Indicators Of Cellular Immunity Research Articles

A novel immunopharmacological biocompound

The publication is devoted to topical issues of experimental study of new biocompounds, based on the creation of a consortium of biological composite compounds – biological active substances (metabiotics) produced by strains 59T and 60T of saprophytic compounds of the genus Bacillus subtilis. These strains are very promising for the creation of hepatopicts, new medicinal substances, in the creation and development of a new pharmacological class of hepatoprotectors. Previous studies have shown the safety and hepatoprotective effect of biologically active drugs. It is worth noting that the very effective compounds are the produced biologically active substances – metabolites of bacterial origin, on the basis of which it seems appropriate to create a new class of drugs – metabiotics. The absence of vegetative probiotic cells in such compounds will reduce the additional immune load on the body. The combined use of these compounds provides a potentiated pharmacological effect. In this regard, it seemed appropriate, under the conditions of modeling toxic liver damage by carbon tetrachloride, to conduct an experimental assessment of the immunotropic effect of biologically active substances (BAS) on laboratory animals in order to confirm the effect on cellular factors of immunity. The purpose of the study was to study the effect of the combined use of dietary supplements produced by Bacillus subtilis microorganisms on indicators of cellular immunity in laboratory animals with toxic liver damage. Acute toxic hepatitis was reproduced in white laboratory rats with repeated intragastric administration of carbon tetrachloride. The comparison drug was a registered hepatoprotective drug – ursosan. The immunotropic effect was assessed using factors such as: phagocytic activity of macrophages and neutrophils (FA), NBT test, quantitative assessment of antibody-forming cells, T and B lymphocytes. As a result of the studies performed, reliable data were obtained on an increase in the number of T and B lymphocytes, antibody-forming cells, as well as an increase in FA, which confirms the activation of all parts of cellular immunity in conditions of acute toxic liver damage. The data obtained allow us to recommend the studied biocompound for the creation of new drug candidates of microbiological origin, hepatoprotective agents with immunotropic effects.

Toxicological Characteristics of Bacterial Nanocellulose in an In Vivo Experiment-Part 2: Immunological Endpoints, Influence on the Intestinal Barrier and Microbiome.

Bacterial nanocellulose (BNC) is considered a promising alternative to microcrystalline cellulose, as well as an ingredient in low-calorie dietary products. However, the risks of BNC when consumed with food are not well characterized. The aim of this study is to investigate the impact of BNC on immune function, the intestinal microbiome, intestinal barrier integrity, and allergic sensitization in subacute experiments on rats. Male Wistar rats received BNC with a diet for eight weeks in a dose range of 1-100 mg/kg of body weight. The measurements of serum levels of cytokines, adipokines, iFABP2, indicators of cellular immunity, composition of the intestinal microbiome, and a histological study of the ileal mucosa were performed. In a separate four-week experiment on a model of systemic anaphylaxis to food antigen, BNC at a dose of 100 mg/kg of body weight did not increase the severity of the reaction or change the response of IgG antibodies. Based on dose-response effects on immune function, the non-observed adverse effect level for BNC was less than 100 mg/kg of body weight per day. The effects of BNC on the gut microbiome and the intestinal mucosal barrier were not dose-dependent. Data on the possible presence of prebiotic effects in BNC have been obtained.

The effect of regular exercise combined with quantitative nutritional support on immune function indicators such as CD3+, CD4+, CD8+, and nutritional status in dialysis patients.

Abstract. To study the effect of regular exercise and quantitative nutri-tional support on dialysis patients’ immune function indicators and nutritional status, 100 uremic patients who underwent hemodialysis treatment in our hos-pital from February 2021 to February 2023 were selected as the study subjects. They were divided into a control group (n=50) that received regular exercise and routine nutritional support, and a research group (n=50) that received regular exercise and quantitative nutritional support. This study compared the baseline levels of nutritional indicators such as prealbumin (PA), transferrin (TF), serum albumin (SAB), and hemoglobin (HB); cellular immune indicators such as CD3+, CD4+, and CD8+; as well as humoral immune indicators such as immunoglobulin A (IgA), immunoglobulin G (IgG), and immunoglobulin M (IgM) at enrollment and after three months of intervention. At the time of enrollment, there were no significant differences in nutritional indicators be-tween the two groups of patients (p>0.05), nor in the levels of cellular immune indicators (p>0.05) or humoral immune indicators (p>0.05). After three months of intervention, nutritional indicators such as PA in all patients in the experiment grew (p<0.05), and those in the research group exceeded the con-trol group (p<0.05). Similarly, the levels of CD3+ and other cellular immune indicators and the concentrations of IgA and other humoral immune indicators increased in both groups after three months of intervention (p<0.05). Howev-er, these increases were higher in the research group than in the control group (p<0.05). Regular exercise combined with quantitative nutritional support can effectively improve hemodialysis patients’ nutritional index levels, nutritional status, immune index levels, and immune function.

Activity of cellular immunity in patients with nutrition-dependent diseases (obesity, type 2 diabetes)

The purpose of the study is to analyze the indicators of cellular immunity in patients with obesity (OB) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2). The study included 15 patients with DM2 (DM2 group), body mass index (BMI) 37.36±1.12 kg/m2, 12 patients with OB (OB group), BMI – 38.12±1.51 kg/m2 and 15 practically healthy individuals (comparison group – GС): BMI 23.5±0.15 kg/m2. The study was performed on a flow cytometer FC-500 (Beckman Coulter, USA) using double combinations of monoclonal antibodies (Beckman Coulter – Immunotech SAS, France). The percentage indicators of the T cell population were assessed, such as total number of T lymphocytes (CD3+), number of T helper cells (CD3+CD4+), cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CD3+CD8+), natural killer cells – NK cells (CD3-CD16+CD56+), natural killer cells with the properties of T lymphocytes – NKT cells (CD3+CD16+CD56+) and B cell population (CD19+) lymphocytes, as well as the relative content of lymphocytes carrying activation markers (CD3+HLA-DR+, CD3+CD25+), and apoptosis marker antigen CD45+CD95+. The relative content of B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes in the peripheral blood of the examined individuals did not have statistically significant differences. In patients in the DM2 and OB groups, there was a tendency (p 0.1) towards an increase in the relative content of T helper cells and a significant (p 0.05) decrease in the percentage of T cytotoxic lymphocytes relative to GC. This redistribution of lymphocyte subpopulations led to a significant (p 0.05) increase in the IRI value (arbitrary units): DM2 – 2.87±0.58; OB – 2.30±0.33 vs GC – 1.62±0.15. The relative content of NK cells and NKT cells in the peripheral blood of the examined individuals did not have a statistically significant difference in the magnitude of the indicators. A statistically significant (p 0.05) increase in the relative content of T lymphocytes expressing the activation marker HLA-DR (CD3+HLA-DR+) was found in patients in the DM2 and OB groups relative to GC [(%) DM2 – 7.95±0, 81; OB – 6.54±0.24; GC – 4.01±0.91] and a significant (p 0.05) increase in the percentage of CD45+CD95+ lymphocytes in patients with OB and DM2 relative to GC [(%) DM2 – 5.84±0.68; OB – 5.16±0.89; GC – 2.78±0.34]. The results obtained indicate the presence of meta-inflammation in patients with DM2 and OB.

Algorithm for assessing the level of T cell immune response against SARS-CoV-2 and the results of its application in unvaccinated and vaccinated people who have been infected with COVID-19

Antigen (AG)-specific T cell activity was compared in two groups of patients: those who underwent COVID-19 in 2021 during the circulation of the SARS-CoV-2 delta virus strain (43 individuals); and those who underwent COVID-19 in 2022 (Omicron strain, 23 individuals). The diagnosis was confirmed by PCR analysis of nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal swabs. The 23 individuals following COVID-19 caused by SARS-CoV-2 (omicron) were part of a cohort of 41 volunteers who were examined multiple times during 2021–2023: during vaccination, after vaccination, before revaccination, and subsequently after illness (6–8 times in total). Due to this, it was possible to compare the indices of specific humoral and cellular immunity in the same patients 1–2 months before and after breakthrough infection. Detection of AG-specific T cells and assessment of their activity by AG-stimulated IFNγ production was carried out by our own previously developed method (Patent RU № 2780369 C1). For stimulation of memory T effectors in vitro, the same antigens were used to determine the concentration of antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 by ELISA method. A total of about 300 blood samples from healthy subjects and patients after COVID-19 were analyzed. Each sample was tested against 3 SARS-CoV-2 antigens and in 2 stimulation modes. A qualitative assessment algorithm for AG-specific T cell activity has been proposed that can be used to monitor the state of cellular immunity in a population in which SARS-CoV-2 virus continues to circulate and to create insights into what level of T cell activation is sufficient to prevent or reduce the severity of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Unvaccinated COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2, Delta) survivors lacked AG-specific T cells to RBD SARS-CoV-2, but T cell specificity to full-length S glycoprotein at the same level, qualitatively assessed as low in 52% of the group, persisted for up to six months. In previously unvaccinated COVID-19 vaccinees, this duration of persistence of AG-specific T cells in circulating blood was achieved only after revaccination. Hybrid immunity, which we traced as a result of vaccination after COVID-19 (Delta strain) or as a breakthrough infection (SARS-CoV-2, Omicron), is characterized by the highest indices of memory T cell activity (43–46% of the group — normal activity of AG-specific cells, 30–43% — high activity) to all used antigens and the longest duration of preservation of indices at this level. Further investigation of the level of antiviral immunity after COVID-19 may be important for predicting the outcome of new waves of SARS-CoV-2 infection.

#860 The role of immunocorrection in the treatment of patients chronic pyelonephritis

Abstract Background and Aims Chronic pyelonephritis in the structure of extragenital pathology in pregnant women occupies a leading place due to the high prevalence, complicated course of pregnancy and childbirth. Chronic pyelonephritis (CP) triggers a cascade of reactions, primarily immune, at the systemic and local levels. With HP the role of the immune system in pregnant women is not only a pathological process occurring in the kidneys, but also takes into account a number of changes in the restructuring of the immune system of a pregnant woman. In relation with the above, the study of the role of the immune system of pregnant women with chronic pyelonephritis is of great interest. To study the effectiveness of immunocorrective therapy in the complex treatment of patients with chronic pyelonephritis. Method 43 pregnant women with CP were examined, the average age was 28.3 ± 0.2 years. The study included clinical research methods (survey, questionnaire, objective examination). Of the laboratory methods a general analysis of blood, urine, urine analysis according to Nechiporenko, tank. urine culture, biochemical blood tests and instrumental (ultrasound) research methods. Cellular immunity was studied by monoclonal antibodies, humoral immunity was studied by Mancini immunodiffusion. Among the surveyed women, the first group of upp was pregnant women (n = 14) receiving traditional therapy. The second group of 13 pregnant women with CP on the background of traditional therapy received ozone therapy (basic treatment + 400 ml of saline solution ozonated to a concentration of ozone in a liquid of 4 mg/l, intravenously, drip). The third group of 15 pregnant women with CP - with traditional therapy received ozone therapy and immune-regulating therapy with polyoxidonium. Results The characterization of clinical and laboratory data on the background of therapy showed significant shifts, as lower back pain decreased by 85.71%, 92.31% and 93.33%, respectively, in both the first and second and third groups. Indicators such as dysuria decreased by 92.85%, 92% and 93% (respectively in the first, second and third groups). Leukocyturia decreased significantly on the fifth day by 71.43%, 84.62%, 86.67% (in the first, second and third groups, respectively). Results indicators of eradication of pathogens after treatment in combination with traditional therapy with ozone and immune-correcting therapy, they were significantly better than in the ozone therapy group against the background of traditional therapy and in the traditional treatment group (86.6%, 84.6% and 64.28%, respectively). As a result of the study, significant decreases in cellular immunity indicators, in particular CD3, CD4, were revealed before the treatment of patients and CD8 and revealed a significant increase in IgA, IgM. After the treatment in the treatment group in combination significant increases in the number of CD3, CD4 and CD8 were revealed by traditional therapy with ozone- and immune-regulating therapy (by 76.1%, 64.68% and 58.3%, respectively), compared with the group of women who received only ozone therapy against the background of traditional therapy and in the group of traditional treatment (66.23%, 59.54%, 54.2% and 61.12%, 54.68%, 51.4%, respectively), and normalization of immunoglobulins A was noted and M. Conclusion Along with the improvement of clinical and laboratory data in CP normalization of cellular and humoral immunity indicators was noted in pregnant women. Additional assignment to traditional therapy for chronic pyelonephritis of pregnant women, ozone therapy and therapy for correction of the immune system is a more effective treatment method.

Indicators of Immunological Status in Pregnant Women with Chronic Viral Hepatitis B and C

The work presents the results of a study of immunological indicators of cellular and humoral immunity in 45 pregnant women with chronic viral hepatitis B and C. Immunological parameters in pregnant women with CHB and CHC were characterized by suppression of the cellular component of immunity, which is manifested by a decrease in the number of total T-lymphocytes (CD3+), T-helpers (CD4+) and T-suppressors (CD8+), as well as natural killer cells (CD16), which is associated with the mechanism of maintaining pregnancy. Changes in humoral immunity are characterized by a moderate increase in the level of IgG and CEC; in case of CHC, relapse of the disease was also accompanied by an increase in class M immunoglobulins. Chronic viral hepatitis B and C in pregnant women leads to secondary immunodeficiency and an increase in the level of viral replication. A direct correlation has been revealed between indicators of the cellular immune response in CHB and CHC with the level of viral load, which must be taken into account when managing pregnancy.

Serum neopterin level in psoriatic patients treated with acitretin or narrowband ultraviolet B or both

Background A biological indicator of cellular immunity is neopterin. In certain studies, psoriasis patients had higher serum, and urine neopterin levels, which were reduced following therapy. Aims To evaluate the effect of acitretin versus narrowband ultraviolet B (NB-UVB) and combinations of them on psoriasis vulgaris and correlate it with neopterin level Patients and methods In this case-control research, a total of 120 respondents (30 healthy volunteers) served as the control group, in addition to 90 psoriasis patients randomly allocated into three equal groups: group (I): 30 patients received Acitretin for 3 months. Group (II): 30 patients were treated with NB-UVB. Group (III): 30 patients received Acitretin and NB-UVB (3 sessions/week) for 3 months. Serum neopterin levels were measured pre- and post-treatment. All patients were clinically and photographically evaluated using the Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI) score. The study was registered at clinicaltrial.com. Approval numbers: NCT05401006 and date of registration: 1/6/2022. Results In this study, statistically significant higher serum neopterin levels have been found in psoriatic patients than healthy controls. We found a significant decrease in PASI scores in all groups. The relative reduction percentage in the PASI score was substantially different between groups (P<0.001). The highest decrease percentage in PASI score was reported in group III compared with group II (NB-UVB) and group I (Acitretin group), (P<0.001). The median s. neopterin levels after treatment varied substantially among the three groups (P<0.001). Conclusion When compared with healthy controls, serum neopterin levels in psoriatic patients were substantially greater (P<0.05).

Indicators of cellular immunity and lymphocyte metabolism in children with type 1 autoimmune hepatitis at different stages of liver fibrosis

Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is a progressive hepatocellular inflammation of unknown etiology, accompanied by the process of liver fibrosis. Damage in the liver is associated with the formation of highly reactive molecules that contain unpaired electrons (free radicals), which in turn induce lipid peroxidation, leading to the development of mitochondrial dysfunction. Mitochondrial DAMPs released from damaged hepatocyte mitochondria (with mtDNA as the main active component) directly activate hepatic stellate cells and cause liver scarring. Assessing cellular metabolism can be done by examining the activity of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), a key enzyme involved in both the tricarboxylic acid cycle and OXPHOS. Aim. to examine indicators of cellular immunity and succinate dehydrogenase activity in lymphocyte populations at different stages of liver fibrosis in children with type I AIH.. Materials and methods. During hospitalization, 69 children with AIH type I, aged 12 to 18 years, Me=15.5 [12.8;16.9], were examined. 62 healthy children made up the comparison group. The stage of liver fibrosis was assessed using the FibroScan F502. The subpopulation composition of lymphocytes and the activity of succinate dehydrogenase in them were assessed using flow cytometry. The following lymphocyte populations were evaluated: T-lymphocytes, activated T-cells, B-lymphocytes, NK cells, CD16/56+CD3+ lymphocytes, cytotoxic T-lymphocytes, T-helpers, including small populations: activated T-helpers, regulatory T-cells, Th17 lymphocytes. Statistica 10.0 (USA) program was used for statistical data processing. Results. The study included 47 girls and 22 boys. Children with AIH were on standard therapy with glucocorticosteroids for 2.6 [1.1;5.4] years. In 53 children, AIH occurred in combination with gastroduodenitis (76.8% of observations), in 12 children – with gastroesophageal reflux disease (17% of observations). 7 children had comorbid autoimmune diseases or a combination of them: 5 patients had autoimmune thyroiditis (7% of cases), 2 children had vitiligo (3% of cases), as well as type 1 diabetes mellitus, juvenile rheumatoid arthritis and celiac disease in one case (1.5%), 3 children (5% of cases) had multiple autoimmune syndrome. In children with AIH, an increase in the relative content of T cells and T helper cells was detected. The relative number of NK cells and B cells was reduced in all stages of AF relative to the comparison group. A significant increase in the absolute number of Thact and Tregs was obtained at all stages of fibrosis relative to the comparison group, while the relative number of Thact (% CD4+) was significantly higher only at stages F0, F3 and F4, and the relative number of Tregs (% CD4+) was significantly higher only at stages F0 and F4. The proportion of Th17 lymphocytes (% CD4+) was significantly reduced relative to the comparison group at stages F0 and F2. From the F0 to F3 stage, the relative number of B cells decreased, and then significantly increased by the F4 stage. The proportion of T helper cells, Tregs and Thact in most patients was higher than the comparison group, however, no significant differences were found between different stages. The proportion of Th17 lymphocytes increased with increasing stage of liver fibrosis, the maximum values were detected at stage F4. A study of SDH revealed a significant decrease in the activity of this enzyme in all populations of lymphocytes. The greatest decrease in activity was detected in double negative CD3+CD4-CD8- cells by 18.5% and NK cells by 17.5% relative to the comparison group. In the populations of Th17 and Treg lymphocytes, SDH activity was significantly lower in the state of exacerbation of the disease, relative to in the state of remission. Analysis of SDH activity indicators depending on the stage of liver fibrosis revealed a nonlinear relationship: in the populations of T-helpers, T-cytotoxic and Thact – an increase to stage F2-3, and then a decrease to stage F4. SDH activity in the population of Th17 lymphocytes increased maximally at the F1 stage and subsequently decreased to the F4 stage. With increasing stage of liver fibrosis, SDH activity significantly increased in the Treg population, but did not reach normative values. Children with autoimmune hepatitis need clinical observation and strict monitoring of the development of the disease. Conclusion. The subpopulation composition of peripheral blood lymphocytes and the activity of succinate dehydrogenase in lymphocyte populations objectively reflect the severity of the patient’s condition at the time of examination and can be used for additional laboratory assessment of the progression of liver fibrosis. The identified signs of mitochondrial dysfunction justify the use of correction of metabolic disorders as a therapy that improves the basic treatment of patients with type 1 AIH.

POSSIBILITIES OF ENDOPORTAL INFUSION THERAPY FOR INTRA-ABDOMINAL SURGICAL INFECTIONS COMPLICATED BY ACUTE INTESTINAL FAILURE

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of EIT for intra-abdominal infections complicated by acute intestinal failure. Materials and Methods: The authors modified the technique of catheterization of the right gastroepiploic vein to conduct prolonged endoportal infusion therapy. The modification allows for easy surgery and successful removal of the catheter upon completion of endoportal infusion therapy. This operation is possible using video laparoscopic access. An antihypoxic agent, an antibiotic, and a hepatoprotector were given as an endoportal bolus. The technique was carried out on 24 patients with various purulent-inflammatory diseases of the abdominal organs complicated by acute intestinal failure. The results were compared with a group of 24 patients treated with traditional methods. Research Results: As a result of the study, it turned out that in the main group, indicators returned to normal according to the systems for assessing the severity of the condition (APACHE II and abdominal index) and signs of intestinal failure (EMFC) on the day 5 of treatment. At the same time, in the comparison group, these changes occurred only on the day 7 of treatment (p≤0.05). The values of enzymes reflecting the state of the intestinal wall, as well as indicators of cellular immunity were normalized by day 3 in the main group, and by day 7 in the comparison group (p≤0.05). Conclusion: The proposed EIT technology can serve as a good supplement to the treatment of patients with intra-abdominal purulent-inflammatory diseases complicated by acute intestinal failure. It prevents bacterial translocation into the portal system and thus reduces the risk of generalized infection and multiple organ failure.

Cellular Immune Responses Against γ-Inactivated Antigen in the Recovered Cases of Kyasanur Forest Disease.

Kyasanur Forest Disease Virus (KFDV) is a tick-borne flavivirus that causes life-threatening hemorrhagic fever in humans with case fatality rates of 3-5%. Relatively little is known about the mechanism of its pathogenesis or host immune responses to KFDV infection. Here, we investigated KFDV-specific cellular immune responses in the recovered cases of Kyasanur Forest Disease (KFD). Peripheral blood mononuclear cells of the recovered KFD cases and healthy controls were exposed to γ-inactivated KFDV antigen ex vivo. The proliferation index was determined using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay-based lymphoproliferative assay. The frequencies of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells expressing intracellular interferon (IFN)-γ in response to stimulation with γ-inactivated KFDV antigen were determined using flow cytometry. A significant increase in lymphoproliferation and a high frequency of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells secreting IFN-γ against γ-inactivated KFDV antigen were found in the recovered KFD group compared to the healthy control group. In conclusion, the study indicated the generation of cellular immune responses in individuals who recovered from KFD and can be used as indicators of cellular immunity in KFD vaccine studies.

Analysis of the influence of enzyme preparations produced using technological microorganisms on the microbiome and cellular immunity of rats

The observed increase in the production of enzyme preparations (EP) using mutant and genetically modified microorganisms makes it necessary to assess their risks to consumer health. However, at present, their possible influence on the microbiome, immune status of the macroorganism has not been sufficiently studied. The purpose of the research was to assess the effect of two EP - the complex of hydrolases with proteolytic and nuclease activity from the Aspergillus oryzae RCAM 01134 mutant strain (EP1) and the neutral protease - bacillolysin and serine protease from the Bacillus subtilis-96 (VKM B-3499D) mutant strain (FP2) on the intestine microbiome and cellular immunity indices of the experimental animals. Material and methods. The experiment on the subacute toxicity of EP1 and EP2 was carried out for 30 days using Wistar rats (7 groups of 10 males each). EP was administered to animals intragastrically in doses 0 (control - saline solution); 1, 10 and 100 mg/kg body weight per day. The composition of the cecum microbiocenosis was studied by inoculating tenfold dilutions of the cecum contents on the differential diagnostic media. The quantitative content of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA - acetic, propionic, isobutyric, butyric, isovaleric, valerianic acids) in the colon contents was determined by highperformance gas chromatography. The expression of T- and B-lymphocyte and NK-cell receptors (CD45RА+, CD3+, CD161+, CD3+CD4+, CD3+CD8+) in rat peripheral blood was determined using an FC-500 flow cytometer. Results. The data obtained as a result of the microbiocenosis studies of the cecum contents indicate that EP1 and EP2 administration had a reliable effect on the quantitative and qualitative composition of aerobic microorganisms, including opportunistic microorganisms, as well as it lead to a weak increase in the number of bifidobacteria and lactobacilli. The development of an inflammatory process in animals of all experimental groups have been caused by the changes in the qualitative and quantitative composition of various groups of microorganisms in the cecum contents, SCFA level in the faeces and indicators of cellular immunity under intragastric administration of FP1 and FP2 for 30 days. Conclusion. The revealed difference in the composition of the cecum microbiocenosis, SCFAs produced by the intestinal microflora, and the cellular immunity indices of the experimental animals under EP1 and EP2 administration, in our opinion, is due to the spectrum of metabolites produced by the intestinal microflora, as well as strains of Aspergillus oryzae RCAM 01134 and Bacillus subtilis-96 (VKM B-3499D). The features of the relationship between the spectrum of SCFAs produced by the intestinal microflora, their quantity and the percentage of T- and B-lymphocytes in the blood of rats indicate different mechanisms of the influence of EP1 and EP2 on the microbiome and immune status of the macroorganism.

Vibration disease and its combination with deforming osteoarthritis: factors of cellular immunity, cytokine profile

The article describes the features of the state of the immune profile and cytokine regulation in vibration disease associated with exposure to local vibration and its combination with osteoarthritis. The prognostic value of changes in the immune profile and cytokine regulation in vibration disease from exposure to local vibration and its com bination with osteoarthritis has been established. It has been proven that when exposed to industrial vibration, there is a change in the main indicators of cellular immunity and cytokine regulation, which characterize the state of the immune system in vibration disease from exposure to local vibration. Notably, these changes are most pronounced in second-degree vibration disease from exposure to local vibration and its combination with osteoarthritis.

Biological variation of serum neopterin concentrations in apparently healthy individuals.

The aims of this study were to determine the biological variation (BV), reference change value (RCV), index of individuality (II), and quality specifications for serum neopterin concentrations; a measurand provided by clinical laboratories as an indicator of cellular immunity. The study delivered serum samples collected for 10 consecutive weeks from 12 apparently healthy individuals (3 male, 9 female). Serum neopterin concentrations were measured using high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorometric detection. The data analysis was performed using an online statistical tool and addressed published criteria for estimation of biological variation. The mean neopterin concentration was 5.26 nmol/L. The within-subject biological variation (CVI) with 95 % confidence interval (CI) of neopterin serum concentrations was 11.54 % (9.98-13.59), and the between-subject biological variation (CVG) with 95 % CI was 43.27 % (30.52-73.67). The neopterin asymmetrical RCV was-24.9 %/+33.1 %, and the II was 0.27. The desirable quality specifications for neopterin were <5.77 % for precision, <11.20 % for bias, and <20.72 % for total allowable error (TEa). When analytical variation was used instead of CVI to calculate TEa, the desirable TEa was <18.39. This study determined BV data for neopterin, an indicator of cell-mediated immune response. Asymmetric RCV values, of 24.9 % decrease or a 33.1 % increase between consecutive measurements indicate significant change. The II of 0.27 indicates a high degree of individuality, therefore that it is appropriate to consider the use of personal reference data and significance of change rather than the reference interval as points of reference for the evaluation of neopterin serum concentrations.

The role of cellular immunity and systemic inflammation indices in the pathogenetic mechanisms of mental disorders

To date, inflammatory mechanisms are known to be involved in neuronal damage and increased risk of associated mental disorders, but most previous work has focused primarily on cytokines and other inflammatory markers that are difficult to replicate and not economically feasible for use in routine clinical practice. Other extremely important indicators of the systemic inflammatory process are circulating blood cells and changes in their number, composition, and ratio. Hematologic indices of systemic inflammation (HISI) are already used in somatic specialties: neutrophil-lymphocyte (NLR), monocyte-lymphocyte (MLR) and platelet-lymphocyte (PLR) ratios, as well as the Systemic Immune Inflammation Index (SII) and the System Inflammation Response Index (SIRI). In the context of psychopathology, the HISI require additional investigation, which makes it necessary to pay more attention to the possible mechanisms underlying their changes. The article provides data on the contribution of each cellular element to the mechanism of neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration and on their role in the development of psychopathological processes.

The effect of the combined use of tulatromycin and thymalin in genital mycoplasmosis in cows on cellular immunity indicators

Modern technologies of industrial animal husbandry imply the most effective use of the reproductive potential of females and obtaining healthy young from them. The limiting factor in achieving this goal are diseases characterized by smoothed symptoms, which complicates their timely diagnosis and therapy, one of which is genital mycoplasmosis of cattle. The presence of a long latent period and unclear symptoms allows this disease to remain unnoticed and spread in the herd. During the latent period, morphofunctional changes develop in the body of females, leading to partial or complete loss of reproductive ability. Tetracycline, fluoroquinolone and macrolide antibiotics have been used with varying degrees of effectiveness for the treatment of cows with genital mycoplasmosis, however, antibiotic therapy alone does not restore all functions disrupted during the disease, and in particular does not eliminate immunodeficiency. In this regard, the purpose of our study was to study the inclusion of the immunomodulator thymalin in the treatment regimen of cows with genital mycoplasmosis and its effect on the content of leukocytes, lymphocytes and their subpopulations in the blood. Three groups of animals were formed for the experiment: the first group - pregnant cows with genital mycoplasmosis for the treatment of which the antibiotic traksovet 100 (tulatromycin) was used at a dose of 2.5 mg per 1 kg of animal body weight, subcutaneously, once 40 days before the expected delivery; the second group - pregnant cows with genital mycoplasmosis for the treatment of which the antibiotic traksovet 100 was used at the same dose and the immunomodulator timalin at a dose of 0.1 mg per 1 kg of animal body weight, intramuscularly, twice with an interval of 72 hours; the third group – clinically healthy pregnant cows. In all groups of cows, the number of leukocytes, the percentage of lymphocytes, the absolute and relative content of T-, B- and 0-lymphocytes were determined. It has been established that the use of tulatromycin for the treatment of cows with genital mycoplasmosis gives a good therapeutic effect, but provides only partial restoration of cellular immunity. The combined use of tulatromycin and thymalin has the maximum therapeutic effect and leads to the complete restoration of cellular immunity, and some indicators even slightly exceed their value in clinically healthy cows.

Features of peripheral blood cellular immunity parameters in patients with lung damage up to 30 % in COVID-19

Background. The stability of human organism for different kind of infection, including SARS-CoV-2 is significantly defined by the immune system. The mechanisms of the cellular immunity to the SARS-CoV-2 are not exactly defined and are under study. The aim. To study the features of cell immunity parameters in patients with lung damage up to 30 % in COVID-19. Material and methods. 73 people were examined during the 2020–2021 pandemic. The study group consisted of 31 patients with lung damage up to 30 % with COVID-19, the comparison group consisted of 42 people not infected with SARS-CoV-2. A complete clinical blood count was carried out using a Medonic M20 hematological analyzer (Boule Medical, Sweden), the level of lymphocyte subpopulations was determined using a FACS Calibur cytometer (BD, USA) and FITC- and phycoerythrin-labeled monoclonal antibodies (Sorbent, Russia). Differences were considered statistically significant at p &lt; 0.05. Results. Patients with COVID-19 with lung damage according to computed tomography (CT) ≤ 30 % before the treatment had a restructuring in the ratio of lymphocyte subpopulations in 67.7 % of cases. Lymphopenia (&lt; 1.1 × 109 cells/l) was detected in 34.4 % of patients: a decrease in the absolute count of CD3+ lymphocytes by 30.8 %, CD3+CD4+ – by 35 %, CD3+CD8+ – by 6.7 % (p &lt; 0.05), CD16+CD56+ natural killer (NK) cells – by 29.4 % (p = 0.009). The level of CD95+ lymphocytes in COVID-19 is 3.2 times higher than in healthy individuals. Elevated levels of HLA-DR+- (&gt; 20 %) and CD3+ HLADR+ lymphocytes (&gt; 6 %) are recorded in 60 % and 86.7 % of patients, respectively. Elevated levels of CD19+ B lymphocytes (&gt; 17 %) in COVID-19 are 2.6 times more common than in healthy individuals. Correlation dependences of the count of NK cells with a wide range of T lymphocyte subpopulations were revealed. Conclusion. Cellular immunity indicators in COVID-19 have a number of features that can serve as predictors of the progression of the severity of the disease.

Effect of platelet automesoconcentrate on the immunological status of experimental animals after liver resection

Objective. To study the indices of cellular and humoral immunity in the blood of rats after liver resection and under conditions of administration of platelet automeso–concentrate.&#x0D; Materials and methods. The study was performed on albino Wistar rats weighing 140 – 245 g. Resection of 2/3 of the liver was performed using the method of aseptic removal of its left and central lobes. During the resection, platelet autologous concentrate at a dose of 1 ml/kg was injected into the liver residue. To characterise the cellular and humoral components of immunity, the levels of leukocytes, lymphocytes, the number of total T– and B–lymphocytes, the level of circulating immune complexes, and the content of immunoglobulins of classes G and M were determined.&#x0D; Results. In the initial stages after liver resection, a marked leukocytosis was observed, accompanied by an increase in the relative number of basophils, eosinophils, rods and monocytes and a decrease in the level of segmented neutrophils and lymphocytes. The level of lymphocytes decreased at the expense of the T–cell population. Against the background of an increase in the number of B–lymphocytes, there was an increase in the levels of immunoglobulins M, G and circulating immune complexes. The injection of platelet autologous concentrate into the liver residue during resection of this organ stimulated the cellular and humoral immunity, as the studied parameters were higher than those of animals that did not receive platelet autologous concentrate. On the 7th day after partial hepatectomy, the studied parameters approached the control values.&#x0D; Conclusions. Components of cellular and humoral immunity can directly or indirectly affect the processes of liver regeneration after liver resection. B–cells after liver resection as antigen–presenting cells can trigger and modulate the immune response, which is enhanced by the introduction of platelet autologous concentrate into the body.

Indices of cellular and humoral immunity in a patient with a history of central precocious puberty in anamnesis

The etiology of precocious puberty includes organic anomalies, genetic mutations, but the primary cause remains unclear in the vast majority of cases. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GRH) agonists are used as a treatment of gonadotropin-dependent precocious puberty. Blocking the secretion of gonadotropin-releasing hormone, these drugs stop the premature development of sexual features, prevent premature closure of ossification zones, thereby increasing the child’s expected adult height. The interest in the effects of this group of drugs beyond the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis has been recently increased. A series of clinical cases have been reported on the development of autoimmune diseases, e.g., autoimmune thyroiditis, Graves disease and type 1 diabetes. The article presents a clinical observation of a patient with central form of premature development who exhibited satisfactory response to treatment with a GRH agonist drug. Further follow-up did not show any reproductive dysfunction. Upon immunological examination, a disturbance was revealed only in the cellular component of immunity. An increased metabolic activity of neutrophils was found, thus, probably, indicating a nonspecific inflammatory process. The levels of immunoglobulins A, M, G matched the reference values. Thus, the therapy with a drug from the group of GRH agonists was effective and safe in terms of influencing the patient’s immune system. The role of hormonal disorders and effects of GRH agonists on the development of immunopathological conditions require further research.

Effect of Radiation Therapy on Composition of Lymphocyte Populations in Patients with Primary Breast Cancer.

Radiation therapy (RT) is an important step in the treatment of primary breast cancer as it is one of the leading contributors to cancer incidence among women. Most patients with this disease acquire radiation-induced lymphopenia in the early post-radiation period; however, little is known about the effect of RT on the composition of lymphocyte populations in such patients. This study was aimed at investigating the effect of adjuvant remote RT-performed in the classical mode for patients with primary breast cancer-on the main components of cell-mediated immunity (major lymphocyte populations), including those in patients receiving chemotherapy. Between 2020 and 2022, 96 patients with stage I-III breast cancer were included in this study. All patients in the final stage of complex treatment received RT via a 3D conformal technique (3DCRT). The clinical target volume of this RT included the breast or chest wall and locoregional lymphatics. Flow cytometry was used to assess the levels and phenotypes of circulating lymphocytes before and after RT (no more than 7 days before and after RT). The evaluation of the impact of polychemotherapy (PCT) was conducted to determine whether it was a risk factor for the onset of radio-induced lymphopenia (RIL) in the context of RT. When assessing the immune status in the general group of patients (n = 96), before the start of adjuvant external beam radiotherapy (EBRT), the average number of lymphocytes was 1.68 ± 0.064 × 109/L; after the course of adjuvant EBRT, it decreased to 1.01 ± 0.044 × 109/L (p < 0.001). When assessing the absolute indicators of cellular immunity in the general group of patients with BC after a course of adjuvant EBRT, significant dynamics were revealed by the changes in all cell populations of lymphocytes (paired t-test, p < 0.05). The adaptive immune system in breast cancer patients changed in the early post-radiation period. The absolute levels of B-, T- and natural killer cells significantly reduced after RT regardless of whether the patients previously underwent chemotherapy courses. RT for patients with primary breast cancer should be considered in clinical management because it significantly alters lymphocyte levels and should be considered when assessing antitumor immunity, as significant changes in T-cell immunity have been observed. In addition, the identified changes are critical if specific targeted therapy or immunotherapy is needed.