Cellular Automata Theory Research Articles

Driver Behaviour Algorithms for the Cellular Automata-Based Mathematical Model of Traffic Flows

The work is devoted to the development of new algorithms describing the complex interaction of drivers for the parallel numerical implementation of the traffic flow model developed by the authors based on the cellular automata theory. As is known from observations, the behaviour of drivers largely determines how difficult it will be to pass a section with a bottleneck (a narrowing, a motionless obstacle, etc.) or even without it at the same flow values. In such conditions, cars can move in a synchronized flow at a more or less constant speed or go into “stop-and-go” mode. The authors have developed a set of algorithms for a large number of different road situations, which is featured in this article.

Modeling of Biofilm Growth on Fine Spherical Particles with the Use of Cellular Automata: The Influence of Cell Death and Lysis on the Biofilm Structure

The paper concerns the modeling of heterogeneous biofilm growth on fine spherical particles of such biofilm forms as, e.g., fluidized-bed bioreactors. Three discrete mathematical models based on cellular automata theory were proposed. The double-substrate kinetics of biomass growth, biomass displacement, internal and external mass transfer resistances, death and lysis of microbiological cells and biofilm detachment were taken into account. It was shown that there are no significant qualitative and quantitative differences between biofilm growth on flat and spherical particles of different radii. Computer simulations were compared with experimental observations. Qualitative and quantitative agreement areachieved if both cell death and lysis aretaken into consideration and a proper algorithm of biomass displacement is used. The value of the bacteria lysis rate coefficient was estimated.

Forecasting Urban Water Demand Using Cellular Automata

Associating the dynamic spatial modeling based on the theory of cellular automata with remote sensing and geoprocessing technologies, this article analyzes what would be the per capita consumption behavior of Fortaleza-CE, located in the Northeast of Brazil, in 2017, had there not been a period of water scarcity between 2013 and 2017, and estimates the future urban water demand for the years 2021 and 2025. The weight of evidence method was applied to produce a transition probability map, that shows which areas will be more subject to consumption class change. For that, micro-measured water consumption data from 2009 and 2013 were used. The model was validated by the evaluation of diffuse similarity indices. A high level of similarity was found between the simulated and observed data (0.99). Future scenarios indicated an increase in water demand of 6.45% and 10.16% for 2021 and 2025, respectively, compared to 2017. The simulated annual growth rate was 1.27%. The expected results of urban water consumption for the years 2021 and 2025 are essential for local water resources management professionals and scientists, because, based on our results, these professionals will be able to outline future water resource management strategies.

Cellular automata in operational probabilistic theories

The theory of cellular automata in operational probabilistic theories is developed. We start introducing the composition of infinitely many elementary systems, and then use this notion to define update rules for such infinite composite systems. The notion of causal influence is introduced, and its relation with the usual property of signalling is discussed. We then introduce homogeneity, namely the property of an update rule to evolve every system in the same way, and prove that systems evolving by a homogeneous rule always correspond to vertices of a Cayley graph. Next, we define the notion of locality for update rules. Cellular automata are then defined as homogeneous and local update rules. Finally, we prove a general version of the wrapping lemma, that connects CA on different Cayley graphs sharing some small-scale structure of neighbourhoods.

Formation of Unique Characteristics of Hiding and Encoding of Data Blocks Based on the Fragmented Identifier of Information Processed by Cellular Automata

Currently, the following applications of the theory of cellular automata are known: symmetric encryption, data compression, digital image processing and some others. There are also studies suggesting the possibility of building a public key system based on cellular automata, but this problem has not been solved. The purpose of the study is to develop an algorithm for hiding and encoding data blocks based on a fragmented identifier of information processed on the basis of cellular automata in the scale of binary data streams using an original method containing an public parameter in the conversion key. A mathematical model of the formation of unique data characteristics is considered, based on the use of patterns that determine the individual neighborhood of elements in cell encryption. A multi-threaded computing scheme has been developed for processing confidential data using the single-key method with a public parameter based on cellular automata and using data segmentation. To study individual chains in data blocks, a software module has been developed that allows one to evaluate the uniformity of information distribution during encryption. A variant of estimating the distribution of bits is proposed that indirectly reflects the cryptographic strength of the method. Based on the developed theoretical principles, a software module is synthesized that implements a transformation rule that takes into account the individual neighborhood of the processed element on the basis of a cellular automata. Experimental studies have shown that this modification made it possible to increase the speed of the method by up to 13 percent due to segmentation and the possibility of parallel processing of the original matrix, as well as to increase cryptographic strength due to the use of a unique chain of pseudo-random neighborhood (hereinafter referred to as PRN) defined by the transformation key. At the same time, it was possible to maintain uniformity of distribution of the output chain at the bit level and to ensure that the number of inversions was included in the confidence interval.

Three-Dimensional Evacuation Model with Applicability Based on the Theory of Cellular Automata

With the increasing number of terror attacks in France, evacuation plans at the Louvre, which receives tens of thousands of visitors every year, has become the key to the safety of visitors. Our goal is to make a reasonable emergency evacuation plan. First, we establish a two-dimensional evacuation model, based on the model, we build a three-dimensional cellular automaton model, which takes the speed of moving up and down the stairs of the occupants, positional attraction and probability of collisions into consideration. Second, we use Pathfinder for simulation. Finally, we find that the exit 1(secondary entrance) should be opened when the visitor density is high, while the exit 3 should be opened when the visitor density is low; and the Passage Richelieu entrance has the greatest influence on evacuation time, and emergency personnel should choose the Pyramid entrance as their emergency entrance.

Cellular Automata Approach to Hydration Heat of Concrete Based on Equivalent Time

Cellular automata can be used to analyze a physical system which is satisfying differential equations. A cellular automata program for a thermal analysis of hydration heat was developed. Based on the fundamental theory of cellular automata, the heat conduction equation was deduced for validating the cellular automata approach. By introduction of the concept of equivalent time, the variation of the chemical reaction rate of hydration heat with temperature was studied by use of the Arrhenius function. The relationship between the adiabatic temperature rise and equivalent time was determined by analyzing testing data．A parametric analysis of ambient temperature and concrete slab thickness was also conducted. The temperature rise of concrete increases with increasing ambient temperature and thickness of the slab.

Permeability Coefficient of Rock Mass in Underwater Mining

Mine water inrush was one of the main challenges in deep mining. The analysis and study of the key factors affecting mine water inrush was an important part of the prevention and control of water inrush accidents for underwater mining. Based on the theory of cellular automata, a space-time dynamic evolution model with square grid cell space and Mohr cell neighborhood is established, and a one-dimensional cellular automata model of porous media seepage is constructed to analyze the coupling effect of water flow in rock media and its influence on rock permeability. Based on the analysis of the influence of mining engineering geological conditions on mine water inrush, the influence of the permeability of overlying strata and the influence of fault fracture zone on permeability was further analyzed. In the analysis of the mechanical properties and failure process of the surrounding rock with faults and fractures, the important influencing parameters of mine water inrush accident evaluation were obtained. It provided theoretical reference and work guidance for the prevention of mine water inrush accident and related measures.

Land use scenario simulation of mountainous districts based on Dinamica EGO model

Mountainous area makes up 22% of global land, and rational land use in this area is important for sustainable development. Mentougou district has been positioned as an ecological conservation development zone of Beijing and significant land use changes have taken place since 2004. With the combination of GIS and Dinamica EGO (Environment for Geoprocessing Objects) model, the quantitative structure and spatial distribution of land use in Mentougou from 2006 to 2014 are analyzed in this paper. Considering topography has influence on the action mode of driving factors, the research area is divided into two parts based on elevation, mountainous area above 300 m, plain and shallow mountainous area below 300 m. Based on cellular automata theory, the probability of land use change is calculated by Weights of Evidence method and the spatial distribution of land use is simulated by means of two complementary spatial transition functions: Expander and Patcher. Land use pattern of Menougou in 2030 for three kinds of scenarios: trend development, rapid development and ecological protection are simulated. The comparison shows that the trend development scenario is more reasonable based on social, economic and environmental considerations and other scenarios provide a reference for improving irrational land use.

Application research of ant colony cellular optimization algorithm in population evacuation path planning

With the improvement of people's living standards, large-scaled public activities have increased considerably, and the emergency probability has increased greatly. When an emergency occurs, the emergency evacuation can effectively reduce casualties and economic losses. Therefore, how to quickly evacuate crowd is a current research hotspot in this field. The path planning of emergency evacuation is one of the effective ways to implement the crowd evacuation. Aiming at the problem of path planning for emergency evacuation and taking the grid map as the background, the ant colony cellular optimization (ACCO) algorithm is proposed as the path planning algorithm based on the cellular automata theory and ant colony algorithm. Firstly, in order to solve the problem of inconsistent time steps in the quadrilateral grid map, the grid map based on hexagonal cell is established and the ACCO algorithm is developed based on the hexagonal grid map. And the method of solving grid coordinate is given. Then, in order to improve the convergence speed and search ability of the ACCO algorithm, the static field is used to optimize the heuristic function, and the segment update rule is used to optimize the pheromone update method. Finally, the parameters of ACCO algorithm are optimized through the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm. The method of designing the fitness evaluation function is proposed, and the optimal combination of parameters of the ACCO algorithm is implemented according to the fitness function. In order to verify the scientificity and effectiveness of the algorithm proposed in this research and also to systematically verify the optimization strategy, in this research the exhibition hall on the B-deck of a large cruise ship is used as the engineering background, and the traditional algorithm and the ACCO algorithm are adopted to perform the simulations. The simulation results show that compared with the traditional quadrilateral grid, the hexagonal grid proposed in this research unifies the simulation time step and can be used as the division method of the simulation environment. At the same time, the ACCO algorithm can effectively perform the evacuation path planning, and the optimization strategy proposed in this research not only acceletates the search speed, but also increases the solution space and improves the search ability, which can effectively avoid falling into the local optimal solution.

Computer Simulation Study on Dynamic Recrystallization Mechanism of Magnesium Alloy during Compound Deformation

The evolution law of dynamic recrystallization structure in the process of indentation-flattening compound deformation technology (IFCDT) of AZ31 magnesium alloy was studied. A computer simulation method for dynamic recrystallization structure evolution process was proposed based on cellular automata theory (CA method). Firstly, the material model of cellular automata method is established. Secondly, the performance parameters and compound deformation parameters of AZ31 magnesium alloy were determined. Finally, the dynamic recrystallization process of AZ31 magnesium alloy during compound deformation was analyzed. During the compound deformation of AZ31 magnesium alloy, the dynamic recrystallization mechanism is initial state, nucleation of new grains, generation of new grains, growth of new grains, continuous growth of new grains, and covering of original large grains. Compared simulation results with experimental results, the maximum relative errors is 15.4%. It is proved that cellular automaton method may be used to predict the microstructure evolution of AZ31 magnesium alloy during indentation-flattening compound deformation.

Proposed evacuation safety index (ESI) for school buildings

Purpose Schools are vulnerable to strong-magnitude earthquakes. The purpose of this study is to develop a seismic evacuation safety index (ESI) to assess school’s safety as a function of the following parameters: means of egress, disaster preparedness and disaster response. Moreover, the study aims to simulate and study an evacuation model to estimate evacuation time for a realistic understanding of the evacuation processes. Design/methodology/approach The paper used a semi-quantitative risk assessment method in developing the ESI. This was used to evaluate schools and classify them according to their level of evacuation safety. To estimate the evacuation time of each school, cellular automata theory and static floor field were used. Findings The paper provides primary school stakeholders important parameters that they should consider in preparing pre-disaster plans to ensure safe evacuation of school children. Research limitations/implications ESI focuses only on the means of egress, disaster preparedness and disaster response as the contributing factors. The structural conditions of each school building and assessment of non-structural elements are not considered. Practical implications The ESI and the evacuation model can be used as a basis for evacuation planning and decision-making. This can help building owners and administrators in strengthening their disaster risk management plan by enforcing mitigating measures. Originality/value ESI is an original idea and fills the gap regarding the safe evacuation of school children especially during a major seismic event.

Spread of Infectious Disease Modeling and Analysis of Different Factors on Spread of Infectious Disease Based on Cellular Automata.

Infectious diseases are an important cause of human death. The study of the pathogenesis, spread regularity, and development trend of infectious diseases not only provides a theoretical basis for future research on infectious diseases, but also has practical guiding significance for the prevention and control of their spread. In this paper, a controlled differential equation and an objective function of infectious diseases were established by mathematical modeling. Based on cellular automata theory and a compartmental model, the SLIRDS (Susceptible-Latent-Infected-Recovered-Dead-Susceptible) model was constructed, a model which can better reflect the actual infectious process of infectious diseases. Considering the spread of disease in different populations, the model combines population density, sex ratio, and age structure to set the evolution rules of the model. Finally, on the basis of the SLIRDS model, the complex spread process of pandemic influenza A (H1N1) was simulated. The simulation results are similar to the macroscopic characteristics of pandemic influenza A (H1N1) in real life, thus the accuracy and rationality of the SLIRDS model are confirmed.

An information source localization algorithm based on cellular automata model

In order to research the localization problem of information source in a social network, this paper first constructs a complex network node model (Random-Susceptible-Infected-Recovered, R-SIR) based on cellular automata theory, and then utilizes this model to calculate the number of forwarding paths from a node to other forwarding nodes and the probability of occurrence of such forwarding paths, and presents an information source search method based on node reachability measure to locate the information distribution source in the information forwarding network. Theoretical analysis indicates that the algorithm, on the one hand, can avoid the time complexity problem brought by the maximum likelihood estimation, and on the other hand, overcome the inaccuracy problem of step number estimation in accessibility measure. Experimental results show that the algorithm has higher recognition rate and recognition accuracy for the information source in a multi-node network, and can search the information source, and is of great significance for the privacy protection of personal data.

An Agent-Based Simulation Model of Knowledge Spillover Under the Influence of High-Speed Railway

Abstract The calculation for the influence of high-speed railway on knowledge spillover is based on the results of global instantaneous equilibrium in the mechanism explanation of knowledge spillover. In real production, the interaction between the high-speed railway and the regional innovation system is dynamic and local. In order to simulate the impact of high-speed railway on innovation activities in the time dimension, it is necessary to simulate scenarios under appropriate parameter assumptions. Based on the interaction of economic participants, a discrete evolutionary simulation model is established, which is helpful to predict and estimate the evolution of spatial effect of high-speed railway according to the theory of cellular automata. It is concluded that high-speed railway accelerates the formation of knowledge innovation industry cluster in the region in the process of regional knowledge innovation and evolution. Under the influence of high-speed railway, the node city will gradually evolve into a regional innovation center. By comparing the production evolution of knowledge innovation system with and without high-speed railway, the results show that high-speed railway has a more significant impact on knowledge spillover in higher knowledge privatization environment. Under the background of low labor migration rate, high-speed railway has increased the potential of regional innovation to external knowledge spillover. In the case of higher labor migration rate, the convergence rate of influence of high-speed railway on the concentration of innovation is faster.

Reproduction of experimental spatio-temporal structures in traffic flows using mathematical model based on cellular automata theory

The paper deals with mathematical modelling of traffic flows on urban road networks using cellular automata theory. Two versions of the model based on Nagel-Schreckenberg traffic flow model were created. They both are multilane, include complex driver behaviour algorithms and allow simulating traffic on various road elements and on road networks. One of the models is using “slow-to-start” concept that represents the fact that it takes drivers more time to accelerate when they just start moving in comparison with the situation when their speed is already above zero. The goal of the work was to reproduce experimental spatio-temporal patterns on traffic velocity diagrams with the created models and to research the difference between them and to determine the range of the applicability for each. Parallel algorithms of realisation for the models are created. Computations are carried out for each element of the road (T or X type intersection, on-ramp, road fragment with widening or bottleneck, straight road fragment, etc.) separately and in parallel, that allows performing calculations on various complex road networks. Different kinds of average characteristics (such as, for instance, the capacity of the crossroad) can be also obtained using the created program package. Computations show that the results obtained are in an agreement with experimental data and therefore can be used for practical traffic flow modelling in cities.

A dynamic estimation method for aircraft emergency evacuation based on cellular automata

To reduce the time of aircraft passenger evacuation in an unplanned emergency and improve passenger safety, this article proposed a dynamic estimation method of an aircraft emergency evacuation process; optimal performance statistics can be estimated efficiently. Then, the emergency guiding model is established based on the cellular automata theory. In this model, multiple factors are considered, such as seat pitch, exit width, and occupant behavior. A total of six categories (target exit choice, movement direction selection, movement speed calculation, behavior representation, crew operation, and exit modeling) and 24 evacuation regulations are included. Two kinds of civil aircraft with 90 seats and 149 seats were tested individually using the proposed model and a traditional model. The total evacuation time can be reduced by more than 5%, and optimal performance statistics can be reduced by more than 30%. The results indicate that with this model, more lives can be saved in the case of an emergency.

Simulation of traffic flows on road segments using cellular automata theory and quasigasdynamic approach

Simulation of traffic flows on road segments using cellular automata theory and quasigasdynamic approach

Simulation of traffic flows on road segments using cellular automata theory and quasigasdynamic approach

Simulation of traffic flows on road segments using cellular automata theory and quasigasdynamic approach

Solutions to All‐Colors Problem on Graph Cellular Automata

The All‐Ones Problem comes from the theory of σ+‐automata, which is related to graph dynamical systems as well as the Odd Set Problem in linear decoding. In this paper, we further study and compute the solutions to the “All‐Colors Problem,” a generalization of “All‐Ones Problem,” on some interesting classes of graphs which can be divided into two subproblems: Strong‐All‐Colors Problem and Weak‐All‐Colors Problem, respectively. We also introduce a new kind of All‐Colors Problem, k‐Random Weak‐All‐Colors Problem, which is relevant to both combinatorial number theory and cellular automata theory.