Cellophane Membrane Research Articles

Оценка степени высвобождения и токсичности соединений цинка, используемых в фармацевтических и косметических средствах

The degree of release from ointments and the toxicity of three zinc compounds were assessed to establish their minimum sufficient concentration in antibacterial pharmaceutical and cosmetic products. The properties of zinc oxide (ZnO), zinc pyrrolidone carboxylate (ZnРСА) and zinc salicylate (Zn(Sal)2·2H2О) were compared. The release rate of active substances from petrolatum-based ointments (the mass fraction of zinc compounds is 1%) was determined by the Kruvchinsky method. A cellophane film for dialysis served as a semipermeable membrane, which was fixed on a glass tube (length 15 cm, cross section 20 mm2). A sample of ointment (2.00 g) was applied to the inner surface of the membrane. The dialysis tube was inserted into a beaker with dialysis medium and immersed to a depth of no more than 3 mm. The toxicity of aqueous solutions (distilled water) of zinc compounds was determined in a bioluminescent biotest using “Ecolume” bacterial preparation based on a non-pathogenic strain of Escherichia coli. It was found that a high level of toxicity of is achieved at 10-5 mol/dm3 zinc salts in a solution, zinc oxide – 10-4 mol/dm3. A similar amount of Zn2+ diffuses from ointments through a semipermeable cellophane membrane used for the study of dialysis into a 50% aqueous alcohol solution. Zinc ion release from ointment with ZnO was only 0.31%, as well as from ointments with ZnPCA and Zn(Sal)2·2H2О – 1.59% and 1.87% respectively. Thus, the tested approach is economically and environmentally effective, as it allows you to determine the lowest effective concentration of active substances, reducing the burden on the human microbiome and the environment.

Functional Characterization of the Transcription Factor Gene CgHox7 in Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, Which Is Responsible for Poplar Anthracnose.

Colletotrichum gloeosporioides is the main pathogen that causes poplar anthracnose. This hemibiotrophic fungus, which can severely decrease the economic benefits and ecological functions of poplar trees, infects the host by forming an appressorium. Hox7 is an important regulatory factor that functions downstream of the Pmk1 MAPK signaling pathway. In this study, we investigated the effect of deleting CgHox7 on C. gloeosporioides. The conidia of the ΔCgHox7 deletion mutant germinated on a GelBond membrane to form non-melanized hyphal structures, but were unable to form appressoria. The deletion of CgHox7 weakened the ability of hyphae to penetrate a cellophane membrane and resulted in decreased virulence on poplar leaves. Furthermore, deleting CgHox7 affected the oxidative stress response. In the initial stage of appressorium formation, the accumulation of reactive oxygen species differed between the ΔCgHox7 deletion mutant and the wild-type control. Moreover, CgHox7 expression was necessary for maintaining cell wall integrity. Considered together, these results indicate that CgHox7 is a transcription factor with crucial regulatory effects on appressorium formation and the pathogenicity of C. gloeosporioides.

Cellophane-Based Membranes for Purification of Aqueous Media from Various Pollutants

The process of nanofiltration purification of water from various organic pollutants was examined. Cellophane film made from cheap natural raw materials was used as a membrane. The model substances targeted for removal were dyes (Safranin O, Orange II, and Remazol Brilliant Blue R, each differing in molecular weight, chemical composition, and charge) and ceftriaxone. The obtained cellophane permeability to water was 0.145 kg/(m2∙h∙atm). Cellophane membranes were found to be effective in retaining dissolved anionic substances containing acid groups. When Orange II and Remazol Brilliant Blue R were removed from the water, the retention coefficients were 97 ± 2 and 99 ± 1%, respectively. For the cationic dye Safranin O, the retention coefficient values were negative, –7 ± 3%. At the same time, ceftriaxone had the retention coefficient of only 41 ± 5%, which can be attributed to a combination of factors, such as its high affinity for cellophane and steric restrictions.

Analysis of the amino acid and protein composition of feather keratin hydrolyzed using alkali and sodium hydrosulfite

This study aimed to investigate the possibility of extracting protein from chicken feathers. We conducted our research in a controlled laboratory environment, where we carefully washed feathers collected from white broiler chickens. The feathers were ground and hydrolyzed using a 1:10 ratio of 0.2 eq/L of standard sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution and 28.5 % sodium hydrosulfite (NaHSO3) solutions. The hydrolyzed solution was further processed in a 90 °C water bath for 6 h using a rotor stirrer. After this, the solution was neutralized with 99 % acetic acid (CH3COOH) and filtered. The filtrate was dialyzed with distilled water in a cellophane membrane bag for 24 h. Following dialysis, we obtained two samples of the dried and ground protein. The first sample was subjected to physicochemical analysis, while the second sample was treated with 5 % H2O2 before analysis. Our analysis, conducted using the Kjeldahl and liquid chromatography methods, revealed that 68–78 % of proteins were synthesized. The study of free amino acids found that the highest indicator, which belongs to 38–40 % of cysteine, asparagine, glutamine, and tryptophan in the protein, failed because of alkaline hydrolysis. However, samples 1 and 2 of the protein containing 17 free amino acids were comparable, further validating our findings.

In vitro evaluation of ethyl cellulose and polyvinyl pyrrolidone composite nanofibers for transdermal delivery of diclofenac diethylamine

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are the most prominent painkiller and anti-inflammatory drugs with gastrointestinal (GI) adverse effects. Transdermal drug delivery systems (TDDS) could overcome GI adverse effects associated with oral ingestion of NSAIDs as well as maintaining a prolonged release of the drug. The main aim of this study was to prepare and investigate diclofenac diethylamine (DDA) loaded nanofibers made of ethyl cellulose (EC) and polyvinyl pyrrolidone K90 (PVP) using electrospinning. The impact of penetration enhancers such as nerolidol and farnesol on release profiles through cellophane membranes and other characteristics of nanofibers were also investigated. Based on release studies, some formulations were selected for release examination through rate skin using Franz diffusion cells. To gain insight about potential interactions between drug and polymers FTIR, DSC, and XRD analyses were performed. Morphology examination was also conducted using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Morphology studies showed that nanofibers made of EC only are greater in the mean diameter than other nanofibers while other formulations were not significantly different from each other regardless of the presence of penetration enhancers. EC nanofibers had the lowest elastic modulus and tensile strength and most elongation at break which makes them the least tough and most flexible nanofibers among all the formulations. The addition of PVP increased the toughness and decreased the flexibility of nanofibers. The addition of nerolidol did not alter the mechanical properties of nanofibers significantly, while the addition of farnesol increased elastic modulus, tensile strength, and elongation at break significantly in a concentration-dependent manner. EC nanofibers had the lowest release rate and lowest total cumulative release content while the addition of PVP significantly improved both of these features. In release studies through cellophane membrane, the addition of 5 % of penetration enhancer slightly increased the release rate while did not significantly alter cumulative release while the addition of 10 % farnesol notably increased the release rate and total cumulative released content. Release studies through rat skin were in accordance with cellophane membrane studies and the formulation with 10 % farnesol had the most release rate and total cumulative release and these findings confirm the positive effect of penetration enhancers. DSC thermogram showed an amorphous state of the drug in fibres and this was supported by XRD results. The FTIR results confirmed that no chemical interaction between the drug and other formulation components has occurred and no new compounds have been formed. Based on these results, the utilization of DDA-loaded PVP and EC nanofibers in conjunction with a penetration enhancer showed significant potential for application in transdermal patches.

1H NMR spectroscopic analysis of metabolite changes in kauri leaf apoplastic washing fluid following inoculation with Phytophthora agathidicida

Phytophthora agathidicida is responsible for a devastating dieback disease that threatens the survival of Agathis australis (kauri), an ancient conifer species endemic to New Zealand. To develop durable control strategies against kauri dieback disease, a better understanding of the host metabolites necessary for the growth and survival of P. agathidicida during in planta growth, particularly during colonisation of the apoplastic environment, where early contact between host and pathogen cells is made, is required. As a starting point to address this knowledge gap, we investigated changes in the metabolite profile of apoplastic washing fluid (AWF) samples harvested from kauri leaves following either mock inoculation or inoculation with P. agathidicida. AWF was extracted from leaves of kauri saplings and inoculated with P. agathidicida on cellophane membranes or cellophane membranes without the pathogen as a control. The metabolite profile of the AWF samples was then analysed via proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) spectroscopy at 24 hours and 10 days post-inoculation, and changes investigated relative to the control. Some changes in the metabolite profile of kauri AWF samples following P. agathidicida inoculation were observed using 1H NMR spectroscopy, including a decrease in sucrose and an increase in glucose resulting from the breakdown of more complex carbohydrates. Our results suggest that P. agathidicida modifies or utilises metabolites present in the leaf apoplast of kauri, including carbohydrates that serve as a source of nutrition. These results provide possible new insights into the nutritional requirements of P. agathidicida during apoplastic colonisation of kauri.

The glycoside hydrolase 7 member VdGH7a regulates Verticillium dahliae pathogenicity and induces host defenses by interacting with GhOLP11

Pathogens secrete multiple enzymes that can degrade the cell wall, thereby weakening the host’s cell wall and facilitating the penetration of the pathogen into the plant. In this study, we identified VdGH7a, a glycoside hydrolase family 7 (GH7) cellobiohydrolase from Verticillium dahliae, which exhibited hydrolytic activity against 1,4-β-glucan. Interestingly, we found that VdGH7a induced cell death in Nicotiana benthamiana when signal peptides were present. However, this phenomenon was effectively prevented by the carbohydrate-binding type-1 (CBM1) protein domain. Furthermore, we observed that the knockout of VdGH7a significantly reduced the pathogenicity of V. dahliae to cotton plant, as evidenced by the inability of the knockout mutants to penetrate cellophane membrane. Additionally, these knockout mutants displayed diminished ability to exploit carbon sources, rendering them more susceptible to osmotic and cell wall stresses. Moreover, VdGH7a interacted with an osmotin-like protein (GhOLP1) in cotton through yeast two-hybrid screening, and further confirmed using bi-molecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) and luciferase complementation imaging (LCI). Furthermore, virus-induced gene silencing technology was employed to silence GhOLP1, causing cotton’s salicylic acid (SA) content and resistance to V. dahliae were both reduced, whereas heterologous overexpression of GhOLP1 in Arabidopsis increased both resistance and the expression of genes involved in the SA signaling pathway. Collectively, these findings demonstrate a virulence strategy whereby the secreted protein VdGH7a from V. dahliae interacts with GhOLP1 to stimulate host immunity and play a significant role in plant resistance against V. dahliae.

Development and Performance Evaluation of Low-Cost Cellophane Paper-Based Biosensors for Polyphenol Detection in Teas: A Cost-Effective Alternative to Teflon® Membranes Biosensors

This study introduces biosensors developed using cellophane paper with immobilized polyphenol oxidase (PPO) from dwarf banana and eggplant peels, integrated with glutaraldehyde and a Clark electrode. These biosensors, optimized for enzyme concentration at 75 units for dwarf banana peel and 100 units for eggplant peel, demonstrated high sensitivity to catechol, paracetamol, pyrogallol, and hydroquinone, similar to traditional Teflon® Clark electrodes. Despite the lower measurement capacity of cellophane membranes (20-30) compared to Teflon's (300-400), the cost-effectiveness and accessibility of cellophane offer a strategic advantage. These biosensors effectively quantified polyphenols in teas, with results closely matching those from the standard Folin-Dennis method and Teflon® electrodes, maintaining a 95% confidence level and an error margin of less than 1%. Hence, the cellophane paper-based biosensors present a cost-effective, efficient alternative for polyphenol detection in teas, promising broader application due to their affordability and performance.

The bZIP transcription factor BIP1 of the rice blast fungus is essential for infection and regulates a specific set of appressorium genes.

The rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae differentiates specialized cells called appressoria that are required for fungal penetration into host leaves. In this study, we identified the novel basic leucine zipper (bZIP) transcription factor BIP1 (B-ZIP Involved in Pathogenesis-1) that is essential for pathogenicity. BIP1 is required for the infection of plant leaves, even if they are wounded, but not for appressorium-mediated penetration of artificial cellophane membranes. This phenotype suggests that BIP1 is not implicated in the differentiation of the penetration peg but is necessary for the initial establishment of the fungus within plant cells. BIP1 expression was restricted to the appressorium by both transcriptional and post-transcriptional control. Genome-wide transcriptome analysis showed that 40 genes were down regulated in a BIP1 deletion mutant. Most of these genes were specifically expressed in the appressorium. They encode proteins with pathogenesis-related functions such as enzymes involved in secondary metabolism including those encoded by the ACE1 gene cluster, small secreted proteins such as SLP2, BAS2, BAS3, and AVR-Pi9 effectors, as well as plant cuticle and cell wall degrading enzymes. Interestingly, this BIP1 network is different from other known infection-related regulatory networks, highlighting the complexity of gene expression control during plant-fungal interactions. Promoters of BIP1-regulated genes shared a GCN4/bZIP-binding DNA motif (TGACTC) binding in vitro to BIP1. Mutation of this motif in the promoter of MGG_08381.7 from the ACE1 gene cluster abolished its appressorium-specific expression, showing that BIP1 behaves as a transcriptional activator. In summary, our findings demonstrate that BIP1 is critical for the expression of early invasion-related genes in appressoria. These genes are likely needed for biotrophic invasion of the first infected host cell, but not for the penetration process itself. Through these mechanisms, the blast fungus strategically anticipates the host plant environment and responses during appressorium-mediated penetration.

Preparation and characterization of diclofenac transdermal patch using ethyl cellulose and polyvinyl alcohol by electrospinning

In recent years, the adverse effects linked to the oral administration of diclofenac, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), have urged interest in exploring alternative administration routes, specifically transdermal drug delivery (TDD). Among the techniques emerging for creating nanoscale fibres suitable for TDD systems, electrospinning has attracted attention. The primary objective of this study was to formulate and evaluate nanofibers loaded with diclofenac diethylamine using ethylcellulose (EC) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) polymers. The influence of penetration enhancers, namely farnesol and nerolidol, on the properties of these fibres was investigated. Employing the electrospinning technique, nanofibers composed of EC or PVA polymers, with or without penetration enhancers, were fabricated, all maintaining a constant drug-to-polymer ratio. Mechanical strength and release kinetics from a cellophane membrane for the obtained nanofibers were investigated. A Franz diffusion cell was employed to determine the drug penetration rates through rat skin for selected fibre formulations. To gain insights into potential interactions and changes in the drug's solid state, FTIR spectroscopy, DSC, and XRD analyses were conducted. Microscopic examination unveiled that EC-based fibres exhibited homogeneity and lacked bead formations, albeit with larger diameters than other formulations. In contrast, both EC and PVA-based fibres displayed bead formations and nanometer-scale widths. The incorporation of penetration enhancers led to the production of uniform, bead-free nanofibers, with minor impacts on fiber size. EC fibres exhibited the lowest tensile strength and modulus of elasticity, but maximum flexibility. The addition of PVA and penetration enhancers contributed to enhanced fibre toughness and resistance to deformation. These alterations also positively influenced drug release rates, as observed in experiments conducted on cellophane membranes. Notably, when comparing drug release on rat skin to cellophane membranes, a slower initial release followed by a steeper slope was noted, attributed to the beneficial role of penetration enhancers on skin permeation. Analyzing results from DSC revealed the transition of the crystalline form of diclofenac diethylamine to an amorphous state within the nanofiber matrix which was also supported by XRD data. In light of these findings, electrospun nanofibers comprising a combination of EC and PVA polymers, alongside a penetration enhancer and diclofenac diethylamine, exhibit considerable promise for utilization as transdermal patches.

Design and characterization of nano sponges loaded vaginal gels of Voriconazole

Objectives: The current inquiry of this research job is to build and analyze a bio adhesive vaginal gel that is packed with Voriconazole Nano sponge for an extended residence duration at the point of infection, resulting in a positive drug release profile. Methods: Nano sponges were created using a solvent evaporation process in varied Voriconazole to β-cyclodextrin ratios. Zeta possibility, polydispersity, size of particles analysis, capture efficiency, and surface morphology of Nao sponges are all determined using scanning microscopes with electrons (SEM). FTIR and DSC investigations were used to determine drug excipient compatibility. Carbopol/Hypromellose/Sodium Carboxymethyl cellulose/HPC has been used to make the bio adhesive gel, while both propyl paraben and a methyl para were employed as antioxidants. Triethanolamine, also was used to regulate the pH, resulting in a transparent gel. The gel base has been incorporated with the improved Voriconazole Nano sponge mixture. The pH, viscosity, spread ability, extrudability, and medication content of Nano sponge in mixes of gels were all investigated. The gel's in vivo diffusion has been examined on goat vaginal mucosal. Cellophane membranes was used in an artificial drug release examination. Results: The improved generation of IDLNS12 Nano sponge (drug-polymer ratio 1:1) demonstrated 91.56% entrapment efficiency. The average particle diameter of all formulations was less than 310 nm. The SEM photographs revealed smooth and spherical particles. INSG4 (Carpool and HPC) gel formulation had a viscosity value of 4529 cps at 2-10 RPM, a gel strength of 92.65N load, and an expansion speed of 37.24 g.cm/seconds. At 12.0 minutes, INSG4 achieved 99.98% drug release. And a mucous adhesive time of in excess of 12 hours. Conclusion: These results suggest that Voriconazole-loaded β-cyclodextrin Nano sponge in mucous adhesive gel might be used for managing infections of vagina perpetually.

Formulation and Evaluation of Biopolymer Incorporated Nanogel of Nabumetone

ABSTRACT: The objective of this research was to improve the solubilization, dissolution rate, and thereby anti-inflammatory activity of the BCS class II drug Nabumetone (NSAID). A solid dispersion (SD) approach with Gelucire 50/13 was used to enhance the solubility. Microwave-induced fusion method was used for the development of SD, as it demonstrated a remarkable increase in the solubility and dissolution rate of pure drugs when compared to traditional solid dispersions. A number of parameters of the SD were evaluated in vitro, including solubility, dissolution, and Fourier Transformed Infrared Spectra obtained (FT-IR). The rate of dissolution was inclined to betterment with the drug: polymer ratio 1:0.5 showing drug release 99.60 ± 29. The objective of the work was to evolve a Nanogel for topical delivery of Nabumetone. The emulsification-diffusion method was used to create nanogel using the polymers Carbopol-940, Gelucire-50/13, and triethanolamine as gelling agents. Chitosan was added to the formulation as a biopolymer. Menthol was employed as a penetration enhancer. Using the spontaneous emulsification-diffusion method, six distinct formulations of Nabumetone-loaded Nanogel were successfully created and evaluated for particle size, zeta potential, thermodynamic stability, and rheology study. Using a cellophane membrane, the gels were examined for diffusion study further, and drug content, viscosity, spreadability, pH, and clarity were accessed. The formulation F4 batch had the best in-vitro drug release profile, with a 96.04% release rate over 270 minutes. Optimized gel F4 underwent a skin irritation study on Wistar rats and passed the test. The topical application of Nabumetone as Nanogel proved to be an effective approach to drug delivery.

Evaluation of Trichoderma atroviride and Trichoderma longibrachiatum as biocontrol agents in controlling red pepper anthracnose in Korea.

Anthracnose disease is a serious threat to red pepper crops in Korea and many other countries, resulting in considerable yield losses. There are now no effective control techniques available except for fungicide sprays, which may directly impact consumers. This study aims to investigate the biological activity of Trichoderma isolates in controlling red pepper anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum acutatum in vitro and in the field. Out of 11 Trichoderma isolates screened for biocontrol agents against three fungal pathogens, including C. acutatum; two effective Trichoderma isolates, T. atroviride ATR697 (ATR697) and T. longibrachiatum LON701 (LON701) were selected for further investigation. Using the overlapping plates experiment, it was discovered that the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) produced by ATR697 strongly inhibited C. acutatum mycelial growth to a larger extent than the isolate LON701. A cellophane membrane experiment has shown that mycelial growth of C. acutatum was inhibited by 36% and 27% when treated with ATR697 and LON701, respectively. Culture filtrates (CFs) of two Trichoderma isolates inhibited the mycelial growth of C. acutatum in vitro. When red peppers were treated with spore suspensions of LON701 and ATR697, the disease severity (%) was 44.1% and 55.8%, respectively, in a curative method; while the disease severity (%) was 5% and 11.6%, in LON701- and ATR697-treated red peppers, respectively, in a preventive method. These results showed the suppression of disease severity (%) was relatively higher in the preventive method than in the curative method. Furthermore, Trichoderma isolates ATR697 and LON701 were resistant to commercial chemical fungicides in vitro, indicating these strains may also be used synergistically with a chemical fungicide (pyraclostrobin) against the growth of C. acutatum. There was no difference in the inhibition rate (%) of the pathogen between the treatment with LON701 alone and LON701+pyraclostrobin. Based on in vitro findings, ATR697 and LON701 played a role in effectively controlling red pepper anthracnose in field conditions, with LON701 treatment resulting in a disease rate of 14% when compared to ATR697, chemical, and non-treated controls. Overall, our study showed the ability of Trichoderma isolates to control red pepper anthracnose and their potential to develop as novel biocontrol agents to replace chemical fungicides for eco-friendly, sustainable agriculture.

The glycoside hydrolase 28 member VdEPG1 is a virulence factor of Verticillium dahliae and interacts with the jasmonic acid pathway-related gene GhOPR9.

Glycoside hydrolase (GH) family members act as virulence factors and regulate plant immune responses during pathogen infection. Here, we characterized the GH28 family member endopolygalacturonase VdEPG1 in Verticillium dahliae. VdEPG1 acts as a virulence factor during V. dahliae infection. The expression level of VdEPG1 was greatly increased in V. dahliae inoculated on cotton roots. VdEPG1 suppressed VdNLP1-mediated cell death by modulating pathogenesis-related genes in Nicotiana benthamiana. Knocking out VdEPG1 led to a significant decrease in the pathogenicity of V. dahliae in cotton. The deletion strains were more susceptible to osmotic stress and the ability of V. dahliae to utilize carbon sources was deficient. In addition, the deletion strains lost the ability to penetrate cellophane membrane, with mycelia showing a disordered arrangement on the membrane, and spore development was affected. A jasmonic acid (JA) pathway-related gene, GhOPR9, was identified as interacting with VdEPG1 in the yeast two-hybrid system. The interaction was further confirmed by bimolecular fluorescence complementation and luciferase complementation imaging assays in N. benthamiana leaves. GhOPR9 plays a positive role in the resistance of cotton to V. dahliae by regulating JA biosynthesis. These results indicate that VdEPG1 may be able to regulate host immune responses as a virulence factor through modulating the GhOPR9-mediated JA biosynthesis.

In Vitro Release Ability of Nanoparticles Poly-Lactic-Co-Glycolic-Acid (PLGA) Gel Containing Pegagan Leaves Ethanolic Extract (Centella asiatica L.)

Background: Pegagan (Centella asiatica L.) leaves are proven to contain high concentrations of flavonoid compounds as antioxidants. Flavonoids are unstable compounds due to environmental influences such as light, humidity, pH, and oxygen. The stability of pegagan extract was proven to be improved by making the extract into nanoparticle preparations. Objective: This study aims to formulate nanoparticles of pegagan into gel preparations and determine their release ability with the Franz diffusion test using a cellophane membrane compared to pegagan gel not formulated into nanoparticles. Methods: Nanoparticles were made using poly-lactic-co-glycolic acid polymers and then formulated into gels with various concentrations of Carbopol 934, namely 1, 1.5 and 2%. The gel nanoparticles were then subjected to the characterization of the preparation, stability test and release test of the preparation. Results: A concentration of 1% Carbopol 934 provides the best evaluation of gel preparations where the gel produced was homogeneous, pH was around 6.2, viscosity was 3417.12 cPs, spreadability was 5.1 cm, and adhesion was 209.33 seconds. The stability test showed no significant organoleptic and pH changes (p>0.05). The release kinetics model occurs at zero order. F1 has a higher reaction kinetics constant (k) than the other formulations, so drug release occurs faster. Conclusion: The best formula of pegagan (F1) nanoparticle gel was proven to have good physical stability and release ability.

Design and Characterization of Microemulsion System for Fentanyl citrate

This research was aimed to formulate and characterize micro-emulsion systems as a sublingual delivery system of fentanyl citrate an opioid pain medicine used for treatment of breakthrough cancer pain that is not controlled by other medicines. The three phases i.e. oil, surfactant and co-surfactant were selected on the basis of their drug solubility and their efficiency to form ME. Pseudo-ternary phase diagrams were constructed and on the basis of ME existence ranges various formulations of FC were developed. The influence of Smix ratio on the ME formation and in vitro permeation of ME through cellophane membrane was studied respectively. The optimized ME formulation C2 consists of a globule size of 96.9 nm, polydispersity index of 0.263, pH 4.18, viscosity 20.4 cps, a zeta potential of -8.5and conductance of 131.7±0.42µS. The optimized ME formulation C2 exhibited a steady state flux of about 361.92±0.57 and thus exhibiting higher drug permeation through ME for mulations. Apart from this, the formulation was also evaluated for drug content, centrifugation and stability study. The results indicate that, the investigated MEmay be used as a promising alternative for FC therapy for breakthrough pain management.

Constitutive activation of TORC1 signalling attenuates virulence in the cross-kingdom fungal pathogen Fusarium oxysporum.

The filamentous fungus Fusarium oxysporum causes vascular wilt disease in a wide range of plant species and opportunistic infections in humans. Previous work suggested that invasive growth in this pathogen is controlled by environmental cues such as pH and nutrient status. Here we investigated the role of Target Of Rapamycin Complex 1 (TORC1), a global regulator of eukaryotic cell growth and development. Inactivation of the negative regulator Tuberous Sclerosis Complex 2 (Tsc2), but not constitutive activation of the positive regulator Gtr1, in F.oxysporum resulted in inappropriate activation of TORC1 signalling under nutrient-limiting conditions. The tsc2Δ mutants showed reduced colony growth on minimal medium with different nitrogen sources and increased sensitivity to cell wall or high temperature stress. Furthermore, these mutants were impaired in invasive hyphal growth across cellophane membranes and exhibited a marked decrease in virulence, both on tomato plants and on the invertebrate animal host Galleria mellonella. Importantly, invasive hyphal growth in tsc2Δ strains was rescued by rapamycin-mediated inhibition of TORC1. Collectively, these results reveal a key role of TORC1 signalling in the development and pathogenicity of F.oxysporum and suggest new potential targets for controlling fungal infections.

Nitrogen Enriched Solid-State Cultivation for the Overproduction of Azaphilone Red Pigments by Penicillium sclerotiorum SNB-CN111

Azaphilones are microbial specialized metabolites employed as yellow, orange, red or purple pigments. In particular, yellow azaphilones react spontaneously with functionalized nitrogen groups, leading to red azaphilones. In this study, a new two-step solid-state cultivation process to produce specific red azaphilones pigments was implemented, and their chemical diversity was explored based on liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and a molecular network. This two-step procedure first implies a cellophane membrane allowing accumulating yellow and orange azaphilones from a Penicillium sclerotiorum SNB-CN111 strain, and second involves the incorporation of the desired functionalized nitrogen by shifting the culture medium. The potential of this solid-state cultivation method was finally demonstrated by overproducing an azaphilone with a propargylamine side chain, representing 16% of the metabolic crude extract mass.

FORMULATION, OPTIMIZATION AND IN-VIVO ANTI-INFLAMMATORY STUDY OF OPTIMIZED TRANSDERMAL PATCHES

In the present study, an attempt was made to prepare, characterize and evaluate of transdermal matrix patches of Diclofenac Sodium for inammation and pain related disease. Based on results of various evaluation parameters like thickness, strength, elongation, better compatibility and stability the transdermal matrix patches was successfully designed and developed by trial and error method. Formulations were prepared by employing combination of HPMCK15M, PVPK30, PEG-400 and EC among penetration enhancer and patches were evaluated for uniformity of thickness, weight-variation test, folding-endurance, tensile strength, % elongation, % atness, % moistures absorption, Moistures vapor transmittance rate, assay done. Cellophane membrane employed for the diffusion study. The result revealed that formulations containing enhancer eucalyptus oil, oleic acid and tea tree oil have better anti-inammatory action as compared to formulation without it because eucalyptus oil and tea tree oil both are natural anti-inammatory remedies as well as permeation enhancer. The Formulation F 6 show highest percentage inhibition of edema as compared to others formulation.

COMPARATIVE STUDY OF SEMI-SOLID BASES OF NAPROXEN: PHARMACEUTICAL TECHNOLOGY ASPECTS

Objective: The main objectives of the present investigation work included that the preparation of a suitable naproxen semi-solid dosage form by using different types of semi-solid bases (gel bases, ointment bases) for topical application for the effective treatment of muscle aches. Methods: Different types of semi-solid bases (gel bases and ointment bases) were successfully prepared by the incorporation method to know the effect of semi-solid bases on drug release from topical semi-solid formulations. In all formulations, the drug was added by the levigation method. An evaluation study of prepared formulations, includes physical appearance, spreadability, extrudability, pH was conducted according to official methods. Results: Percent drug release of all formulations was conducted by taking diffusion cells with cellophane membrane and results showed that gel-based formulations showed more drug release than ointment-based formulations. Carbopol gel base (F1) showed more drug release (98.76 %), simple ointment base formulation (F8) showed least drug release (25.11%). From the stability studies reports at various temperature and humidity conditions it is evident that all formulations are stable for one month. In all the formulations, the drug content was observed at 95.75%. Conclusion: Finally concluded that the NXN topical dosage forms can be prepared by using gel-type bases preferably than ointment bases to release more drug from formulations.