Wood Cellulose Research Articles

Highlights on the mechanical pre-refining step in the production of wood cellulose nanofibrils

Highlights on the mechanical pre-refining step in the production of wood cellulose nanofibrils

A comparative investigation on the effects of nanocellulose from bacteria and plant-based sources for cementitious composites

Interest in cellulosic nanomaterials has recently gained momentum due to their high tensile strength and hygroscopic properties. This study compared the effects of two different types of cellulose nanomaterials, including cellulose nanofibrils (CNF) produced from wood and bacterial cellulose (BC), on the macro, micro, and nano scale performances of Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) paste. Effects of CNF and BC on cement paste hydration, microstructure, compressive strength, and flexural strength were monitored. Four dosages of nanocellulose (0%, 0.05%, 0.1% and 0.3%, by weight) were used to prepare cement paste samples. Both CNF and BC were found to increase compressive strengths and flexural strengths by 10% and 55%, respectively, after 90 days of curing. However, only CNF was able to suppress the expansion of mortar samples due to the alkali-silica reaction by 33%. At the microscale, CNF was found to accelerate the early age cement hydration, whereas BC delayed cement hydration. Both nanocellulose types resulted in lower calcium hydroxide (CH) and higher CSH contents compared to the control batch after long-term curing. Statistical nanoindentations showed that the additions of nanocellulose increase the relative amounts of high-density CSH in the hydrated cement paste. The mercury intrusion porosimeter (MIP) and dynamic vapor sorption (DVS) analyses indicated that both types of nanocellulose increase the nanoporosity and reduced the microporosity. However, such advantages were more prominent in the case of CNF compared to the BC.

Analysis on Chemical Components of Woods to Predict Ethanol Production Values

This paper deals with analysis on chemical components of woods to predict ethanol production values. The aim is expected to give a reliable value of ethanol production, eliminating the effort needed to directly measure this ethanol production from each wood species. Since the data of wood chemical components is widely available, this result will be valuable in determining a potential use of a wood species as bio-ethanol feedstock. Saccharification and fermentation processes by enzymatic hydrolysis were applied for xylems derived from49 branch trees of Cibodas, 32 branch trees of Purwodadi, and 19 branch trees of Bali Botanical Gardens in Indonesia. Three major wood components were analysed, i.e. cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. The results show varied relationships between ethanol production and chemical components of wood. The content of cellulose in wood was not exactly related to its ethanol production. This trend was also occurred for the relationship between hemicellulose and ethanol production. However, lignin content in woods gave an expected trend where the less lignin content, the higher the ethanol production.Furthermore, the ratios of cellulose-hemicelluloses and cellulose-lignin have been quantified. The result showed that the celullose-lignin ratio can potentially be used to predict the value of ethanol production which is expressed by linear regression y = 0.0616x + 0.8341; where R² = 0.4127, x = ethanol production and y = cellulose-lignin ratio. Gymnostoma sumatranum with cellulose content of 43.8% and lignin content of 24.1% (celullose-lignin ratio of 1.8) has actual ethanol production of 12.1 mg/100mg wood meal, compared to 15.7 mg/100mg wood meal resulted from above equation. Therefore, by using its cellulose-lignin ratio, the woods having high ethanol production can be screened from literatures.

Trees Talk Tremor—Wood Anatomy and Content Reveal Contrasting Tree‐Growth Responses to Earthquakes

AbstractLarge earthquakes can increase the amount of water feeding stream flows, raise groundwater levels, and thus grant plant roots more access to water in water‐limited environments. We examine growth and photosynthetic responses of Pine plantations to the Maule Mw 8.8 earthquake in headwater catchments of Chile's Coastal Range. We combine high‐resolution wood anatomic (lumen area) and biogeochemical ( of wood cellulose) proxies of daily to weekly tree growth sampled from trees on floodplains and close to ridge lines. We find that, immediately after the earthquake, at least two out of six tree trees on valley floors had increased lumen area and decreased , while trees on hillslopes had a reverse trend. Our results indicate a control of soil water on this response, largely consistent with models that predict how enhanced postseismic vertical soil permeability causes groundwater levels to rise on valley floors, but fall along the ridges. Statistical analysis with boosted regression trees indicates that streamflow discharge gained predictive importance for photosynthetic activity on the ridges, but lost importance on the valley floor after the earthquake. We infer that earthquakes may stimulate ecohydrological conditions favoring tree growth over days to weeks by triggering stomatal opening. The weak and short‐lived signals that we identified, however, show that such responses are only valid under water‐limited, rather than energy‐limited tree, growth. Hence, dendrochronological studies targeted at annual resolution may overlook some earthquake effects on tree vitality.

The effect of soil fertility on antioxidant enzymes activity in a subarctic woody species

The influence of major nutrients’ reserves (available to plants) – nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K) – in the top 25-cm layer of soil on the Karelian birch (Betula pendula Roth var. carelica (Mercl.) Hämet-Ahti) with non-figured and figured wood via the antioxidant enzymes’ activity was investigated. The analysis of sites in area where Karelian birch trees with varying degree of figured wood intensity were growing was carried out. The cambial zone of the sample trees during active cambial growth period was studied for the activity of AOS enzyme complex (superoxide dismutase (SOD); catalase (CAT); peroxidase (POD); polyphenol oxidase (PPO)). Cellulose content and lignin content were studied. It was noticed that the availability of major nutrients in the investigated sites had influence on the degree of figured wood intensity in Karelian birch plants. Thus, non-figured and figured Karelian birch plants that grew on sites with various levels of major nutrients’ reserves differed in the AOS enzymes’ activity, which was a consequence of different xylogenesis scenarios in the studied birch forms. It was supposed, that the certain site conditions (N, P, K levels) formation could affect the degree of figured wood intensity, cellulose and lignin content. The N level and P/N ratio had the most effects under the adequate K level. So AOS enzymes’ complex activity could indicate differences in Karelian birch wood quality in sites that differ in soil fertility (N, P, K levels).

Woody biomass as a potential feedstock for fermentative gaseous biofuel production.

Biogas and biohydrogen are compatible gaseous biofuels that can be blended with natural gas for reticulated fuel supply to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Sustainably grown woody biomass is emerging as a potential feedstock in the production of biofuels. Woody biomass is widely available, uses non-arable land for plantation, does not require synthetic fertilisers to grow and acts as a carbon sink. The cellulose and hemicellulose fractions of wood are renewable sources of sugars that can be used for fermentative production of gaseous biofuels. However, widespread use of wood as a gaseous biofuel feedstock is constrained due to the recalcitrant nature of wood to enzymatic hydrolysis. Pretreatment makes cellulose and hemicellulose accessible to microbial enzymes to produce fermentable sugars. Here we review wood composition, its structure and different pretreatment techniques in the context of their effects on deconstruction of wood to improve hydrolysis and fermentative gaseous fuel production. The anaerobic digestion of pretreated wood for biogas and dark fermentation for biohydrogen production are discussed with reference to gas yields. Key advancements in lab-scale research are described for pretreatments and for pure, co- and mixed culture fermentations. Limitations to yield improvements are identified and future perspectives and prospects of gaseous biofuel production from woody biomass are discussed, with reference to new developments in engineered biocatalysts and process integration.

Mechanical Properties of Cement-Treated Soil Mixed with Cellulose Nanofibre

Cellulose nanofibre (CNF), a material composed of ultrafine fibres of wood cellulose fibrillated to nano-order level, is expected to be widely used because of its excellent properties. However, in the field of geotechnical engineering, almost no progress has been made in the development of techniques for using CNFs. The authors have focused on the use of CNF as an additive in cement treatment for soft ground, where cement is added to solidify the ground, because CNF can reduce the problems associated with cement-treated soil. This paper presents the results of a study on the method of mixing CNF, the strength and its variation obtained by adding CNF, and the change in permeability. CNF had the effect of mixing the cement evenly and reducing the variation in the strength of the treated soil. The CNF mixture increased the strength at the initial age but reduced the strength development in the long term. The addition of CNF also increased the flexural strength, although it hardly changed the permeability.

TG pyrolysis of a mixture of dried sludge from urban wastewater and wood pellets and identification of the composition of the resulting gases by infrared spectroscopy

The recent tendency of sewage sludge disposal is targeted towards the gasification for heat generation in small towns far from waste incineration plants. The scope of this article is to present the investigation into the mixture of dried sewage sludge and wood pellets during pyrolysis by thermogravimetry (TG) with evolved gas analysis by TG-coupled Fourier transformation infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) method. The maximum intensity of mass loss of sewage sludge material occurs at 300–310°C temperature and it differs from wood cellulose case of 360°C. The 50:50% mixture of these materials was investigated in more details. Pyrolysis reaction kinetics is described by a variation of three constituent parts from TG data. Prefactor A and activation energy E of the Arrhenius law were found, and reaction order n was determined by the Ozawa method employing Avrami phase change. The maximum of gas evolution is always related to the most intense mass loss, and gas composition correlates with the initial material.

Autochthonous production contributes to the diet of wood-boring invertebrates in temperate shallow water.

Marine wood-boring invertebrates rapidly fragment coarse woody debris in the sea. These wood borers have the ability to digest wood cellulose, but other potential food sources have been less investigated. To assess the contribution of each potential food source to the diet of wood borers, we traced seasonal and environmental changes in δ13C of shipworms cultured under the same experimental conditions and related these changes to variations in δ13C of potential food sources, i.e., wood log and particulate organic matter (POM) by using multiple linear regression models rather than the Bayesian mixing model. Based on the standardized partial regression coefficients in the model, it became clear that wood-derived organic carbon was the main carbon source for the teredinids, and POM also accounted for 37.9% of the teredinids' carbon source. Furthermore, we clarified variations in supplemental nitrogen sources for the teredinids: one species depended on both POM and wood log, whereas the other three species depended on either POM or wood log for their nitrogen source. δ13C values of another wood-boring bivalve of Martesia (Pholadidae) increase as it grows, which suggests that the bivalve switches its feeding strategy from xylophagous to filter feeding as it grows. Wood borers are known to accelerate the transfer of organic materials derived from wood logs to marine ecosystems. However, this study suggests that autochthonous production strongly contribute to the diet of marine wood borers, helping them to decompose wood logs in temperate shallow water.

High-resolution <sup>14</sup>C bomb peak dating and climate response analyses of subseasonal stable isotope signals in wood of the African baobab – a case study from Oman

Abstract. The African baobab, Adansonia digitata L., has great paleoclimatological potential because of its wide distributional range and millennial length life span. However, dendroclimatological approaches are hampered by dating uncertainties due to its unique, parenchyma-dominated stem anatomy. Here, securely dated time series of annual wood increment growth and intra-ring stable isotopes of carbon and oxygen of cellulose for a baobab tree from Oman covering 1941 to 2005 were established and tested for relationships to hydroclimate variability. Precise dating with the atomic bomb peak (ABP) using highly resolved 14C measurements confirmed the annual character of the baobab's growth rings. F14C values of tree-ring cellulose were found up to 8.8 % lower than in the corresponding atmospheric CO2 for the period around the ABP, which in conjunction with a considerable autocorrelation of the δ13C series points to the incorporation of previous year's carbon contributing to the average age of intra-ring wood samples. F14C of terminal parenchyma bands, marking the tree-ring boundaries, were found to be considerably younger than their corresponding tree ring, indicating that parenchyma tissue is alive for many years, probably undergoing cell division and structural reorganization and contributing to secondary growth. In contrast to the δ13C time series, no significant autocorrelation was found in the δ18O series of tree-ring cellulose despite the enormous water storage potential of this stem-succulent tree species. Year-to-year variability in tree-ring width and stable isotope ratios revealed radial stem growth and the geochemistry of wood cellulose are influenced by fluctuations in the hydroclimate. In particular, δ18O was found to be a good climate proxy, followed by tree-ring width and δ13C. Tree-ring width and intra-ring δ18Omin correlated well with each other and with precipitation amount for the period from pre-monsoon May to the end of the monsoon season in September/October. Intra-annual stable isotope courses were found to be rather similar for both δ13C and δ18O. Years with particularly low monsoon rain were reflected by increased stable isotope values in the mid-section of intra-annual courses. Distinct patterns with low subseasonal isotope values seem indicative for years with heavy rainfall events from pre-monsoonal cyclones. Rain events from post-monsoonal cyclones may also be recorded; however, only 2 years of observation prevented a more conclusive evaluation.

Functional understanding of secondary cell wall cellulose synthases in Populus trichocarpa via the Cas9/gRNA-induced gene knockouts.

Summary Plant cellulose is synthesized by a large plasma membrane‐localized cellulose synthase (CesA) complex. However, an overall functional determination of secondary cell wall (SCW) CesAs is still lacking in trees, especially one based on gene knockouts.Here, the Cas9/gRNA‐induced knockouts of PtrCesA4, 7A, 7B, 8A and 8B genes were produced in Populus trichocarpa. Based on anatomical, immunohistochemical and wood composition evidence, we gained a comprehensive understanding of five SCW PtrCesAs at the genetic level.Complete loss of PtrCesA4, 7A/B or 8A/B led to similar morphological abnormalities, indicating similar and nonredundant genetic functions. The absence of the gelatinous (G) layer, one‐layer‐walled fibres and a 90% decrease in cellulose in these mutant woods revealed that the three classes of SCW PtrCesAs are essential for multilayered SCW structure and wood G‐fibre. In addition, the mutant primary and secondary phloem fibres lost the n(G + L)‐ and G‐layers and retained the thicker S‐layers (L, lignified; S, secondary). Together with polysaccharide immunolocalization data, these findings suggest differences in the role of SCW PtrCesAs‐synthesized cellulose in wood and phloem fibre wall structures.Overall, this functional understanding of the SCW PtrCesAs provides further insights into the impact of lacking cellulose biosynthesis on growth, SCW, wood G‐fibre and phloem fibre wall structures in the tree.

Time-dependent desorption of anilines, phenols, and nitrobenzenes from biochar produced at 700 °C: Insight into desorption hysteresis

Biochar, once amended or released into the soil environment, may alter the transport, fate, and bioavailability of organic contaminants in the environment by adsorption and desorption. In this study, adsorption–desorption of aniline, 4-nitroaniline, phenol, 4-nitrophenol, nitrobenzene, and trinitrobenzene on biochars produced at 700 °C from 5 biomass including wood chips, chitin, cellulose, lignin, and rice straw (i.e., W700, Ch700, Ce700, Li700, and S700, respectively) was investigated to examine the underlying mechanisms for desorption hysteresis of organic contaminants. The desorption hysteresis was dependent on the adsorption–desorption time and should be attributed to the nonequilibrium adsorption–desorption, i.e., it was apparent and an artifact. Moreover, within 2-day equilibration, the desorption hysteresis was observed for trinitrobenzene (with the maximum cross-sectional area of 0.890 nm2) but not for the other organic contaminants with smaller sizes (the maximum cross-sectional area ≤ 0.611 nm2). Similarly, trinitrobenzene had a shorter equilibrium time on Ch700 (15 days) than on Ce700, Li700, and S700 (>30 days) because of the larger pores of Ch700. Diffusion rates (kip2) of trinitrobenzene on biochars were positively correlated with the Raman spectra ID/IG values of biochars (R2 = 0.928) because higher ID/IG values are possibly associated with the looser structure of biochars which having faster diffusion of molecules in pores. The time-dependent desorption hysteresis suggests that the adsorbed organic contaminants by biochars can be re-released into the soil environment for a long period. Thus, the long-term releasing of adsorbed organic contaminants on biochars should be investigated more for assessing the environmental risks of organic contaminants.

Fomitopsis meliae CFA 2, a novel brown rot for endoglucanase: emphasis towards enhanced endoglucanase production by statistical approach

ABSTRACT Brown rot basidiomycetes are a principal group of wood-decaying fungi which degrade wood cellulose and hemicellulose by the combination of carbohydrate active enzymes and non-enzymatic oxidation reactions. Very scant information is available on carbohydrate active enzymes of brown rot fungi. In this context, present study focused on the production of cellulolytic–hemicellulolytic enzymes from newly isolated brown rot Fomitopsis meliae CFA 2. Under solid-state fermentation using wheat bran as the substrate Fomitopsis meliae CFA 2 was able to produce a maximum of 1391.12 ± 21.13 U/g of endoglucanase along with other cellulolytic and hemicellulolytic enzymes. Various fermentation parameters were optimised for enhanced production of endoglucanase by employing Plackett-Burman design followed by Box-Behnken design. A well-fitted regression equation with R2 value of 98.91% was attained for endoglucanase. The yield of endoglucanase was enhanced by 1.83-fold after executing statistical optimisation of various fermentative parameters. The newly isolated Fomitopsis meliae CFA 2 was found to be a potential producer of endoglucanase. Enzymatic saccharification of alkali-treated wheat straw and rice straw resulted in release of 190.8 and 318.8 mg/g of reducing sugars, respectively.

Medium effect on acid degradation of cotton and wood celluloses

Degradation of cotton and wood celluloses treated with hydrogen chloride in different media at 65 °C for 1−120 h was studied. Results showed the use of alcohol increased the cellulosic sugar content of hydrolysate as compared to water. Additionally, the recovery of celluloses treated in alcohols was lower than that of water, particularly when using 2-propanol and 1-butanol. After degradation, the crystallinity indices of celluloses changed slightly, and increased with treatment duration. The initial degradation rates of celluloses were in the order of 1-butanol > methanol > 2-propanol > ethanol > water. However, the decreases in weight-average degree of polymerization (DPw) plateaued after approximately 72 h for cotton cellulose and 5 h for wood cellulose, and the DPw after 120 h treatment were in the range of 98–195 and 196–364 AGU (anhydrous glucose unit), respectively. This study demonstrates the acid-degradation extent of cellulose can be tailored by the selection of degradation medium. Moreover, the alcohols tend to increase the penetration of acid and consequently facilitate the degradation, especially by using alcohols with higher carbon numbers. Additionally, the vapor pressure effect of methanol at 65 °C improved the degradation of cellulose.

A TEMPO-catalyzed oxidation–reduction method to probe surface and anhydrous crystalline-core domains of cellulose microfibril bundles

A modified TEMPO-catalyzed oxidation of the solvent-exposed glucosyl units of cellulose to uronic acids, followed by carboxyl reduction with NaBD4 to 6-deutero- and 6,6-dideuteroglucosyl units, provided a robust method for determining relative proportions of disordered amorphous, ordered surface chains, and anhydrous core-crystalline residues of cellulose microfibrils inaccessible to TEMPO. Both glucosyl residues of cellobiose units, digested from amorphous chains of cellulose with a combination of cellulase and cellobiohydrolase, were deuterated, whereas those from anhydrous chains were undeuterated. By contrast, solvent-exposed and anhydrous residues alternate in surface chains, so only one of the two residues of cellobiosyl units was labeled. Although current estimates indicate that each cellulose microfibril comprises only 18 to 24 (1 → 4)-β-d-glucan chains, we show here that microfibrils of walls of Arabidopsis leaves and maize coleoptiles, and those of secondary wall cellulose of cotton fibers and poplar wood, bundle into much larger macrofibrils, with 67 to 86% of the glucan chains in the anhydrous domain. These results indicate extensive bundling of microfibrils into macrofibrils occurs during both primary and secondary wall formation. We discuss how, beyond lignin, the degree of bundling into macrofibrils contributes an additional recalcitrance factor to lignocellulosic biomass for enzymatic or chemical catalytic conversion to biofuel substrates.

Thermal degradation of hemicellulose and cellulose in ball-milled cedar and beech wood

The thermal degradation reactivities of hemicellulose and cellulose in wood cell walls are significantly different from the thermal degradation behavior of the respective isolated components. Furthermore, the degradation of Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica, a softwood) is distinct from that of Japanese beech (Fagus crenata, a hardwood). Lignin and uronic acid are believed to play crucial roles in governing this behavior. In this study, the effects of ball milling for various durations of time on the degradation reactivities of cedar and beech woods were evaluated based on the recovery rates of hydrolyzable sugars from pyrolyzed wood samples. The applied ball-milling treatment cleaved the lignin β-ether bonds and reduced the crystallinity of cellulose, as determined by X-ray diffraction. Both xylan and glucomannan degraded in a similar temperature range, although the isolated components exhibited different reactivities because of the catalytic effect of uronic acid bound to the xylose chains. These observations can be explained by the more homogeneous distribution of uronic acid in the matrix of cell walls as a result of ball milling. As observed for holocelluloses, cellulose in the ball-milled woods degraded in two temperature ranges (below 320 °C and above); a significant amount of cellulose degraded in the lower temperature range, which significantly changed the shapes of the thermogravimetric curves. This report compares the results obtained for cedar and beech woods, and discusses them in terms of the thermal degradation of the matrix and cellulose microfibrils in wood cell walls and role of lignin. Such information is crucial for understanding the pyrolysis and heat treatment of wood.

Substrate quality regulates density loss, cellulose degradation and nitrogen dynamics in downed woody debris in a boreal forest

Quantifying forest carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) turnover rates requires better understanding of the mechanisms of decomposition of coarse woody debris (CWD). We examined the dynamics of bulk density, C, N, cellulose and lignin in downed logs, taking into account initial interspecific trait differences in bark and wood, in a 66-year-long decomposition chronosequence in an old-growth mixed boreal forest.Wood and bark density decreased with increasing decay class and time since tree death. The C concentration per mass did not change or slightly decreased. Nitrogen increased in wood faster than in bark. In aspen wood, it increased two times more intensively than in wood of conifers. The C/N ratio and the cellulose content decreased, whereas the lignin content increased, decreased or remained stable in wood depending on tree species and calculation basis. Spruce wood was characterized by the greatest cellulose degradation rates. The N availability positively influenced wood bulk density loss and cellulose degradation in wood of all tree species, as well as the C loss in conifer bark.The total C amount in bark and wood of individual downed logs decreased. The total N amount decreased in bark and increased in wood with different rates depending on tree species identity.The results indicate the importance of accounting for the CWD tissue tree species specific traits in decomposition studies. In old-growth boreal forests, downed logs contribute significantly to long-term C and N sequestration.

Cellulose Isolated From Waste Rubber Wood and Its Application in PLA Based Composite Films.

Waste rubber wood (RW) is the castoff of rubber plantation with abundant reservation but without high-value utilization. In this study, cellulose with high purity has been efficiently isolated from waste RW and further processed into cellulose nanocrystals. By means of acetylation, more hydrophobic cellulose-based products, namely acetylated rubber wood cellulose (Ac–RWC) and acetylated rubber wood cellulose nanocrystals (Ac–RW–CNC) had been attempted as reinforcing fillers for fabricating two series of PLA-based composite films via spin coating instead of currently prevailing melt compounding technique. To ensure a uniformed dispersion of fillers in PLA matrix, the addition of reinforcing filler should be equal to or less than 5% based on the film dry weight. Compared with pure PLA film, the Ac–RWC reinforced PLA composite films are more thermally stable, while the Ac–RW–CNC reinforced PLA composite films on the other hand exhibit more enhanced performance in mechanical properties and the degree of crystallinity. The highest tensile strength (55.0 MPa) and Young’s modulus (3.9 GPa) were achieved for 5%Ac–RW–CNC/PLA composite film.

Strong, Hydrostable, and Degradable Straws Based on Cellulose-Lignin Reinforced Composites.

The huge consumption of single-use plastic straws has brought a long-lasting environmental problem. Paper straws, the current replacement for plastic straws, suffer from drawbacks, such as a high cost of the water-proof wax layer and poor water stability due to the easy delamination of the wax layer. It is therefore crucial to find a high-performing alternative to mitigate the environmental problems brought by plastic straws. In this paper, all natural, degradable, cellulose-lignin reinforced composite straws, inspired by the reinforcement principle of cellulose and lignin in natural wood are developed. The cellulose-lignin reinforced composite straw is fabricated by rolling up a wet film made of homogeneously mixed cellulose microfibers, cellulose nanofibers, and lignin powders, which is then baked in oven at 150 °C. When baked, lignin melts and infiltrates the micro-nanocellulose network, acting as a polyphenolic binder to improve the mechanical strength and hydrophobicity performance of the resulting straw. The obtained straws demonstrate several advantageous properties over paper straws, including 1) excellent mechanical performance, 2) high hydrostability, and 3) low cost. Moreover, the natural degradability of the cellulose-lignin reinforced composite straws makes them promising candidates to replace plastic straws and suggests possible substitutes for other petroleum-based plastics.

Overall Structure Construction of an Intervertebral Disk Based on Highly Anisotropic Wood Hydrogel Composite Materials with Mechanical Matching and Buckling Buffering.

Natural intervertebral disks (IVDs) exhibit distinctive anisotropic mechanical support and dissipation performances due to their well-developed special microstructures. As the intact IVD structure degrades, the absence of function will lead to severe backache. However, the complete simulation for the characteristic structure and function of native IVD is unattainable using current methods. In this work, by overall construction of the two-phase structure of native IVD (extraction of the naturally aligned cellulose framework and in situ polymerization of the nanocomposite hydrogel), a complete wood framework IVD (WF-IVD) is manufactured containing elastic nanocomposite hydrogel-based nucleus pulposus (NP) and anisotropic wood cellulose hydrogel-based annulus fibrosus (AF). In addition to the imitation and construction of the natural structure, WF-IVD also achieves favorable mechanical matching and good biocompatibility and possesses unique mechanical buckling buffer characteristics owing to the aligned fiber bundles. This study offers a promising strategy for the mimicking and construction of complex native tissues.