on the molar ratio of NCO/OH, the polyurethane particle size is variously controlled from 70 to 230 nm, enabling to fabricate their dispersions with various transmittances. We believe that our findings not only open a meaningful path toward green elastomers with biodegradability but provides the design concept for bio-elastomers in order to develop industrial elastomers with mechanical and thermal properties.

Biodegradable hybrid biopolymer film based on carboxy methyl cellulose and selenium nanoparticles with antifungal properties to enhance grapes shelf life

In the current study, cellulose was extracted from sugarcane bagasse and further converted into carboxy methyl cellulose. The morphological, chemical, and structural characterization of synthesizeed carboxy methyl cellulose was performed. Further, the biopolymer was fabricated with mycogenic selenium nanoparticles and used to develop the biopolymer films. The developed biopolymer films were examined for the fruit shelf life stability, antifungal activity, and biodegradation potential. The results revealed that grapes wrapped with biofilms showed enhanced shelf life of fruit at all storage time intervals. The study also witnesses the antifungal activity of biopolymer films with a remarkable inhibitory action on the spores of Fusarium oxysporum and Sclerospora graminicola phytopathogens. Lastly, the biopolymer films were significantly degradable in the soil within two weeks of incubation. Thus, the developed biopolymer films exhibit multifaceted properties that can be used as an alternative to synthetic plastics for fruit packaging and also helps in protecting against fungal contaminants during storage with naturally degradable potential.

Non-Newtonian nanofluids mediated 15-fold enhancement of mass transfer for two-phase flow systems in microchannel

Microfluidic systems have been more popular in recent years because of its multifunctional advantages, such as the higher level of process intensification. The mass-transfer properties can further be improved by the presence of the slug flow regime in the microdomain for biphasic flow systems. Microdomain, geometrical considerations, non-Newtonian fluid and nanofluid have been independently being investigated as a tool of process intensification. To the best of our understanding, the four-in-one method of process intensification has not been studied till date hence, new systems are being investigated to bridge the gap. In this work, we describe the combination of three enhancing factors - microdomain, slug flow and non-Newtonian nanofluids (NNnF) on hydrodynamic and mass transfer studies for two-phase flow systems. The effect of non-Newtonian fluid (NNF) on the flow pattern and mass transport properties of an immiscible liquid-liquid system in straight and helical microchannels with internal diameters of 0.15 mm and 0.25 mm is being explored experimentally as well with CFD simulations. The range of slug flow has been increased along with enhancement of mass transfer coefficient with the introduction of non-Newtonian nanofluid. Unprecedentedly the addition of 0.5% (w/v) carboxy methyl cellulose (CMC) and Nickel (Ni) nanoparticles has resulted in fifteen times enhancement of mass transfer coefficient.

Broadening the product portfolio with cellulose and lignin nanoparticles in an elephant grass biorefinery

AbstractCellulose and lignin nanoparticles are high‐value‐added products obtained from lignocellulosic biomasses through several steps of cellulose purification and lignin extraction. These steps drastically reduce the potential feedstock revenue when carried out as stand‐alone methodologies. To increase biomass yields, we describe here a strategy to design a biorefinery focused on producing cellulose and lignin nanoparticles as main products, but also aim to recover and benefit from other biomass components using only water‐based processes. Sequential pressurized liquid extractions and diluted acid and alkaline treatments were carried out to fractionate elephant grass biomass, yielding (for every 100 g of biomass): 30 g of cellulose pulp (converted to 9 g of cellulose nanocrystals and 9 g of cellulose nanofibers); 10 g of lignin (used to produce 8.5 g of stable colloidal lignin nanoparticles by probe‐sonication in water); 7.5 g of extractives (e.g. sterols and phenolics) and 23 g of xylose (converted to 4.1 g of furfural). Alternatively, to allow for the flexible use of the cellulose fraction in the proposed biorefinery, 22 g of glucose could be produced by enzymatic hydrolysis. The results demonstrate that water‐based processes are suitable for a holistic use of biomass, providing a comprehensive set of high‐value‐added co‐products that are renewable and cost‐effective chemical, cosmetic, food, polymer and pharmaceutical solutions.

Nano Cellulose Particles from Pandanus Utilis and Sansevieria Trifasciata Significantly but Differently Improve the Tensile and Flexural Strength of Polyester Composites

Nano Cellulose Particles from Pandanus Utilis and Sansevieria Trifasciata Significantly but Differently Improve the Tensile and Flexural Strength of Polyester Composites

The Fundamental Role of Lipids in Polymeric Nanoparticles: Dermal Delivery and Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Cannabidiol.

This report presents a nanoparticulate platform for cannabidiol (CBD) for topical treatment of inflammatory conditions. We have previously shown that stabilizing lipids improve the encapsulation of CBD in ethyl cellulose nanoparticles. In this study, we examined CBD release, skin permeation, and the capability of lipid-stabilized nanoparticles (LSNs) to suppress the release of IL-6 and IL-8. The nanoparticles were stabilized with cetyl alcohol (CA), stearic acid (SA), lauric acid (LA), and an SA/LA eutectic combination (SALA). LSN size and concentration were measured and characterized by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), in vitro release of loaded CBD, and skin permeability. IL-6 and IL-8 secretions from TNF-α-induced HaCaT cells were monitored following different LSN treatments. CBD released from the LSNs in dispersion at increasing concentrations of polysorbate 80 showed non-linear solubilization, which was explained by recurrent precipitation. A significant high release of CBD in a cell culture medium was shown from SALA-stabilized nanoparticles. Skin permeation was >30% lower from SA-stabilized nanoparticles compared to the other LSNs. Investigation of the CBD-loaded LSNs' effect on the release of IL-6 and IL-8 from TNF-α-induced HaCaT cells showed that nanoparticles stabilized with CA, LA, or SALA were similarly effective in suppressing cytokine release. The applicability of the CBD-loaded LSNs to treat topical inflammatory conditions has been supported by their dermal permeation and release inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokines.

Characteristics of cotton fabric dyed with Euphorbia extract at different concentrations of cellulosic nanoparticles (CNP)

As the perception of the consumer's environment and the toxicity of synthetic dyes that is harmful to humans, interest in natural dyes is also increasing in the textile dyeing industry. This study performed an alternative to metal mordants and used cellulose nanoparticles (CNP) as a natural mortant for dyeing cotton fabrics with natural dyes extracted from Euphorbia. The characteristics with and without CNP mordant were investigated in the experiment. The effects of natural cellulosic mordants were analyzed through color, fastness, color, fastness, air permeability, antibacterial rate, UV protection, and total hand value (THV). As a result, the light fastness has been shown to significantly increase, but the improvements in terms of the wash, perspiration, and rubbing fastness were negligible. In addition, when CNP was added to cotton dyeing, there was no difference change in air permeability, but THV was significantly improved to 5 or more, and the UV protection and bacteria reduction rate were excellent. These results are attributed to the groundwork for studies on other types of natural dyes in the future and, by establishing the benefits of CNP, this study significantly contributes to the improvement of the end-products of dyeing.

Biodegradation of synthetic PVP biofilms using natural materials and nanoparticles

Abstract Biodegradable nanofilms from polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP), carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), citric acid (CA), glycerol (G), and zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) were prepared using different ZnO concentrations and different electron beam irradiation doses, enabling crosslinking formation. The prepared films were characterized by X-ray diffractometer, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analyser, and transmission electron microscopy. The swelling percentage of PVP:CMC films was ordered in the sequence of composition ratio 1:2 > 1:1 > 2:1. Results showed decrease in swelling capacity accompanied by increase in gelation percentage of (PVP:CMC)/CA/G)/ZnO nanofilms as the irradiation dose increased up to 20 kGy. The tensile strength of (PVP:CMC) films increased by the incorporation of ZnO-NPs and increasing the irradiation dose. The thermal stability of the prepared (PVP:CMC)/CA/G/ZnO nanofilms was enhanced as the irradiation dosage increased. The water vapour transmission rate of the irradiated films was decreased. The biodegradability of the prepared nanofilms was monitored during 16 weeks and it exceeded 65% weight loss from the original blank weight. Moreover, the nanofilms exhibit antimicrobial activity against fungi, Gram-negative, and Gram-positive bacteria. The broad antimicrobial activity spectrum of the prepared nanofilms increased as the concentration of ZnO-NPs increased. These results suggested that (PVP:CMC)/CA/G/ZnO nanofilms can serve as biodegradable materials in various applications characterized by antimicrobial activity.

Low Fouling Nanostructured Cellulose Membranes for Ultrafiltration in Wastewater Treatment

Ultrafiltration (UF) is a common technique used in wastewater treatments. However, the issue of membrane fouling in UF can greatly hinder the effectiveness of the treatments. This study demonstrated a low-fouling composite cellulose membrane system based on microfibrillated cellulose (MFC) and silica nanoparticle additives. The incorporation of 'non-spherical' silica nanoparticles was found to exhibit better structural integration in the membrane (i.e., minimal aggregation of silica nanoparticles in the membrane scaffold) as compared to spherical silica. The resulting composite membranes were tested for UF using local wastewater, where the best-performing membrane exhibited higher permeation flux than commercial polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) and polyether sulfone (PES) membranes while maintaining a high separation efficiency (~99.6%) and good flux recovery ratio (>90%). The analysis of the fouling behavior using different models suggested that the processes of cake layer formation and pore-constriction were probably two dominant fouling mechanisms, likely due to the presence of humic substances in wastewater. The demonstrated cellulose composite membrane system showed low-fouling and high restoration capability by a simple hydraulic cleaning method due to the super hydrophilic nature of the cellulose scaffold containing silica nanoparticles.

Covalently Functionalized Cellulose Nanoparticles for Simultaneous Enrichment of Pb(II), Cd(II) and Cu(II) Ions.

Cellulose nanoparticles are sustainable natural polymers with excellent application in environmental remediation technology. In this work, we synthesized cellulose nanoparticles and covalently functionalized them with a multi-functional group possessing ligands. The hybrid material shows excellent adsorption properties for the simultaneous extraction of multiple metal ions in the sample preparation technique. The sorbent shows excellent sorption capacity in the range of 1.8-2.2 mmol/g of material. The developed method was successfully employed for the simultaneous extraction of Pb(II), Cd(II) and Cu(II) from real-world samples (industrial effluent, river water, tap and groundwater) and subsequently determined by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES). The method shows a preconcentration limit of 0.7 ppb attributes to analyze the trace concentration of studied metal ions. The detection limit obtained for Pb(II), Cd(II) and Cu(II) is found to be 0.4 ppb.

NIR Luminescent Oxygen-Sensing Nanoparticles for Continuous Glucose and Lactate Monitoring.

A highly sensitive, biocompatible, and scalable phosphorescent oxygen sensor formulation is designed and evaluated for use in continuous metabolite sensors for biological systems. Ethyl cellulose (EC) and polystyrene (PS) nanoparticles (NPs) stabilized with Pluronic F68 (PF 68), Polydimethylsiloxane-b-polyethyleneglycol methyl ether (PDMS-PEG), sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS), and cetyltimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) were prepared and studied. The resulting NPs with eight different surfactant−polymer matrix combinations were evaluated for physical properties, oxygen sensitivity, effect of changes in dispersion matrix, and cytotoxicity. The EC NPs exhibited a narrower size distribution and 40% higher sensitivity than PS, with Stern−Volmer constants (Ksv) 0.041−0.052 µM−1 for EC, compared to 0.029−0.034 µM−1 for PS. Notably, ethyl cellulose NPs protected with PF68 were selected as the preferred formulation, as they were not cytotoxic towards 3T3 fibroblasts and exhibited a wide phosphorescence lifetime response of >211.1 µs over 258−0 µM and ~100 µs over 2.58−0 µM oxygen, with a limit of detection (LoD) of oxygen in aqueous phase of 0.0016 µM. The EC-PF68 NPs were then efficiently encapsulated in alginate microparticles along with glucose oxidase (GOx) and catalase (CAT) to form phosphorescent nanoparticles-in-microparticle (NIMs) glucose sensing microdomains. The fabricated glucose sensors showed a sensitivity of 0.40 µs dL mg−1 with a dynamic phosphorescence lifetime range of 46.6−197.1 µs over 0−150 mg dL−1 glucose, with a glucose LoD of 18.3 mg dL−1 and maximum distinguishable concentration of 111.1 mg dL−1. Similarly, lactate sensors were prepared with NIMs microdomains containing lactate oxidase (LOx) and found to have a detection range of 0−14 mg dL−1 with LoD of 1.8 mg dL−1 and maximum concentration of 13.7 mg dL−1 with lactate sensitivity of 10.7 µs dL mg−1. Owing to its versatility, the proposed NIMs-based design can be extended to a wide range of metabolites and different oxygen-sensing dyes with different excitation wavelengths based on specific application.