Cefaclor Research Articles

Antimicrobial susceptibility of community-acquired respiratory tract pathogens isolated from adults in China during 2009 and 2010

To investigate the drug-resistance rates of community-acquired respiratory tract pathogens isolated from adults in China during 2009 and 2010. A total of 1793 strains (S. aureus 421, S. pneumoniae 420, K. pneumoniae 404, H. influenzae 313, other Streptococcus. spp 149, and M. catarrhalis 86) of non-duplicated community-acquired respiratory tract pathogens were isolated from 11 hospitals in 6 cities. The MIC values were determined by the broth microdilution method, and the production of β-lactamase was tested using a nitrocefin-based test. All of the S.aureus isolates were methicillin-sensitive (MSSA). Of the MSSA isolates, less than 1% (4/421) was resistant to β-lactamase inhibitor combinations, about 13.1% (55/421) and 9% (38/421) resistant to levofloxacin and moxifloxacin, and 57% (240/421), 53.2% (224/421), and 88.7% (373/421) resistant to azithromycin, clarithromycin, and penicillin, respectively. No S. aureus isolates resistant to vancomycin were detected in this study. Based on different criteria, the percentages of penicillin-sensitive S. pneumoniae (PSSP), penicillin-intermediate S. pneumoniae (PISP), and penicillin-resistant S. pneumoniae (PRSP) were 24.4% (102/420), 27.3% (115/420), 48.3% (203/420) (Oral) and 1.9% (8/420), 9% (38/420), 89.1% (374/420) (parenteral), respectively. The resistance rates of S. pneumonia to azithromycin, clarithromycin, cefaclor, cefuroxime, ceftriaxone and amoxicillin with clavulanic acid were 88.2% (370/420), 87.4% (367/420), 45.3% (190/420), 41.9% (176/420), 10.2% (43/420), and 5.2% (22/420), respectively. About 2.6% (11/420) and 0.2% (1/420) of S. pneumonia isolates were resistant to levofloxacin and moxifloxacin. More than 70% (104/149) of β-hemolytic streptococci isolates were resistant to azithromycin and clarithromycin, and about 10.1% (15/149) of isolates were resistant to levofloxacin. The resistance rates of K.pneumonia to most antibiotics were > 20% (81/404), and that of ceftazidime was lower than cefuroxime, cefaclor, and ceftriaxone. The mean prevalence value of ESBL producing K. pneumonia was 38.8% (157/404), with significantly regional variations. More than 90% of H. influenza and M. catarrhalis were susceptible to most antibiotics, with resistance rate of < 5% (16/313, H. influenza; 4/86, M. catarrhalis). The mean productions of β-lactamase in H. influenza and M. catarrhalis were 13.1% (41/313) and 91.7% (79/86), respectively. The percentage of PRSP increased significantly, and the resistance rates of community-acquired respiratory tract pathogens to common antibiotics such as macrolide and cephalosporins increased gradually. New fluoroquinolones such as moxifloxacin showed a high antimicrobial activity against most of the respiratory pathogens.

Analysis of Clinical Efficacy of Yiqing capsules and Cefaclor Tablets in Treatment of Simplex Anaphylactoid Purpura

Objective To investigate the efficacy of Yiqing capsules and Cefaclortablets in the treatment of simplex anaphylactoid purpura. Methods In this randomized,simple-blind, controlled study, all of 191 simplex anaphylactoid purpura patients,the throat secretion Group A βhemolytic streptococci antigen test was positive ,92 patients of control group were treated Cefaclor tablets and regular treatment,99 patients of test group were Yiqing capsules and Cefaclor tablets. Results After 10 days treatment,the clinical efficacy of the test group and the control group were 91.9% ,75.0% ,the test group was obviously higher than that of the control group(P ＜ 0.01), and the negative rate of the throat secretion Group A βhemolytic Streptococci antigen test of the test group was higher than that of control group, (P ＜0.01). the commencements of response of the test group was earlier than that of the control group(P ＜0. 01) ,the frequencies of recurrence of the test group were lower than that of the control group (P ＜ 0. 05).Conclusion Yiqing capsules combined cefaclor in treatment of simplex allergic purpura could improve efficacy, and reduce the treatment time. Key words: Purpura, schoenlein-henoch; Yiqing capsules; Cefaclor

Resistance study of community respiratory pathogens isolated in China from 2005 to 2007

To investigate the antimicrobial resistance of community respiratory pathogens isolated in China. The strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis, S. pyogenes were isolated from patients with community-acquired respiratory tract infections at 14 Chinese hospitals from 2005 to 2007. Etest and disk diffusion methods were used to survey the susceptibility of 14 antibiotics against these strains. These antibiotics included penicillin G, ampicillin, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, cefaclor, cefprozil, ceftriaxone, cefepime, levofloxacin, gatifloxacin, ciprofloxacin, tetracycline, clindamycin, erythromycin and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (SXT). A total of 1870 strains were collected including S. pneumoniae (n = 997), S. pyogenes (n = 176), H. influenzae (n = 499) and M. catarrhalis (n = 198). The 2005 - 2007 prevalence of penicillin-susceptible S. pneumoniae (PSSP) were 92.6%, 73.9%, 74.1% and penicillin-intermediate S. pneumoniae (PISP) 4.5%, 9.5%, 14.3% and penicillin-resistant S. pneumoniae (PRSP) 2.9%, 16.6%, 11.6% respectively. 36.9% of S. pneumoniae strains isolated from <or= 6 years old children were penicillin-non-susceptive isolates (PNSSP) and < 22.0% of PNSSP isolated from other age groups. The susceptible rates of beta-lactamase antibiotics to PRSP and PISP isolates were less than 25.0% and 49.2% respectively. From 48.5% to 98.6% PSSP isolates were susceptible to beta-lactamase antibiotics. The susceptible rates of PNSSP and PSSP to erythromycin, tetracycline and SXT were below 7.1% and 32.1% respectively. About 95% S. pneumoniae were susceptible to ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin and gatifloxacin. All of S. pyogenes isolates were susceptible to beta-lactamase antibiotics, and 16.7%, 27.1% and 15.6% Of S. pyogenes isolates were susceptible to erythromycin. 8.5%, 19.9%, 15.3% of H. influenzae and 57.4%, 78.8%, 95.5% of M. catarrhalis produced beta-lactamase during the 3-year period. The susceptible rates of cefepime, ceftriaxone, gatifloxacin, levofloxacin and ciprofloxacin to H. influenzae and M. catarrhalis were >or= 92.9%. Antimicrobial resistance in S. pneumoniae is rising. The prevalence of PNSSP isolated from children < or = 6 years old is higher than other age groups. Amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, ceftriaxone, cefepime, gatifloxacin and levofloxacin remain highly active against common community respiratory pathogens.

Preparation and stability of compound cefaclor tablets

Objective To investigate the preparation and stability of compound cefaclor tablets.Methods The compound cefaclor tablets were prepared.The quality standard Were established.A HPLC method WaS established to determine the content and stability of samples.Results The prepared tablets was stable and the quality could be controlled.Conclusion The tablets were of reasonable formulation,good sample technology and good stability.The established method is accurate and reliable for the dissolution test for compound cefaclor tablets.The method can be used for quality control of compound cefaclor tablets. Key words: Cefaclor; Quality standard; Stability

Serotype distribution and resistance to beta-lactams of Streptococcus pneumoniae isolated from children in Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou, 2000 - 2002

The present study was designed to investigate the situation of serotype distribution and beta-lactam antibiotics resistance of Streptococcus pneumoniae (S. pneumoniae) isolated from Chinese children, and to further understand the significance of vaccine for preventing infection caused by the bactria and controlling the resistance to antibiotics. Nasopharageal swab specimens were collected from randomly selected less than 5-year-old out-patients with upper respiratory infection in Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou, 2000 - 2002. Capsular typing was performed by the Quellung reaction tested using a simplified chessboard system for typing of S. pneumoniae. The coverage rate of the 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (4, 6B, 9V, 14, 18C, 19F and 23F) was calculated. Antibiotic susceptibility was determined by E-test MIC method for beta-lactam antibiotics (penicillin, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, cefaclor, cefuroxime and ceftriaxone). Totally 625 pneumococcal strains were typed. Serogroup 19, including 121 strains, was the most frequent serogroup observed (19.4%). Other frequently observed serotypes/serogroups in decreasing order of frequency were serotype/serogroups 23 (15.4%), 6 (13.3%), 14 (6.6%) and 15 (4.3%). Of all these isolates, about 57.6% (360/625) were in the 7-valent conjugate vaccine. Only 1, 6 and 12 strains were serotypes/serogroups 4, 9 and 18, respectively. The coverage rate for the 7-valent vaccine of penicillin nonsusceptible S. pneumoniae (PNSP) was higher than penicillin susceptible S. pneumoniae (PSSP) (73.2% and 46.1%). Serogroups 19 and 23, without other serotypes/serogroups, were significantly associated with PNSP (serogroup 19 accounted for 29.1% of PNSP and 12.2% of PSSP; serogroup 23 accounted for 23.8% of PNSP to 9.2% of PSSP). Overall, 140 strains (22.4%) could not be typed by using the chessboard system, and 117 strains (18.7%) were identified as other 28 kinds of serotype/serogroup. The strains showed different resistance change for beta-lactam antibiotics according to different serotype/serogroup during the three years. Serotype/Serogroup 19, 23, 6, 14 and 15 were the common types among the pneumococcal strains isolated from Chinese children. Serogroups 19 and 23 were significantly associated with PNSP. The 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine could cover most of the islotes.

Surveillance of antimicrobial susceptibility of Haemophilus influenzae isolates from children in Beijing, Shanghai, and Guangzhou 2000 - 2002

To investigate the situation of antibiotic resistance of Haemophilus influenzae isolates from Chinese children. Eight hundred and ninety-eight strains of H. influenzae isolated from randomly selected pediatric out-patients in Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou 2000 approximately 2002 underwent determination of antibiotic susceptibility by E test MIC method for beta-lactam antibiotics (ampicillin, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, ceftriaxone, cefuroxime, and cefaclor) and KB disc diffusion method for chloramphenicol, tetracycline, sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim (SMZ/TMP), azithromycin, and ciprofloxacin. The average rate of beta-lactamase production among these isolates was 12%. The MIC50 and MIC90 of ampicillin were 0.25 microg/ml and 4 microg/ml respectively for the 898 isolates, 88% of the isolates were susceptible to ampicillin and 10.6% was resistant. There was no beta-lactamase negative strains among the ampicillin intermediately-susceptible and resistant strains. All the isolates were susceptible to amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, ceftriaxone, cefuroxime and azithromycin. 96.1% of the H. influenzae isolates generally remained susceptible to cefaclor with a MIC50 of 1.5 microg/ml and a MIC90 of 3 microg/ml, and 99% of the isolates were susceptible to ciprofloxacin. The susceptibility rate to tetracycline of the isolates from Beijing and Shanghai areas were 57% and 61% respectively, both lower than the susceptibility rates of the isolates from Guangzhou (81%), while the resistant rate to SMZ/TMP of the isolates from Beijing was 35%, lower than those of the isolates from Guangzhou (47%) and Shanghai (54%). The resistant rate to ampicillin was 7.7% in 2000 and was increased to 14.5% in 2002. 34.5% of all the isolates were susceptible to 8 antimicrobial agents while 12.8% was multi-drug resistant. 58.5% of the isolates were distributed in five major antimicrobial resistance profiles in which SMZ/TMP resistance (29.8%) was the most prevalent, followed by SMZ/TMP and tetracycline combined resistance (12.5%) and tetracycline resistance (9.4). The ampicillin non-susceptible isolates had higher resistant rates to cefaclor (23.5%), tetracycline (63.3%), SMZ/TMP (74.5%) and chloramphenicol (63.3%) than the ampicillin susceptible strains (1.6%, 51.4%, 11.1% and 4.9% respectively). Beta-lactamase production and ampicillin resistance among the isolates from Chinese children are increasing generally during the period 2000 approximately 2002. There is variation of resistance among different regions. There are strong correlations between ampicillin resistance and resistance to cefaclor, chloramphenicol, and tetracycline among the H. Influenzae isolates.

Épidémiologie et évaluation de la sensibilité aux bêta-lactamines des souches de Haemophilus influenzae isolées en 2001 en France

The aim of this study was to describe the epidemiology of H. influenzae strains collected in 2001 at the National Reference Center and to evaluate their susceptibility to ß-lactams. Methods. – The demographic characteristics were recorded for each strain, then were determined their capsular serotyping (slide agglutination with specific antisera), as well as their ß-lactamase production (chromogenic cephalosporin test, Nitrocefin), and their MICs (agar dilution method on Haemophilus Test Medium) for amoxicillin (AMX), co-amoxiclav (AMC), cefpodoxime (CPD), cefaclor (CEC), cefuroxime (CXM), and cefotaxime (CTX). Results. – 41.3% of the 752 strains were identified in bronchial secretions, 20.6% in conjunctivitis, 11.3% in otitis media, and 11% in blood cultures. 96.3% of the strains were not capsulated and 3.7% were of type b, d, e or f. 33.8% of the strains were ß-lactamase producers (TEM type), 45.8% of these were identified in otitis pus and 27.7% in bronchial secretions. One hundred and forty-two strains (18.9%) presented reduced susceptibility to ß-lactams (modification of target) associated or not with bla+. MICs 50/90 against bla+ strains were: AMX 1/32, AMC 0.12/1, CTX 0.007/0.03, CPD 0.03/0.12, CEC 1/64, CXM 0.25/1. Against low BLNAR and bla+ strains, MICs 50/90 were: AMX 2/32, AMC 0.25/2, CTX 0.015/0.06, CPD 0.06/0.25, CEC 4/64, CXM 0.25/4. And against low BLNAR strains MICs 50/90 were: AMX 0.25/8, AMC 0.25/8, CTX 0.015/0.12, CPD 0.06/0.50, CEC 4/32, CXM 0.25/4. Conclusions. – Both bla+ and modifications of PBP are widespread among strains isolated in France. CTX, and CPD remain the most active compounds whatever the resistance mechanisms.

Azithromycin vs. Cefaclor for Acute Otitis Media

Effective antibiotic treatment for acute otitis media must eradicate the causative organisms from the middle-ear fluid. Recently, increased prevalence

Parameters affecting in-liquid drying microencapsulation and release rate of cefaclor

An in-liquid drying microencapsulation method for producing sustained release cefaclor (CF) microspheres has been developed. Sieved fractions of CF monohydrate particles together with polyvinylpyrrolidone ( M W ~40 000) were dispersed in a solvent mixture of dichloromethane with cyclohexane (40:60 v/v) containing dissolved ethylcellulose (EC; 48–49.5% ethoxy content). Encapsulation was effected by adding the dispersion to a stirred aqueous medium saturated with CF. The resulting microspheres (collected overnight and oven-dried at 40°C) were examined for size and surface features by scanning electron microscopy, and for solid-state interactions and phase changes using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis and powder X-ray diffractometry. The rate and extent of CF release in aqueous medium was measured at 37°C using the USP rotating basket method at 100 rpm. The size, degree of sphericity, and rate of CF release of the microspheres were all shown to depend on the CF to EC mass ratio and the stirring speed employed in encapsulation. Higher EC to CF mass ratio and lower stirring speed afforded microspheres with slower release rate of CF. The rate of CF release from the microspheres fit the simplified Higuchi's planar model equation, and for the samples prepared at various EC:CF ratios, exhibited a strong correlation with drug loading ( r=0.98; n=4 (mean values); p<0.05). DSC studies on the samples indicated an absence of molecular interactions between EC and CF in the microspheres. The results demonstrate that the in-liquid drying method, if appropriately optimized, could be used to produce sustained-release CF microspheres with the desired release pattern and physical properties.

A cost-utility analysis of second-line antibiotics in the treatment of acute otitis media in children

Newer antibiotics have higher acquisition costs than the first-line antibiotics but may offer superior outcomes, including enhanced eradication of resistant organisms, safety, and compliance in the treatment of acute otitis media. A rational choice among differing therapies should systematically address all these factors. We conducted a cost-utility analysis to compare the commonly used second-line antibiotics— cefaclor (CEF), amoxicillin-clavulanate (AMX-CLA), and erythromycin-sulfisoxazole (ERY-SULF). A meta-analysis of comparative clinical trials was performed to derive point estimates with a 95% confidence interval for rates of success and adverse events. Costs for drugs, laboratory tests, and physician visits were obtained from the government formulary and fee schedules. The cost for management of adverse events was estimated from the findings of a survey of pediatricians. Utilities (preferences or ratings of health states) were derived from responses of physicians to a standardized scenario of acute otitis media with combinations of adverse events. These utilities were used to obtain quality-adjusted life-day (QALD) scores over a 30-day horizon as a measure of effectiveness. Overall cost and QALD were calculated using decision analytic modeling. CEF performed significantly better than the two other drug treatments with the lowest expected cost ($108.00) and highest outcome (28.15 QALD); AMX-CLA was second in cost and third in outcome ($119.00, 27.98 QALD); and ERY-SULF was third in cost and second in outcome ($120.00, 28.03 QALD). These rankings were robust to variations in event rates over the 95% confidence interval. In this analysis, CEF was the most cost-effective antibiotic strategy for second-line therapy when differential success rates, adverse-event profiles, and impact on quality-of-life were considered.

42 reports of arthritis or arthralgia associated with cefaclor

42 reports of arthritis or arthralgia associated with cefaclor

Entrapment of β-lactams antibiotics in polyethylcyanoacrylate nanoparticles: Studies on the possible in vivo application of this colloidal delivery system

Polyethylcyanoacrylate (PECA) nanoparticles were prepared in the presence of three different non-ionic surfactants: Triton X-100, Tween 80 and Pluronic F68. The influence of the surfactant, employed during the nanoparticle preparation process, on drug loading, size and storage stability was evaluated. The amount of Cefaclor (CFR) and Cefsulodin (CFN) entrapped in the colloidal system was not influenced by the presence of the three different surfactants, achieving a mean loading value of about 1.6% (w/w). PECA nanoparticles prepared in the presence of Tween 80 and Pluronic F68 and entrapping the two drugs showed showed no dependence of the mean particle size on the various components present in the polymerization medium. Only the system obtained in the presence of Triton X-100 showed an increase in particle size compared to the nanoparticles prepared in the absence of the active compound. Storage at room temperature, as dried powder, caused a drastic increase in size and polydispersity index values of the PECA nanoparticles containing CFN or CFR. The PECA nanoparticle colloidal suspensions prepared in the presence of Pluronic F68 provided much greater values of the retention capability for CFN and CFR, followed by the systems prepared in the presence of Tween 80 and Triton X-100, respectively. For each nanoparticle formulation, the retention of CFR was higher than that of CFN. The permeability through a biological membrane model was greater for CFN loaded nanoparticles than for the free drug. In contrast, no noticeable difference was observed between free CFR and that loaded in PECA nanoparticles, prepared with Pluronic F68 or Triton X-100. Only the system prepared in the presence of Tween 80 showed a high diffusion rate of CFR compared to the free drug.

Üriner Sistem Enfeksiyonlu Çocuklarda Trimethoprim Sulfamethoxazole Amoxicillin Clavulanat ve Cefaclor Tedavi Sonuçlarının Karşılaştırılması

A prospective randomized study comparing trimethoprim sulfamethoxazole amoxicillin clavulanic acid and cefaclor was conducted on 47 children 12 boys and 35 girls in the treatment of acute urinary tract infection The patient s mean age was 4 7±4 0 years They were treated randomly for 10 days and followed up for at least one month Response to therapy and recurrence rates were evaluated There was no significant difference in the cure rates at 48 72 hours after the initiation and termination of the treatment between the groups On the other hand the recurrence rates were respectively 23 5 in the trimethoprim sulfamethoxazole 69 2 in the amoxcillin clavulanic acid and 42 5 in the cefaclor group within 2 weeks after the termination of the treatment and the high recurrence rate of amoxicillin clavulanic acid group was significant when compared to the trimethoprim sulfamethoxazole group During one year of follow up 20 of 31 patients had recurrence 64 5 and 80 of recurrence occurred within two weeks after the termination of treatment Key words: Bacteriuria Urinary Tract Infection Ultrasonography Voiding Cystoureterography

Tolerability of cefaclor AF similar to standard cefaclor

Tolerability of cefaclor AF similar to standard cefaclor

Tolerability of cefaclor AF similar to standard cefaclor

Tolerability of cefaclor AF similar to standard cefaclor

Pharmacokinetic, bacteriological and clinical studies on S-1108 in children

Pharmacokinetic, bacteriological and clinical studies on S-1108 were performed in children. The results were as follows: 1. A total of 11 patients were treated with S-1108. Each dose was 3 mg/kg, orally administered 3 times daily for 4-14 days. The clinical efficacies of S-1108 in 10 patients with bacterial infections (1 with bacteremia, 4 with pneumonia, 1 with acute maxillary sinusitis, 1 with scarlet fever and 2 with streptococcal pharyngitis) were evaluated as excellent in 8 patients and as good in 2 patients with an efficacy rate of 100%. Only one patient with staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome due to methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) who received gamma-globulin was not evaluated. Fourteen causative strains of 5 species were found in 10 patients. Three strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae out of 5, 2 of 3 Branhamella catarrhalis strains, none of Staphylococcus aureus and all 3 strains of Streptococcus pyogenes were eradicated. No adverse reaction was observed in any of the 11 patients. 2. MICs of S-1108 against 5 clinically isolated S. pneumoniae from cases of infections were examined. All of them were relatively highly resistant to penicillins. S-1108 was compared with cefteram pivoxil, cefpodoxime proxetil, cefaclor and cefixime, and it showed better antibacterial activity or than other cephems. 3. Double peaks were obtained in plasma levels of S-1108 orally administered at a dose of 3 mg/kg at 30 minutes after meal and were 1.03 microgram/ml and 0.74 microgram/ml at 1 and 4 hours after administration, respectively.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Pharmacotherapy of otitis media.

The clinical manifestations of acute otitis media and otitis media with effusion are the result of abnormal eustachian tube function most often caused by inflammation from infection or allergy. The majority of cases involve bacterial infection of the middle ear caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, or Branhamella catarrhalis. Nearly half of all children will have had at least one episode of acute otitis media by 1 year of age, and over 70% by 3 years of age. The signs and symptoms include pain with rubbing or tugging at the ear, fever, irritability, lethargy, and hearing loss. The primary therapy for acute otitis media and otitis media with effusion is antibiotics with the goal of preventing possible complications and providing symptomatic relief. Amoxicillin remains the initial drug of choice in communities where beta-lactamase-producing strains of the common middle ear pathogens are infrequently isolated. If resistant organisms are prevalent, cefaclor, amoxicillin-clavulanate, or cotrimoxazole should be selected. Adjuvant agents such as decongestants have not been shown to provide additional therapeutic benefit. Children who develop chronic otitis media may require prophylactic antibiotic therapy and insertion of typanostomy tubes.

559 Predictive value (PV) of cefazolin (CFZ) skin tests (ST) in the evaluation of non-life threatening reactions (NTR) during cefaclor (CFC) therapy in children (PT)

559 Predictive value (PV) of cefazolin (CFZ) skin tests (ST) in the evaluation of non-life threatening reactions (NTR) during cefaclor (CFC) therapy in children (PT)

Comparison of Cefuroxime Axetil, Cefaclor, and Amoxicillin—Clavulanate Potassium Suspensions in Acute Otitis Media in Infants and Children

In this randomized, blinded, multicenter comparison study, 377 infants and children with acute otitis media (AOM) received a 10-day course of an oral suspension of one of the following: cefuroxime axetil (CAE), 30 mg/kg/day; cefaclor (CEC), 40 mg/kg/day; or amoxicillin-clavulanate potassium (AMX-CL), 40 mg/kg/day. Clinical efficacy was determined by pneumatic otoscopy and tympanometric testing 3 to 5, 11 to 14, and 22 to 26 days after the initiation of therapy. There was a statistically significant difference among the three treatment groups with respect to clinical outcome; more patients in the CAE group (62%) than in the CEC group (46%) or the AMX-CL group (52%) had complete resolution of signs and symptoms of AOM (including effusion). Paired comparisons revealed a significant difference in efficacy between CAE and CEC and a nearly significant difference between AMX-CL and CEC. Taste acceptability was highest for CEC and lowest for this formulation of CAE. Significantly more patients in the AMX-CL group than in the CAE or CEC group had a side effect, primarily diarrhea, vomiting, or diaper rash. We conclude that CAE suspension has greater clinical efficacy than CEC and fewer side effects than AMX-CL.

Clinical evaluation of S 6472 granule preparation (sustained-release cefaclor) in chronic bronchitis

S 6472 granule preparation, a sustained-release cefaclor, was orally administered to 20 acutely exacerbated cases of chronic bronchitis at a daily dosage of 750 mg (titer) in 2 divided doses for a duration of 7-15 days and its clinical usefulness was evaluated. Clinical efficacies were good in 17 cases and fair in 3 cases, with a rate of efficacy of 85.0%. Organisms isolated from 13 patients were totalling 14 strains, i.e., 5 strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae, 3 strains of Branhamella catarrhalis, 2 strains of Streptococcus sp., 2 strains of Klebsiella oxytoca, 1 strain of Haemophilus influenzae and 1 strain of Staphylococcus aureus. All these strains, except the strains of Streptococcus sp., disappeared upon the administration of the drug. With regard to the safety, no side effects nor abnormal laboratory test values were encountered.