Celery Seeds Research Articles

Effect of enzymes on extraction of volatiles from celery seeds

Celery ( Apium graveolens L.), belonging to the family Apiaceae, is widely used as a spice, in perfumery and pharmaceutical applications. It is reported to possess several nutraceutical attributes, such as anticoagulation activity of blood plasma and prevention of cardiovascular diseases. Effects of various enzymes on the extraction of volatile oil of celery are reported in the present study. The oil yield, after cellulase, pectinase, protease and viscozyme pretreatment, was in the range 2.2–2.3% as against 1.8% in a control sample, by steam distillation. Profiling of the celery oil thus obtained by GC–MS showed that limonene, the major terpene, increased from 63% to 82% with enzyme treatment. The other major flavour compounds identified were β-selinene (16–17%), butyl phthalide and sedanolide. The study demonstrated that enzymes facilitated the extraction of celery oil with increase in oil yield with little change in either flavour profile or physicochemical properties of the oil.

A novel compound from celery seed with a bactericidal effect against <I>Helicobacter pylori</I>

The aim was to purify and characterise an antimicrobial component from celery (Apium graveolens) seeds, which have been used for centuries as a herbal medicine with reported antibacterial effects. A crude alcoholic extract of celery seeds was fractionated by organic solvent extractions, column chromatography and HPLC. Fractions were assayed for antimicrobial activity against the gastric pathogen Helicobacter pylori and other bacteria. The purified antibacterial component was characterised via MS and NMR. Preliminary investigation of its mechanism of action included morphological studies, incorporation of macromolecular precursors, membrane integrity and two-dimensional protein electrophoresis. The purified component, termed 'compound with anti-Helicobacter activity' (CAH), had potent bactericidal effects against H. pylori; the minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration were 3.15 microg/ml and 6.25-12.5 microg/ml, respectively. CAH (M(r) = 384.23; empirical formula C(24)H(32)O(4)) had specific inhibitory effects on H. pylori and was not active against Campylobacter jejuni or Escherichia coli. MS and NMR data were consistent with a dimeric phthalide structure. The results appeared to rule out mechanisms that operated solely by loss of membrane integrity or inhibition of protein or nucleic acid synthesis. CAH may be suitable for further investigation as a potent agent for treating H. pylori infections.

A novel compound from celery seed with a bactericidal effect against Helicobacter pylori

Abstract Objectives The aim was to purify and characterise an antimicrobial component from celery (Apium graveolens) seeds, which have been used for centuries as a herbal medicine with reported antibacterial effects. Methods A crude alcoholic extract of celery seeds was fractionated by organic solvent extractions, column chromatography and HPLC. Fractions were assayed for antimicrobial activity against the gastric pathogen Helicobacter pylori and other bacteria. The purified antibacterial component was characterised via MS and NMR. Preliminary investigation of its mechanism of action included morphological studies, incorporation of macromolecular precursors, membrane integrity and two-dimensional protein electrophoresis. Key findings The purified component, termed ‘compound with anti-Helicobacter activity’ (CAH), had potent bactericidal effects against H. pylori; the minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration were 3.15 μg/ml and 6.25–12.5 μg/ml, respectively. CAH (Mr = 384.23; empirical formula C24H32O4) had specific inhibitory effects on H. pylori and was not active against Campylobacter jejuni or Escherichia coli. MS and NMR data were consistent with a dimeric phthalide structure. The results appeared to rule out mechanisms that operated solely by loss of membrane integrity or inhibition of protein or nucleic acid synthesis. Conclusions CAH may be suitable for further investigation as a potent agent for treating H. pylori infections.

Modulation of di- (2- ethylhexyl) phthalate induced hepatic toxicity by Apium graveolens L. seeds extract in rats

In the present study, the hepatoprotective activity of methanolic extract of Apiumgraveolens L. (celery) seeds was tested against Di-(2- ethylhexyl) phthalate(DEHP) induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Oral administration of DEHP (1000 mg/kg b.wt/day) for 6 weeks in rats caused a significant increase in the levels of serum marker enzymes like serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (SGOT), serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase (SGPT), alkaline phosphatases (ALP) and the levels of total bilirubin and hepatic lipid peroxidation (TBARS). The levels of serum protein, hepatic glutathione (GSH) and ascorbic acid were decreased, administration of A.graveolens seeds extract (300 mg/kg b.wt./day p.o.) for 6 weeks results in a significant recovery of these biochemical parameters toward normalcy compared with the DEPC treated and control rats. Key words: Apium graveolens, hepatic toxicity, di-(2- ethylhexyl) phthalate, hepatic marker enzymes

Luteolin attenuated pro‐inflammatory conditions induced by activated microglia and protected against neuronal cell death

Excessive production of proinflammatory mediators by activated brain microglia plays an important role in sickness behavior and neurodegenerative disorders. Luteolin, a flavonoid found in high concentrations in celery, green pepper, and perilla leaf and seeds, has been shown to reduce proinflammatory molecules produced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐stimulated macrophages and microglia. In the present study, the anti‐inflammatory and subsequent neuroprotective effects of luteolin were investigated. Pretreatment of primary microglia and BV2 murine microglial cells with luteolin inhibited LPS‐stimulated production of proinflammatory cytokines such as TNF‐α and IL‐1β at both the gene and protein levels. Luteolin also suppressed LPS‐induced nitric oxide release in BV2 cells by regulating the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase. In addition, the release of prostaglandin E2 and cyclooxygenase‐2 mRNA expression were inhibited by luteolin. In addition, treating Neuro‐2a cells with conditioned media from LPS‐stimulated microglia resulted in neuronal cell death. However, treating microglia with luteolin prior to LPS reduced neuronal cell death in a dose‐dependent manner. These results suggest that luteolin may be a useful agent counteracting neurotoxicity associated with activated microglia. This work was supported by NIH grants AG16710 and MH069148.Grant Funding SourceNIH

Botanical origin of Indian celery seed (fruit)

In the course of our study on the traditional medicines and foodstuffs used in Pakistan, we investigated the origin of Indian celery by using the analysis of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequence of nuclear rDNA and a phytochemical approach. We found that the source plant of the Indian celery containing coumarin derivatives such as seselin (1), bergapten (2) and isopimpinellin (3) was not common celery, Apium graveolens. Our results suggest the source plant is Seseli diffusum even though Indian workers reported that A. graveolens seeds contain the aforementioned compounds. In addition, a market survey of the Indian celery in Pakistan and related countries revealed that the Indian celery seeds in Pakistani markets are mainly composed of three species which have been confused in rural markets.

Triacylglycerols of Apiaceae seed oils: Composition and regiodistribution of fatty acids

AbstractOils from the seeds of caraway (Carum carvi), carrot (Daucus carota), celery (Apium graveolens) and parsley (Petroselinum crispum), all from the Apiaceae family, were analyzed by gas chromatography for their triacylglycerol (TAG) composition and fatty acid (FA) distribution between the sn‐1(3) and sn‐2 positions of TAG. Twenty‐two TAG species were quantified. Glyceryl tripetroselinate was the major TAG species in seed oils of carrot, celery and parsley, with levels ranging from 38.7 to 55.3%. In caraway seed oil, dipetroselinoyllinoleoylglycerol was the major TAG species at 21.2%, while the glyceryl tripetroselinate content was 11.4%. Other TAG species were linoleoyloleoylpetroselinoylglycerol and dipetroselinoyloleoylglycerol. Predominantly, TAG were triunsaturated (72.2–84.0%) with diunsaturates at 14.4–25.9%, and small amounts of monounsaturated TAG. Results for regiospecific analysis showed a non‐random FA distribution in Apiaceae for palmitic, petroselinic, linoleic and oleic acids. Petroselinic acid was predominantly located at the sn‐1(3) position in carrot, celery and parsley seed oils, while it was mainly at the sn‐2 position in caraway seed oil. The distribution of linoleic acid was opposite to that of petroselinic acid. Oleic acid was mostly located at the sn‐2 position, except for caraway, where it was evenly distributed between the sn‐1(3) and sn‐2 positions. Both the saturated FA, palmitic and stearic acid, were located mainly at the sn‐1(3) position. The presence of a high level of tripetroselinin in parsley seed oil (55.3%) makes it a potential source for the production of petroselinic acid.

Inconsequential Study on Larvicidal Efficacy of Anise and Celery Seed Extracts Indicates that Standards in Bioinsecticide Screening are Necessary

The larvicidal activity of Pimpinella anisum (anise) and Apium graveolens (celery) seed extracts was evaluated against 4th instar Aedes aegypti larvae under laboratory conditions as per WHO methodology. Preliminary screening showed anise seed extracts to be more active than celery seed extracts and hexane produced the best extract of anise seeds giving a mildly potent lethal concentration of 403.84 mg/L. Other researchers have reported higher efficacies which cannot be explained by differences in extraction method or choice of solvent. Other probable causes of efficacy variability in phytochemical potency studies are discussed and bioinsecticide screening standards are recommended.

Detection and quantification of glycosylated flavonoid malonates in celery, Chinese celery, and celery seed by LC-DAD-ESI/MS.

A screening method using LC-DAD-ESI/MS was applied to the analysis of flavonoids in celery, Chinese celery, and celery seeds (Apium graveolens L. and varieties). Fifteen flavonoid glycosides were detected in the three celery materials. They were identified as luteolin 7-O-apiosylglucoside, luteolin 7-O-glucoside, apigenin 7-O-apiosylglucoside, chrysoeriol 7-O-apiosylglucoside, chrysoeriol 7-O-glucoside, and more than 10 malonyl derivatives of these glycosides. The identification of the malonyl derivatives was confirmed by their conversion into glycosides upon heating and by comparison of some of the malonates with malonates that had previously been identified in red bell pepper and parsley. The concentrations of the glycosides and the malonyl glycosides in the three materials were estimated by comparison to aglycone standards. This is the first report of the presence of these glycosylated flavonoid malonates in celery.

Perillyl Alcohol Protects Against Fe-NTA-Induced Nephrotoxicity and Early Tumor Promotional Events in Rat Experimental Model.

Plants have been widely used as protective agents against a wide variety of processes and compounds that damage tissues via free radical mechanisms. Perillyl alcohol (PA) is a naturally occurring monoterpene found in the essential oils of numerous species of plants including mints, cherries and celery seeds. This monocyclic monoterpene has shown antioxidant and therapeutic activity in various studies against various xenobiotics. In this study, we have analyzed the effects of PA against single intraperitoneal dose of ferric nitrilotriacetate (Fe-NTA) (9 mg iron per kg body weight)-induced nephrotoxicity and early tumor promotional events. The pretreatment of Fe-NTA-treated rats with 0.5% per kg body weight dose and 1% per kg body weight dose of PA for seven consecutive days significantly reversed the Fe-NTA-induced malondialdehyde formation, xanthine oxidase activity (P < 0.001), ornithine decarboxylase activity (P < 0.001) and 3[H]thymidine incorporation in renal DNA (P < 0.001) with simultaneous significant depletion in serum toxicity markers blood urea nitrogen and creatinine (P < 0.001). Significant restoration at both the doses was recorded in depleted renal glutathione content, and its dependent enzymes with prophylactic treatment of PA. Present results suggest that PA potentially attenuates against Fe-NTA-induced oxidative damage and tumor promotional events that preclude its development as a future drug to avert the free radical-induced toxicity.

Evaluation of size reduction on the yield and quality of celery seed oil

The effect of grinding/flaking with and without pre-cooling of celery seeds on the yield and physical and chemical characteristics of volatile oil was evaluated. For smaller batches (200 g) with pre chilling and flaking, yields of oil were marginally but consistently higher (2.20%), compared to grinding celery at ambient temperature using a mini plate mill (1.9%) and with waring blender (1.8%). With flaking at room temperature the yield of oil was 2.0%. However, in large batches (10 kg), with steam distillation the yield of steam distilled oil was significantly higher for flaking (1.76%) as compared to the hammer mill powdering (1.4%), both at room temperature. Extraction of volatile oil from celery powder or flakes follows first order kinetics with an variance value of 0.04. Gas chromatograph (GC) and gas chromatograph–mass spectra (MS) analysis showed that in case of flaking, the volatile oil had higher levels of limonene, the major volatile compound and sedanenolide, the major character impact compound being present in almost equal quantities in both the cases of flakes and powder. Selective collection of volatile oil at different intervals of time of distillation gave products of different flavour profiles. Flaking had the advantage of higher yields of the volatile oil with better flavour quality. It was also observed that flaking of celery helped in overcoming the problem of clogging and choking which is associated with the conventional grinding.

Inhibitory effect of celery seeds extract on chemically induced hepatocarcinogenesis: modulation of cell proliferation, metabolism and altered hepatic foci development

The chemopreventive activity of methanolic extract of Apium graveolens seeds (celery seeds) has been investigated against Solt Farber protocol of hepatocarcinogenesis, oxidative stress and induction of positive foci of γ-GT in the liver of Wistar rats. The prophylactic treatment of celery seeds extract protected dose dependently against diethylnitrosoamine (DEN)+2-acetylaminofluorine (AAF)+partial hepatectomy (PH) induced hepatocarcinogenesis and other related events such as induction of γ-GT positive foci ( P<0.001). 2-AAF administration in diet with PH in rats resulted in increased hepatic ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) activity and a consequent increase in the rate of DNA synthesis when compared to saline treated control group while pretreatment of rats with celery seeds extract resulted in inhibition of aforementioned parameters dose dependently. The augmentation of quinone reductase (QR), glutathione- S-transferase (GST) and serum γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) activities; and depletion of the tissue GSH content after 2-AAF (i.p. injection) for five consecutive days was prevented with the administration of celery seed extract. On the basis of the above results it can be said that A. graveolens is a potent plant against experimentally induced hepatocarcinogenesis in Wistar rats.

INFLUENCE OF VESICULAR-ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAE ON CELERY TRANSPLANT GROWTH AND PHOSPHORUS-USE EFFICIENCY

ABSTRACT Elevated phosphorus (P) levels present in Everglades Agricultural Area (EAA) stormwater runoff are an environmental concern for adjoining wetlands in South Florida. A regulatory program requires EAA growers to adopt best management practices that reduce P in farm drainage water. Given the prevailing regulatory climate, P fertilization practices are under scrutiny, and a premium is placed on identifying management practices that improve crop P-use efficiency. By enhancing root P uptake, vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae (VAM) can potentially reduce P inputs to celery (Apium graveolens L.) without compromising crop yields. The initial objective of this study was to determine whether celery infection by Glomus intraradices was feasible. Subsequent objectives included the assessment of plant growth response to VAM inoculation during the transplant production-dates printpubdate="07/01/2002" phase and quantification of VAM effects on P-use efficiency in celery. Pre-germinated celery seeds were direct-seeded into flats containing VAM-amended potting mix at concentrations of 0, 200, 500, and 1000 chlamydospores (30-mL mix)−1, for treatments V-0, V-200, V-500, and V-1000, respectively. Following 90 days growth, root colonization under low VAM amendments (V-200) ranged from 87.1% (Experiment #1) to 92.7% (Experiment #2), far exceeding the non-inoculated control (V-0; 0 to 3.7%). Relative to V-0, celery plants infected with VAM averaged 21.7 to 57.0% greater shoot dry matter, were 22.9 to 42.7% taller, supported 9.5 to 15.5% more petioles, and shoots had 8.6 to 23.0% greater P concentrations. Overall P-use efficiency, represented by top-growth P uptake, was 33.0 to 94.2% greater than the control. Under high VAM (V-1000) amendments, P uptake exceeded V-0 by 61.7 to 102.5%. Time-trend analyses indicate that shoot dry matter accumulation and P uptake trends over the 90-day growing period generally ranked as follows: V-1000>(V-500=V-200)>V-0. These results document successful VAM colonization in celery. Additionally, VAM confers improved growth performance and P-use efficiencies during celery transplant growth.

Kessane in the Indian Celery Seed Oils

In three commercial celery (Apium graveolens L.), seed oil samples were analyzed by GC/MS; a sesquiterpene ether, kessane, was detected in varying amounts from 2.2–7.6%. Forty-two other constituents were identified, with limonene (50.1–65.5%) and β-selinene (11.2–22.2%) being the major components.

Is there a circadian germination response to red light in celery (Apium graveolens L.) seeds

Celery seeds are dormant when incubated at high temperatures in theabsence of light. This dormancy is broken by exposure to short durations of redlight or by treatment with a mixture of gibberellin and cytokinin. InBrydon's Prize White, a medium-dormant cultivar, a 5 minexposure to red light after 24 h imbibition in the dark at22 °C caused 21% of seeds to germinate. BA(10−5 M) enhanced this red light effect. When a 5min red light break was given at different times during the secondday of imbibition, a circadian response in germination percentage was observed.This rhythmic response was detected in further experiments carried out over 5days, the cycles being of ca. 22 h duration. This circadianresponse appears to be established during seed development and is triggered bythe process of water imbibition, since altering the time of imbibition did notshift the response peak. The addition of N6-benzyladenine to theincubation medium did not remove the circadian response but improved thegermination values overall.

Antioxidant, cyclooxygenase and topoisomerase inhibitory compounds from Apium graveolens Linn. seeds.

Cyclooxygenase inhibitory and antioxidant bioassay-directed extraction and purification of celery seeds yielded sedanolide (1), senkyunolide-N (2), senkyunolide-J (3), 3-hydroxymethyl-6-methoxy-2,3-dihydro-1H-indol-2-ol (4), L-tryptophan (6), and 7-[3-(3,4-dihydroxy-4-hydroxymethyl-tetrahydro-furan-2-yloxy)-4,5-dihydroxy-6-hydroxymethyl-tetrahydro-pyran-2-yloxy]-5-hydroxy-2-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-phenyl)-chromen-4-one (7). The structures of compounds 1-7 were determined using spectroscopic methods. Compound 4 is reported here for the first time. At 250 pg ml(-1), compounds 1-4, 6 and 7 displayed prostaglandin H endoperoxide synthase-I (COX-I) and prostaglandin H endoperoxide synthase-II (COX-II) inhibitory activities at pH 7. The acetylated product (5) of compound 4 also inhibited COX-I and COX-II enzymes when tested at 250 microg ml(-1). Compounds 6 and 7 exhibited good antioxidant activity at concentrations of 125 and 250 microg ml(-1). Only compounds 1-3 exhibited topoisomerase-I and -II enzyme inhibitory activity at concentrations of 100, 200 and 200 microg ml(-1), respectively.

Supercritical fluid extraction of celery seed oil

The supercritical fluid extraction of oil from milled celery seeds, using CO 2 as a solvent, is presented in this study. The effect of the process parameters — pressure and temperature of extraction, particle size of celery seeds and flow rate of CO 2 — on the extraction rate was examined in a series of experiments. The results indicated a significant increase in extraction rate with increase of pressure or decrease of the particle size of celery seed. A similar effect was observed with the increase of the solvent flow rate and decrease of temperature. The experimental data were described by an empirical model and two mass balance models: (1) a simplified model, which takes into account only the time dependence of the extract concentration in the two phases and is coupled with various equilibrium relationships, and (2) an extended Lack's model. The correlation results were satisfactory especially for the mass balance models, which account for the double regime — solubility and diffusion controlled regimes — of the extraction.

Protective and curative activity of celery seeds on oxidative liver damage induced by cisplatin in male albino rats

Protective and curative activity of celery seeds on oxidative liver damage induced by cisplatin in male albino rats

The Effects of Umbel Order, Soaking, and Scarification on Germination Inhibiting Substances in Petroselinum crispum L. and Other Apiaceae Seeds

Seed from six species of the Apiaceae and six parsley (Petroselinum crispum L.) cultivars with three seed lots of each parsley cultivar were tested for the presence of germination inhibiting substances. Aqueous leachate from seed of all six species inhibited germination of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) and radish (Raphanus sativus L.). Leachate from root parsley seeds (P. crispum tuberosum) were least inhibitory, while leachate from celery and celeriac (both Apium graveolens L.) seeds were most inhibitory. Inhibitory concentrations in leachate varied by seed lot within a cultivar. Aqueous leachate of seeds from the primary umbels caused less inhibition of germination than did leachate from tertiary umbels. Washing parsley seeds in aerated water for 3 hours or more removed some of the germination inhibitory substance as indicated by the germination bioassay. An aqueous extract prepared from seedcoat tissue, removed during mechanical scarification, inhibited radish seed germination; inhibition was proportional to the duration of scarification and the amount of seedcoat tissue extracted. Parsley seeds scarified ≤60 minutes germinated at rates comparable to washed seeds, but longer scarification time reduced germination. Washing seeds of Apiaceae prior to commercial drying and cleaning may be a practical solution for removal of inhibitors.

Dormancy break of celery (Apium graveolens L.) seeds by plant derived smoke extract

Seed dormancy of a highly-dormant cultivar of celery (Apium graveolens L.) was broken by combinations of plant-derived smoke extract or N6-benzyladenine (BA) and gibberellins A4/7 (GA4/7) in the dark at temperatures between 18 and 26°C. A less dormant cultivar which responded to GA4/7 alone showed no additional response to smoke extract or BA. Neither smoke extract nor BA affected either cultivar in the dark in the absence of GA4/7. The partial dormancy-breaking effect of short exposures to red-light was also enhanced by smoke extracts in this highly-dormant cultivar. The results suggest that smoke extracts act in a similar way to cytokinins, by enhancing gibberellin activity in the celery seed system.